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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Korhonen, Ed.
Request for Comments: 6618 Nokia Siemens Networks
Category: Experimental B. Patil
ISSN: 2070-1721 Nokia
H. Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
D. Kroeselberg
Siemens
May 2012
Mobile IPv6 Security Framework Using Transport Layer Security
for Communication between the Mobile Node and Home Agent
Abstract
Mobile IPv6 signaling between a Mobile Node (MN) and its Home Agent
(HA) is secured using IPsec. The security association (SA) between
an MN and the HA is established using Internet Key Exchange Protocol
(IKE) version 1 or 2. The security model specified for Mobile IPv6,
which relies on IKE/IPsec, requires interaction between the Mobile
IPv6 protocol component and the IKE/IPsec module of the IP stack.
This document proposes an alternate security framework for Mobile
IPv6 and Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6, which relies on Transport Layer
Security for establishing keying material and other bootstrapping
parameters required to protect Mobile IPv6 signaling and data traffic
between the MN and HA.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6618.
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RFC 6618 TLS-Based MIPv6 Security Framework May 2012
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology and Abbreviations ...................................4
3. Background ......................................................5
4. TLS-Based Security Establishment ................................5
4.1. Overview ...................................................5
4.2. Architecture ...............................................7
4.3. Security Association Management ............................7
4.4. Bootstrapping of Additional Mobile IPv6 Parameters .........9
4.5. Protecting Traffic between Mobile Node and Home Agent .....10
5. MN-to-HAC Communication ........................................10
5.1. Request-Response Message Framing over TLS-Tunnel ..........10
5.2. Request-Response Message Content Encoding .................11
5.3. Request-Response Message Exchange .........................12
5.4. Home Agent Controller Discovery ...........................13
5.5. Generic Request-Response Parameters .......................13
5.5.1. Mobile Node Identifier .............................13
5.5.2. Authentication Method ..............................13
5.5.3. Extensible Authentication Protocol Payload .........14
5.5.4. Status Code ........................................14
5.5.5. Message Authenticator ..............................14
5.5.6. Retry After ........................................14
5.5.7. End of Message Content .............................14
5.5.8. Random Values ......................................15
5.6. Security Association Configuration Parameters .............15
5.6.1. Security Parameter Index ...........................15
5.6.2. MN-HA Shared Keys ..................................16
5.6.3. Security Association Validity Time .................16
5.6.4. Security Association Scope (SAS) ...................16
5.6.5. Ciphersuites and Ciphersuite-to-Algorithm Mapping ..17
5.7. Mobile IPv6 Bootstrapping Parameters ......................18
5.7.1. Home Agent Address .................................18
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RFC 6618 TLS-Based MIPv6 Security Framework May 2012
5.7.2. Mobile IPv6 Service Port Number ....................18
5.7.3. Home Addresses and Home Network Prefix .............18
5.7.4. DNS Server .........................................19
5.8. Authentication of the Mobile Node .........................19
5.9. Extensible Authentication Protocol Methods ................22
6. Mobile Node to Home Agent Communication ........................23
6.1. General ...................................................23
6.2. PType and Security Parameter Index ........................25
6.3. Binding Management Message Formats ........................25
6.4. Reverse-Tunneled User Data Packet Formats .................27
7. Route Optimization .............................................29
8. IANA Considerations ............................................29
8.1. New Registry: Packet Type .................................29
8.2. Status Codes ..............................................29
8.3. Port Numbers ..............................................29
9. Security Considerations ........................................30
9.1. Discovery of the HAC ......................................30
9.2. Authentication and Key Exchange Executed between
the MN and the HAC ........................................30
9.3. Protection of MN and HA Communication .....................33
9.4. AAA Interworking ..........................................35
10. Acknowledgements ..............................................35
11. References ....................................................35
11.1. Normative References .....................................35
11.2. Informative References ...................................36
1. Introduction
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) [RFC6275] signaling, and optionally user traffic,
between a Mobile Node (MN) and Home Agent (HA) are secured by IPsec
[RFC4301]. The current Mobile IPv6 security architecture is
specified in [RFC3776] and [RFC4877]. This security model requires a
tight coupling between the Mobile IPv6 protocol part and the IKE(v2)/
IPsec part of the IP stack. Client implementation experience has
shown that the use of IKE(v2)/IPsec with Mobile IPv6 is fairly
complex.
This document proposes an alternate security framework for Mobile
IPv6 and Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6. The objective is to simplify
implementations as well as make it easy to deploy the protocol
without compromising on security. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
[RFC5246] is widely implemented in almost all major operating systems
and extensively used by various applications. Instead of using IKEv2
to establish security associations, the security framework proposed
in this document is based on TLS-protected messages to exchange keys
and bootstrapping parameters between the MN and a new functional
entity called the "Home Agent Controller" (HAC). The Mobile IPv6
signaling between the mobile node and home agent is subsequently
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secured using the resulting keys and negotiated ciphersuite. The HAC
can be co-located with the HA, or it can be an independent entity.
For the latter case, communication between the HAC and HA is not
defined by this document. Such communication could be built on top
of AAA protocols such as Diameter.
The primary advantage of using TLS for the establishment of Mobile
IPv6 security associations as compared to the use of IKEv2 is the
ease of implementation (especially on the mobile nodes) while
providing an equivalent level of security. A solution which
decouples Mobile IPv6 security from IPsec, for securing signaling
messages and user plane traffic, is proposed herein that reduces
client implementation complexity.
The security framework proposed in this document is not intended to
replace the currently specified architecture that relies on IPsec and
IKEv2. It provides an alternative solution that is more optimal for
certain deployment scenarios. This and other alternative security
models have been considered by the MEXT working group at the IETF,
and it has been decided that the alternative solutions should be
published as Experimental RFCs, so that more implementation and
deployment experience with these models can be gathered. The status
of this proposal may be reconsidered in the future if it becomes
clear that it is superior to others.
2. Terminology and Abbreviations
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Home Agent Controller (HAC):
The home agent controller is a node responsible for bootstrapping
Mobile IPv6 security associations between a mobile node and one or
more home agents. The home agent controller also provides key
distribution to both mobile nodes and home agents. Mobile IPv6
bootstrapping is also performed by the HA in addition to the
security association bootstrapping between the mobile node and
home agent controller.
Binding Management Messages:
Mobile IPv6 signaling messages between a mobile node and a home
agent, correspondent node, or mobility access point to manage the
bindings are referred to as binding management messages. Binding
Updates (BUs) and Binding Acknowledgement (BA) messages are
examples of binding management messages.
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3. Background
Mobile IPv6 design and specification began in the mid-to-late 90s.
The security architecture of Mobile IPv6 was based on the
understanding that IPsec is an inherent and integral part of the IPv6
stack and any protocol that needs security should use IPsec unless
there is a good reason not to. As a result of this mindset, the
Mobile IP6 protocol relied on the use of IPsec for security between
the MN and HA. Reusing security components that are an integral part
of the IP stack is a good design objective for any protocol; however,
in the case of Mobile IPv6, it increases implementation complexity.
It should be noted that Mobile IPv4 [RFC5944], for example, does not
use IPsec for security and instead has specified its own security
solution. Mobile IPv4 has been implemented and deployed on a
reasonably large scale and the security model has proven itself to be
sound.
Mobile IPv6 standardization was completed in 2005 along with the
security architecture using IKE/IPsec specified in RFC 3776
[RFC3776]. With the evolution to IKEv2 [RFC5996], Mobile IPv6
security has also been updated to rely on the use of IKEv2 [RFC4877].
Implementation exercises of Mobile IPv6 and Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6
[RFC5555] have identified the complexity of using IPsec and IKEv2 in
conjunction with Mobile IPv6. Implementing Mobile IPv6 with IPsec
and IKEv2 requires modifications to both the IPsec and IKEv2
components, due to the communication models that Mobile IPv6 uses and
the changing IP addresses. For further details, see Section 7.1 in
[RFC3776].
This document proposes a security framework based on TLS-protected
establishment of Mobile IPv6 security associations, which reduces
implementation complexity while maintaining an equivalent (to IKEv2/
IPsec) level of security.
4. TLS-Based Security Establishment
4.1. Overview
The security architecture proposed in this document relies on a
secure TLS session established between the MN and the HAC for mutual
authentication and MN-HA security association bootstrapping.
Authentication of the HAC is done via standard TLS operation wherein
the HAC uses a TLS server certificate as its credentials. MN
authentication is done by the HAC via signaling messages that are
secured by the TLS connection. Any Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP) method or Pre-Shared Key (PSK) can be used for
authenticating the MN to the HAC. Upon successful completion of
authentication, the HAC generates keys that are delivered to the MN
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through the secure TLS channel. The same keys are also provided to
the assigned HA. The HAC also provides the MN with MIPv6
bootstrapping information such as the IPv6 and IPv4 address of the
HA, the home network prefix, the IPv6 and/or IPv4 Home Address (HoA),
and DNS server address.
The MN and HA use security associations based on the keys and
Security Parameter Indexes (SPIs) generated by the HAC and delivered
to the MN and HA to secure signaling and optionally user plane
traffic. Figure 1 below is an illustration of the process.
Signaling messages and user plane traffic between the MN and HA are
always UDP encapsulated. The packet formats for the signaling and
user plane traffic is described in Sections 6.3 and 6.4.
MN HAC HA
-- --- --
| | |
| /-------------------------\ | |
|/ \| |
|\ TLS session setup /| |
| \-------------------------/ | |
| | |
| /-------------------------\ | |
|/ MN Authentication \| |
|\ /| |
| \-------------------------/ | |
| | |
| /-------------------------\ | |
|/ HAC provisions the MN \| |
|\ keys, SPI, & MIPv6 parms /| |
| \-------------------------/ | |
| |--MNID, keys, SPI->|
| | |
| /--------------------------------------------\ |
|/ MN-HA SA established; Secures \ |
|\ signaling and optionally user traffic / |
| \--------------------------------------------/ |
| |
|------------BU(encrypted)----------------------->|
| |
|<---------BAck(encrypted)------------------------|
Figure 1: High-Level Architecture
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4.2. Architecture
The TLS-based security architecture is shown in Figure 2. The
signaling message exchange between the MN and the HAC is protected by
TLS. It should be noted that an HAC, a AAA server, and an HA are
logically separate entities and can be collocated in all possible
combinations. There MUST be a strong trust relationship between the
HA and the HAC, and the communication between them MUST be both
integrity and confidentially protected.
+------+ +------+ +------+
|Mobile| TLS |Home | AAA | AAA |
| Node |<----------->|Agent |<---------->|Server|
| | |Contrl| | |
+------+ +------+ +------+
^ ^ ^
| | |
| BU/BA/../ | e.g., AAA | AAA
| (Data) | |
| v |
| +---------+ |
| | MIPv6 | |
+--------------->| Home |<-------------+
| Agent(s)|
+---------+
Figure 2: TLS-Based Security Architecture Overview
4.3. Security Association Management
Once the MN has contacted the HAC and mutual authentication has taken
place between the MN and the HAC, the HAC securely provisions the MN
with all security-related information inside the TLS protected
tunnel. This security-related information constitutes a security
association (SA) between the MN and the HA. The created SA MUST NOT
be tied to the Care-of Address (CoA) of the MN.
The HAC may proactively distribute the SA information to HAs, or the
HA may query the SA information from the HAC once the MN contacts the
HA. If the HA requests SA information from the HAC, then the HA MUST
be able to query/index the SA information from the HAC based on the
SPI identifying the correct security association between the MN and
the HA.
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The HA may want the MN to re-establish the SA even if the existing SA
is still valid. The HA can indicate this to the MN using a dedicated
Status Code in a BA (value set to REINIT_SA_WITH_HAC). As a result,
the MN SHOULD contact the HAC prior to the SA timing out, and the HAC
would provision the MN and HAs with a new SA to be used subsequently.
The SA established between MN and HAC SHALL contain at least the
following information:
Mobility SPI:
This parameter is an SPI used by the MN and the HA to index the SA
between the MN and the HA. The HAC is responsible for assigning
SPIs to MNs. There is only one SPI for both binding management
messaging and possible user data protection. The same SPI is used
for both directions between the MN and the HA. The SPI values are
assigned by the HAC. The HAC MUST ensure uniqueness of the SPI
values across all MNs controlled by the HAC.
MN-HA keys for ciphering:
A pair of symmetric keys (MN -> HA, HA -> MN) used for ciphering
Mobile IPv6 traffic between the MN and the HA. The HAC is
responsible for generating these keys. The key generation
algorithm is specific to the HAC implementation.
MN-HA shared key for integrity protection:
A pair of symmetric keys (MN -> HA, HA -> MN) used for integrity
protecting Mobile IPv6 traffic between the MN and the HA. This
includes both binding management messages and reverse-tunneled
user data traffic between the MN and the HA. The HAC is
responsible for generating these keys. The key generation
algorithm is specific to the HAC implementation. In the case of
combined algorithms, a separate integrity protection key is not
needed and may be omitted, i.e., the encryption keys SHALL be
used.
Security association validity time:
This parameter represents the validity time for the security
association. The HAC is responsible for defining the lifetime
value based on its policies. The lifetime may be in the order of
hours or weeks. The MN MUST re-contact the HAC before the SA
validity time ends.
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Security association scope:
This parameter defines whether the security association is applied
to Mobile IPv6 signaling messages only or to both Mobile IPv6
signaling messages and data traffic.
Selected ciphersuite:
This parameter is the ciphersuite used to protect the traffic
between the MN and the HA. This includes both binding management
messages and reverse-tunneled user data traffic between the MN and
the HA. The selected algorithms SHOULD be one of the mutually
supported ciphersuites of the negotiated TLS version between the
MN and the HAC. The HAC is responsible for choosing the mutually
supported ciphersuite that complies with the policy of the HAC.
Obviously, the HAs under HAC's management must have at least one
ciphersuite with the HAC in common and need to be aware of the
implemented ciphersuites. The selected ciphersuite is the same
for both directions (MN -> HA and HA -> MN).
Sequence numbers:
A monotonically increasing unsigned sequence number used in all
protected packets exchanged between the MN and the HA in the same
direction. Sequence numbers are maintained per direction, so each
SA includes two independent sequence numbers (MN -> HA, HA -> MN).
The initial sequence number for each direction MUST always be set
to 0 (zero). Sequence numbers cycle to 0 (zero) when increasing
beyond their maximum defined value.
4.4. Bootstrapping of Additional Mobile IPv6 Parameters
When the MN contacts the HAC to distribute the security-related
information, the HAC may also provision the MN with various MIPv6-
related bootstrapping information. Bootstrapping of the following
information SHOULD at least be possible:
Home Agent IP Address:
The IPv6 and IPv4 address of the home agent assigned by the HAC.
Mobile IPv6 Service Port Number:
The port number where the HA is listening to UDP [RFC0768]
packets.
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RFC 6618 TLS-Based MIPv6 Security Framework May 2012
Home Address:
The IPv6 and/or IPv4 home address assigned to the mobile node by
the HAC.
Home Link Prefix:
Concerns the IPv6 Home link prefix and the associated prefix
length.
DNS Server Address:
The address of a DNS server that can be reached via the HA. DNS
queries in certain cases cannot be routed to the DNS servers
assigned by the access network to which the MN is attached; hence,
an additional DNS server address that is reachable via the HA
needs to be configured.
The MIPv6-related bootstrapping information is delivered from the HAC
to the MN over the same TLS protected tunnel as the security related
information.
4.5. Protecting Traffic between Mobile Node and Home Agent
The same integrity and confidentiality algorithms MUST be used to
protect both binding management messages and reverse-tunneled user
data traffic between the MN and the HA. Generally, all binding
management messages (BUs, BAs, and so on) MUST be integrity protected
and SHOULD be confidentially protected. The reverse-tunneled user
data traffic SHOULD be equivalently protected. Generally, the
requirements stated in [RFC6275] concerning the protection of the
traffic between the MN and the HA also apply to the mechanisms
defined by this specification.
5. MN-to-HAC Communication
5.1. Request-Response Message Framing over TLS-Tunnel
The MN and the HAC communicate with each other using a simple
lockstep request-response protocol that is run inside the protected
TLS-tunnel. A generic message container framing for the request
messages and for the response messages is defined. The message
containers are only meant to be exchanged on top of a connection-
oriented TLS-layer. Therefore, the end of message exchange is
determined by the other end closing the transport connection
(assuming the "application layer" has also indicated the completion
of the message exchange). The peer initiating the TLS connection is
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always sending "Requests", and the peer accepting the TLS connection
is always sending "Responses". The format of the message container
is shown in Figure 3.
All data inside the Content portion of the message container MUST be
encoded using octets. Fragmentation of message containers is not
supported, which means one request or response at the "application
layer" MUST NOT exceed the maximum size allowed by the message
container format.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ver | Rsrvd | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Content portion.. ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Request-Response Message Container
The 3-bit Ver field identifies the protocol version. The current
version is 0, i.e., all bits are set to a value of 0 (zero).
The Rsrvd field MUST be set to a value of 0 (zero),
The Identifier field is meant to match requests and responses. The
valid Identifier values are between 1-255. The value 0 MUST NOT be
used. The first request for each communication session between the
MN and the HAC MUST have the Identifier values set to 1.
The Length field tells the length of the Content portion of the
container (i.e., Reserved octet, Identifier octet, and Length field
are excluded). The Content portion length MUST always be at least
one octet and up to 65535 octets. The value is in network order.
5.2. Request-Response Message Content Encoding
The encoding of the message content is similar to HTTP header
encoding and complies with the augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
defined in Section 2.1 of [RFC2616]. All presented hexadecimal
numbers are in network byte order. From now on, we use the TypeValue
header (TV-header) term to refer to request-response message content
HTTP-like headers.
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5.3. Request-Response Message Exchange
The message exchange between the MN and the HAC is a simple lockstep
request-response type as stated in Section 5.1. A request message
includes a monotonically increasing Identifier value that is copied
to the corresponding response message. Each request MUST have a
different Identifier value. Hence, a reliable connection-oriented
transport below the message container framing is assumed. The number
of request-response message exchanges MUST NOT exceed 255.
Each new communication session between the MN and the HAC MUST reset
the Identifier value to 1. The MN is also the peer that always sends
only request messages and the HAC only sends response messages. Once
the request-response message exchange completes, the HAC and the MN
MUST close the transport connection and the corresponding TLS-tunnel.
In the case of an HAC-side error, the HAC MUST send a response back
to an MN with an appropriate status code and then close the transport
connection.
The first request message - MHAuth-Init - (i.e., the Identifier is 1)
MUST always contain at least the following parameters:
MN-Identity - See Section 5.5.1.
Authentication Method - See Section 5.5.2.
The first response message - MHAuth-Init - (i.e., the Identifier is
1) MUST contain at minimum the following parameters:
Selected authentication Method - See Section 5.5.2.
The last request message from the MN side - MHAuth-Done - MUST
contain the following parameters:
Security association scope - See Section 5.6.4.
Proposed ciphersuites - See Section 5.6.5.
Message Authenticator - See Section 5.5.5.
The last response message - MHAuth-Done - that ends the request-
response message exchange MUST contain the following parameters:
Status Code - See Section 5.5.4.
Message Authenticator - See Section 5.5.5.
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In the case of successful authentication, the following additional
parameters:
Selected ciphersuite - See Section 5.6.5.
Security association scope - See Section 5.6.4.
The rest of the security association data - See Section 5.6.
5.4. Home Agent Controller Discovery
All bootstrapping information, whether for setting up the SA or for
bootstrapping MIPv6-specific information, is exchanged between the MN
and the HAC using the framing protocol defined in Section 5.1. The
IP address of the HAC MAY be statically configured in the MN or
alternatively MAY be dynamically discovered using DNS. In the case
of DNS-based HAC discovery, the MN queries either an A/AAAA or a SRV
record for the HAC IP address. The actual domain name used in
queries is up to the deployment to decide and out of scope of this
specification.
5.5. Generic Request-Response Parameters
The grammar used in the following sections is the augmented Backus-
Naur Form (BNF), the same as that used by HTTP [RFC2616].
5.5.1. Mobile Node Identifier
An identifier that identifies an MN. The Mobile Node Identifier is
in the form of a Network Access Identifier (NAI) [RFC4282].
mn-id = "mn-id" ":" RFC4282-NAI CRLF
5.5.2. Authentication Method
The HAC is the peer that mandates the authentication method. The MN
sends its authentication method proposal to the HAC. The HAC, upon
receipt of the MN proposal, returns the selected authentication
method. The MN MUST propose at least one authentication method. The
HAC MUST select exactly one authentication method or return an error
and then close the connection.
auth-method = "auth-method" ":" a-method *("," a-method) CRLF
a-method =
"psk" ; PSK-based authentication
| "eap" ; EAP-based authentication
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5.5.3. Extensible Authentication Protocol Payload
Each Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [RFC3748] message is an
encoded string of hexadecimal numbers. The "eap-payload" is
completely transparent as to which EAP-method or EAP message is
carried inside it. The "eap-payload" can appear in both request and
response messages:
eap-payload = "eap-payload" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
5.5.4. Status Code
The "status-code" MUST only be present in the response message that
ends the request-response message exchange. The "status-code"
follows the principles of HTTP and the definitions found in Section
10 of RFC 2616 also apply for these status codes listed below:
status-code = "status-code" ":" status-value CRLF
status-value =
"100" ; Continue
| "200" ; OK
| "400" ; Bad Request
| "401" ; Unauthorized
| "500" ; Internal Server Error
| "501" ; Not Implemented
| "503" ; Service Unavailable
| "504" ; Gateway Time-out
5.5.5. Message Authenticator
The "auth" header contains data used for authentication purposes. It
MUST be the last TV-header in the message and calculated over the
whole message till the start of the "msg-header":
msg-auth = "auth" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
5.5.6. Retry After
retry-after = "retry-after" ":" rfc1123-date CRLF
5.5.7. End of Message Content
end-of-message = 2CRLF
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5.5.8. Random Values
Random numbers generated by the MN and the HAC, respectively. The
length of the random number MUST be 32 octets (before TV-header
encoding):
mn-rand = "mn-rand" ":" 32(HEX HEX) CRLF
hac-rand = "hac-rand" ":" 32(HEX HEX) CRLF
5.6. Security Association Configuration Parameters
During the Mobile IPv6 bootstrapping, the MN and the HAC negotiate a
single ciphersuite for protecting the traffic between the MN and the
HA. The allowed ciphersuites for this specification are a subset of
those in TLS version 1.2 (see Appendix A.5 of [RFC5246]) per
Section 5.6.5. This might appear as a constraint as the HA and the
HAC may have implemented different ciphersuites. These two nodes
are, however, assumed to belong to the same administrative domain.
In order to avoid exchanging supported MN-HA ciphersuites in the MN-
HAC protocol and to reuse the TLS ciphersuite negotiation procedure,
we make this simplifying assumption. The selected ciphersuite MUST
provide integrity and confidentiality protection.
Section 5.6.5 provides the mapping from the TLS ciphersuites to the
integrity and encryption algorithms allowed for MN-HA protection.
This mapping mainly ignores the authentication algorithm part that is
not required within the context of this specification. For example,
[RFC5246] defines a number of AES-based ciphersuites for TLS
including 'TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA'. For this specification,
the relevant part is 'AES_128_CBC_SHA'.
All the parameters described in the following sections apply only to
a request-response protocol response message to the MN. The MN has
no way of affecting the provisioning decision of the HAC.
5.6.1. Security Parameter Index
The 28-bit unsigned SPI number identifies the SA used between the MN
and the HA. The value 0 (zero) is reserved and MUST NOT be used.
Therefore, values ranging from 1 to 268435455 are valid.
The TV-header corresponding to the SPI number is as follows:
mip6-spi = "mip6-spi" ":" 1*DIGIT CRLF
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5.6.2. MN-HA Shared Keys
The MN-HA shared integrity (ikey) and encryption (ekey) keys are used
to protect the traffic between the MN and the HA. The length of
these keys depend on the selected ciphersuite.
The TV-headers that carry these two parameters are the following:
mip6-mn-to-ha-ikey = "mip6-mn-to-ha-ikey" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
mip6-ha-to-mn-ikey = "mip6-ha-to-mn-ikey" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
mip6-mn-to-ha-ekey = "mip6-mn-to-ha-ekey" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
mip6-ha-to-mn-ekey = "mip6-ha-to-mn-ekey" ":" 1*(HEX HEX) CRLF
5.6.3. Security Association Validity Time
The end of the SA validity time is encoded using the "rfc1123-date"
format, as defined in Section 3.3.1 of [RFC2616].
The TV-header corresponding to the SA validity time value is as
follows:
mip6-sa-validity-end = "mip6-sa-validity-end" ":" rfc1123-date CRLF
5.6.4. Security Association Scope (SAS)
The SA is applied either to Mobile IPv6 signaling messages only or to
both Mobile IPv6 signaling messages and data traffic. This policy
MUST be agreed between the MN and HA prior to using the SA.
Otherwise, the receiving side will be unaware of whether the SA
applies to data traffic and hence unable to decide how to act when
receiving unprotected packets of PType 1 (see Section 6.4).
mip6-sas = "mip6-sas" ":" 1DIGIT CRLF
where a value of "O" indicates that the SA does not protect data
traffic and a value of "1" indicates that all data traffic MUST be
protected by the SA. If the mip6-sas value of an SA is set to 1, any
packet received with a PType value that does not match the mip6-sas
value of the SA MUST be silently discarded.
The HAC is the peer that mandates the used security association
scope. The MN sends its proposal to the HAC, but eventually the
security association scope returned from the HAC defines the used
scope.
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5.6.5. Ciphersuites and Ciphersuite-to-Algorithm Mapping
The ciphersuite negotiation between HAC and MN uses a subset of the
TLS 1.2 ciphersuites and follows the TLS 1.2 numeric representation
defined in Appendix A.5 of [RFC5246]. The TV-headers corresponding
to the selected ciphersuite and ciphersuite list are the following:
mip6-ciphersuite = "mip6-ciphersuite" ":" csuite CRLF
csuite = "{" suite "}"
suite =
"00" "," "02" ; CipherSuite NULL_SHA = {0x00,0x02}
| "00" "," "3B" ; CipherSuite NULL_SHA256 = {0x00,0x3B}
| "00" "," "0A" ; CipherSuite 3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = {0x00,0x0A}
| "00" "," "2F" ; CipherSuite AES_128_CBC_SHA = {0x00,0x2F}
| "00" "," "3C" ; CipherSuite AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = {0x00,0x3C}
mip6-suitelist = "mip6-suitelist" ":" csuite *("," csuite) CRLF
All other Ciphersuite values are reserved.
The following integrity algorithms MUST be supported by all
implementations:
HMAC-SHA1-96 [RFC2404]
AES-XCBC-MAC-96 [RFC3566]
The binding management messages between the MN and HA MUST be
integrity protected. Implementations MUST NOT use a NULL integrity
algorithm.
The following encryption algorithms MUST be supported:
NULL [RFC2410]
TripleDES-CBC [RFC2451]
AES-CBC with 128-bit keys [RFC3602]
Traffic between MN and HA MAY be encrypted. Any integrity-only
Ciphersuite makes use of the NULL encryption algorithm.
Note: This document does not consider combined algorithms. The
following table provides the mapping of each ciphersuite to a
combination of integrity and encryption algorithms that are part of
the negotiated SA between MN and HA.
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+-------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|Ciphersuite |Integ. Algorithm |Encr. Algorithm |
+-------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|NULL_SHA |HMAC-SHA1-96 |NULL |
|NULL_SHA256 |AES-XCBC-MAC-96 |NULL |
|3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA |HMAC-SHA1-96 |TripleDES-CBC |
|AES_128_CBC_SHA |HMAC-SHA1-96 |AES-CBC with 128-bit keys |
|AES_128_CBC_SHA256 |AES-XCBC-MAC-96 |AES-CBC with 128-bit keys |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
Ciphersuite-to-Algorithm Mapping
5.7. Mobile IPv6 Bootstrapping Parameters
In parallel with the SA bootstrapping, the HAC SHOULD provision the
MN with relevant MIPv6-related bootstrapping information.
The following generic BNFs are used to form IP addresses and
prefixes. They are used in subsequent sections.
ip6-addr = 7( word ":" ) word CRLF
word = 1*4HEX
ip6-prefix = ip6-addr "/" 1*2DIGIT
ip4-addr = 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
ip4-subnet = ip4-addr "/" 1*2DIGIT
5.7.1. Home Agent Address
The HAC MAY provision the MN with an IPv4 or an IPv6 address of an
HA, or both.
mip6-haa-ip6 = "mip6-haa-ip6" ":" ip6-addr CRLF
mip6-haa-ip4 = "mip6-haa-ip4" ":" ip4-addr CRLF
5.7.2. Mobile IPv6 Service Port Number
The HAC SHOULD provision the MN with an UDP port number, where the HA
expects to receive UDP packets. If this parameter is not present,
then the IANA reserved port number (mipv6tls) MUST be used instead.
mip6-port = "mip6-port" ":" 1*5DIGIT CRLF
5.7.3. Home Addresses and Home Network Prefix
The HAC MAY provision the MN with an IPv4 or an IPv6 home address, or
both. The HAC MAY also provision the MN with its home network
prefix.
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mip6-ip6-hoa = "mip6-ip6-hoa" ":" ip6-addr CRLF
mip6-ip4-hoa = "mip6-ip4-hoa" ":" ip4-addr CRLF
mip6-ip6-hnp = "mip6-ip6-hnp" ":" ip6-prefix CRLF
mip6-ip4-hnp = "mip6-ip4-hnp" ":" ip4-subnet CRLF
5.7.4. DNS Server
The HAC may also provide the MN with DNS server configuration
options. These DNS servers are reachable via the home agent.
dns-ip6 = "dns-ip6" ":" ip6-addr CRLF
dns-ip4 = "dns-ip4" ":" ip4-addr CRLF
5.8. Authentication of the Mobile Node
This section describes the basic operation required for the MN-HAC
mutual authentication and the channel binding. The authentication
protocol described as part of this section is a simple exchange that
follows the Generalized Pre-Shared Key (GPSK) exchange used by EAP-
GPSK [RFC5433]. It is secured by the TLS tunnel and is
cryptographically bound to the TLS tunnel through channel binding
based on [RFC5056] and on the channel binding type 'tls-server-
endpoint' described in [RFC5929]. As a result of the channel binding
type, this method can only be used with TLS ciphersuites that use
server certificates and the Certificate handshake message. For
example, TLS ciphersuites based on PSK or anonymous authentication
cannot be used.
The authentication exchange MUST be performed through the encrypted
TLS tunnel. It performs mutual authentication between the MN and the
HAC based on a PSK or based on an EAP-method (see Section 5.9). Note
that an HAC MUST NOT allow MNs to renegotiate TLS sessions. The PSK
protocol is described in this section. It consists of the message
exchanges (MHAuth-Init, MHAuth-Mid, MHAuth-Done) in which both sides
exchange nonces and their identities, and compute and exchange a
message authenticator 'auth' over the previously exchanged values,
keyed with the pre-shared key. The MHAuth-Done messages are used to
deal with error situations. Key binding with the TLS tunnel is
ensured by channel binding of the type "tls-server-endpoint" as
described by [RFC5929] where the hash of the TLS server certificate
serves as input to the 'auth' calculation of the MHAuth messages.
Note: The authentication exchange is based on the GPSK exchange used
by EAP-GPSK. In comparison to GPSK, it does not support exchanging
an encrypted container (it always runs through an already protected
TLS tunnel). Furthermore, the initial request of the authentication
exchange (MHAuth-Init) is sent by the MN (client side) and is
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comparable to EAP-Response/Identity, which reverses the roles of
request and response messages compared to EAP-GPSK. Figure 4 shows a
successful protocol exchange.
MN HAC
| |
| Request/MHAuth-Init (...) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| Response/MHAuth-Init (...) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| Request/MHAuth-Done (...) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| Response/MHAuth-Done (...) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
Figure 4: Authentication of the Mobile Node Using Shared Secrets
1) Request/MHAuth-Init: (MN -> HAC)
mn-id, mn-rand, auth-method=psk
2) Response/MHAuth-Init: (MN <- HAC)
[mn-rand, hac-rand, auth-method=psk, [status],] auth
3) Request/MHAuth-Done: (MN -> HAC)
mn-rand, hac-rand, sa-scope, ciphersuite-list, auth
4) Response/MHAuth-Done: (MN <- HAC)
[sa-scope, sa-data, ciphersuite, bootstrapping-data,] mn-rand,
hac-rand, status, auth
Where 'auth' for MN -> HAC direction is as follows:
auth = HMAC-SHA256(PSK, "MN" | msg-octets | CB-octets)
Where 'auth' for MN <- HAC direction is as follows:
auth = HMAC-SHA256(PSK, "HAC" | msg-octets | CB-octets)
In the above, "MN" is 2 ASCII characters without null termination and
"HAC" is 3 ASCII characters without null termination.
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The length "mn-rand", "hac-rand" is 32 octets. Note that "|"
indicates concatenation and optional parameters are shown in square
brackets [..]. The square brackets can be nested.
The shared secret PSK can be variable length. 'msg-octets' includes
all payload parameters of the respective message to be signed except
the 'auth' payload. CB-octets is the channel binding input to the
auth calculation that is the "TLS-server-endpoint" channel binding
type. The content and algorithm (only required for the "TLS-server-
endpoint" type) are the same as described in [RFC5929].
The MN starts by selecting a random number 'mn-rand' and choosing a
list of supported authentication methods coded in 'auth-method'. The
MN sends its identity 'mn-id', 'mn-rand', and 'auth-method' to the
HAC in MHAuth-Init. The decision of which authentication method to
offer and which to pick is policy and implementation dependent and,
therefore, outside the scope of this document.
In MHAuth-Done, the HAC sends a random number 'hac-rand' and the
selected ciphersuite. The selection MUST be one of the MN-supported
ciphersuites as received in 'ciphersuite-list'. Furthermore, it
repeats the received parameters of the MHAuth-Init message 'mn-rand'.
It computes a message authenticator 'auth' over all the transmitted
parameters except 'auth' itself. The HAC calculates 'auth' over all
parameters and appends it to the message.
The MN verifies the received Message Authentication Code (MAC) and
the consistency of the identities, nonces, and ciphersuite parameters
transmitted in MHAuth-Auth. In case of successful verification, the
MN computes a MAC over the session parameter and returns it to the
HAC in MHAuth-Done. The HAC verifies the received MAC and the
consistency of the identities, nonces, and ciphersuite parameters
transmitted in MHAuth-Init. If the verification is successful,
MHAuth-Done is prepared and sent by the HAC to confirm successful
completion of the exchange.
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5.9. Extensible Authentication Protocol Methods
Basic operation required for the MN-HAC mutual authentication using
EAP-based methods.
MN HAC
| |
| Request/MHAuth-Init (...) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| Response/MHAuth-Init (..., |
| eap-payload=EAP-Request/Identity) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| Request/MHAuth-Mid (eap-payload= |
| EAP-Response/Identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| Response/MHAuth-Mid (eap-payload=EAP-Request/...) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
: :
: ..EAP-method specific exchanges.. :
: :
| |
| Request/MHAuth-Done (eap-payload=EAP-Response/..., |
| ..., auth) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| Response/MHAuth-Done (eap-payload=EAP-Success, |
| ..., auth) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
Figure 5: Authentication of the Mobile Node Using EAP
1) Request/MHAuth-Init: (MN -> HAC)
mn-id, mn-rand, auth-method=eap
2) Response/MHAuth-Init: (MN <- HAC)
[auth-method=eap, eap, [status,]] auth
3) Request/MHAuth-Mid: (MN -> HAC)
eap, auth
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4) Response/MHAuth-Mid: (MN <- HAC)
eap, auth
MHAuth-Mid exchange is repeated as many times as needed by the
used EAP-method.
5) Request/MHAuth-Done: (MN -> HAC)
sa-scope, ciphersuite-list, eap, auth
6) Response/MHAuth-Done: (MN <- HAC)
[sa-scope, sa-data, ciphersuite, bootstrapping-data,] eap,
status, auth
Where 'auth' for MN -> HAC direction is as follows:
auth = HMAC-SHA256(shared-key, "MN" | msg-octets | CB-octets)
Where 'auth' for MN <- HAC direction is as follows:
auth = HMAC-SHA256(shared-key, "HAC" | msg-octets | CB-octets)
In the above, "MN" is 2 ASCII characters without null termination and
"HAC" is 3 ASCII characters without null termination.
In MHAuth-Init and MHAuth-Mid messages, shared-key is set to "1". If
the EAP-method is key-deriving and creates a shared Master Session
Key (MSK) as a side effect of Authentication shared-key MUST be the
MSK in all MHAuth-Done messages. This MSK MUST NOT be used for any
other purpose. In case the EAP method does not generate an MSK,
shared-key is set to "1".
'msg-octets' includes all payload parameters of the respective
message to be signed except the 'auth' payload. CB-octets is the
channel binding input to the AUTH calculation that is the "TLS-
server-endpoint" channel binding type. The content and algorithm
(only required for the "TLS-server-endpoint" type) are the same as
described in [RFC5929].
6. Mobile Node to Home Agent Communication
6.1. General
The following subsections describe the packet formats used for the
traffic between the MN and the HA. This traffic includes binding
management messages (for example, BU and BA messages), reverse-
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tunneled and encrypted user data, and reverse-tunneled plaintext user
data. This specification defines a generic packet format, where
everything is encapsulated inside UDP. See Sections 6.3 and 6.4 for
detailed illustrations of the corresponding packet formats.
The Mobile IPv6 service port number is where the HA expects to
receive UDP packets. The same port number is used for both binding
management messages and user data packets. The reason for
multiplexing data and control messages over the same port number is
due to the possibility of Network Address and Port Translators
located along the path between the MN and the HA. The Mobile IPv6
service MAY use any ephemeral port number as the UDP source port, and
it MUST use the Mobile IPv6 service port number as the UDP
destination port. The Mobile IPv6 service port is dynamically
assigned to the MN during the bootstrapping phase (i.e., the mip6-
port parameter) or, in absence of the bootstrapping parameter, the
IANA reserved port (mipv6tls) MUST be used.
The encapsulating UDP header is immediately followed by a 4-bit
Packet Type (PType) field that defines whether the packet contains an
encrypted mobility management message, an encrypted user data packet,
or a plaintext user data packet.
The Packet Type field is followed by a 28-bit SPI value, which
identifies the correct SA concerning the encrypted packet. For any
packet that is neither integrity protected nor encrypted (i.e., no SA
is applied by the originator), the SPI MUST be set to 0 (zero).
Mobility management messages MUST always be at least integrity
protected. Hence, mobility management messages MUST NOT be sent with
an SPI value of 0 (zero).
There is always only one SPI per MN-HA mobility session and the same
SPI is used for all types of protected packets independent of the
direction.
The SPI value is followed by a 32-bit Sequence Number value that is
used to identify retransmissions of protected messages (integrity
protected or both integrity protected and encrypted, see Figures 7
and 8) . Each endpoint in the security association maintains two
"current" Sequence Numbers: the next one to be used for a packet it
initiates and the next one it expects to see in a packet from the
other end. If the MN and the HA ends initiate very different numbers
of messages, the Sequence Numbers in the two directions can be very
different. In the case data protection is not used (see Figure 9),
the Sequence Number MUST be set to 0 (zero). Note that the HA SHOULD
initiate a re-establishment of the SA before any of the Sequence
Number cycle.
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Finally, the Sequence Number field is followed by the data portion,
whose content is identified by the Packet Type. The data portion may
be protected.
6.2. PType and Security Parameter Index
The PType is a 4-bit field that indicates the Packet Type (PType) of
the UDP encapsulated packet. The PType is followed by a 28-bit SPI
value. The PType and the SPI fields are treated as one 32-bit field
during the integrity protection calculation.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PType | SPI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: Security Parameter Index with Packet Type
A SPI value of 0 (zero) indicates a plaintext packet. If the packet
is integrity protected or both integrity protected and encrypted, the
SPI value MUST be different from 0. When the SPI value is set to 0,
then the PType MUST also be 0.
6.3. Binding Management Message Formats
The binding management messages that are only meant to be exchanged
between the MN and the HA MUST be integrity protected and MAY be
encrypted. They MUST use the packet format shown in Figure 7.
All packets that are specific to the Mobile IPv6 protocol, contain a
Mobility Header (as defined in Section 6.1.1. of RFC 6275) and are
used between the MN and the HA shall use the packet format shown in
Figure 7. (This means that some Mobile IPv6 mobility management
messages, such as the Home Test Init (HoTI) message, are treated as
data packets and using encapsulation described in Section 6.4 and
shown in Figures 8 and 9).
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: IPv4 or IPv6 header (src-addr=Xa, dst-addr=Ya) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: UDP header (src-port=Xp,dst-port=Yp) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ------
|PType=8| SPI | ^Int.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Cov-
| Sequence Number | |ered
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | ----
| Payload Data (variable) | | ^
: : | |
| | |Conf.
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Cov-
| | Padding (0-255 bytes) | |ered
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | |
| | Pad Length | Next Header | v v
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ------
| Integrity Check Value-ICV (variable) |
: :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: UDP-Encapsulated Binding Management Message Format
The PType value 8 (eight) identifies that the UDP-encapsulated packet
contains a Mobility Header (defined by RFC 6275) and other relevant
IPv6 extension headers. Note, there is no additional IP header
inside the encapsulated part. The Next Header field MUST be set to
value of the first encapsulated header. The encapsulated headers
follow the natural IPv6 and Mobile IPv6 extension header alignment
and formatting rules.
The Padding, Pad Length, Next Header, and ICV fields follow the rules
of Section 2.4 to 2.8 of [RFC4303] unless otherwise stated in this
document. For an SPI value of 0 (zero) that indicates an unprotected
packet, the Padding, Pad Length, Next Header, and ICV fields MUST NOT
be present.
The source and destination IP addresses of the outer IP header (i.e.,
the src-addr and the dst-addr in Figure 7) use the current CoA of the
MN and the HA address.
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6.4. Reverse-Tunneled User Data Packet Formats
There are two types of reverse-tunneled user data packets between the
MN and the HA: those that are integrity protected and/or encrypted
and those that are sent in the clear. The MN or the HA decides
whether to apply integrity protection and/or encryption to a packet
or to send it in the clear based on the mip6-sas value in the SA. If
the mip6-sas is set to 1, the originator MUST NOT send any user data
packets in the clear, and the receiver MUST silently discard any
packet with the PType set to 0 (unprotected). It is RECOMMENDED that
confidentiality and integrity protection of user data traffic be
applied. The reverse-tunneled IPv4 or IPv6 user data packets are
encapsulated as is inside the 'Payload Data' shown in Figures 8 and
9.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: IPv4 or IPv6 header (src-addr=Xa, dst-addr=Ya) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: UDP header (src-port=Xp,dst-port=Yp) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|PType=1| SPI | ^Int.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Cov-
| Sequence Number | |ered
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | ----
| Payload Data (variable) | | ^
: : | |
| | |Conf.
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Cov-
| | Padding (0-255 bytes) | |ered
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | |
| | Pad Length | Next Header | v v
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ------
| Integrity Check Value-ICV (variable) |
: :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: UDP-Encapsulated Protected User Data Packet Format
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The PType value 1 (one) identifies that the UDP-encapsulated packet
contains an encrypted-tunneled IPv4/IPv6 user data packet. The Next
Header field header MUST be set to value corresponding the tunneled
IP packet (e.g., 41 for IPv6).
The Padding, Pad Length, Next Header, and ICV fields follow the rules
of Section 2.4 to 2.8 of [RFC4303] unless otherwise stated in this
document. For an SPI value of 0 (zero) that indicates an unprotected
packet, the Padding, Pad Length, Next Header, and ICV fields MUST NOT
be present.
The source and destination IP addresses of the outer IP header (i.e.,
the src-addr and the dst-addr in Figure 8) use the current CoA of the
MN and the HA address. The ESP-protected inner IP header, which is
not shown in Figure 8, uses the home address of the MN and the
correspondent node (CN) address.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: IPv4 or IPv6 header (src-addr=Xa, dst-addr=Ya) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: UDP header (src-port=Xp,dst-port=Yp) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|PType=0| 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
: Payload Data (plain IPv4 or IPv6 Packet) :
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: UDP-Encapsulated Non-Protected User Data Packet Format
The PType value 0 (zero) identifies that the UDP-encapsulated packet
contains a plaintext-tunneled IPv4/IPv6 user data packet. Also, the
SPI and the Sequence Number fields MUST be set to 0 (zero).
The source and destination IP addresses of the outer IP header (i.e.,
the src-addr and the dst-addr in Figure 9) use the current CoA of the
MN and the HA address. The plaintext inner IP header uses the home
address of the MN and the CN address.
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7. Route Optimization
Mobile IPv6 route optimization as described in [RFC6275] is not
affected by this specification. Route optimization is possible only
between an IPv6 MN and CN. UDP encapsulation of signaling and data
traffic is only between the MN and HA. The return routability
signaling messages such as HoTI/HoT and CoTI/CoT [RFC6275] are
treated as data packets and encapsulation, when needed, is per the
description in Section 6.4 of this specification. The data packets
between an MN and CN that have successfully completed the return
routability test and created the appropriate entries in their binding
cache are not UDP encapsulated using the packet formats defined in
this specification but follow the [RFC6275] specification.
8. IANA Considerations
8.1. New Registry: Packet Type
IANA has created a new registry under the [RFC6275] Mobile IPv6
parameters registry for the Packet Type as described in Section 6.1.
Description | Value
----------------------------------+----------------------------------
non-encrypted IP packet | 0
encrypted IP packet | 1
mobility header | 8
Following the allocation policies from [RFC5226], new values for the
Packet Type AVP MUST be assigned based on the "RFC Required" policy.
8.2. Status Codes
A new Status Code (to be used in BA messages) is reserved for the
cases where the HA wants to indicate to the MN that it needs to
re-establish the SA information with the HAC. The following value is
reserved in the [RFC6275] Status Codes registry:
REINIT_SA_WITH_HAC 176
8.3. Port Numbers
A new port number (mipv6tls) for UDP packets is reserved from the
existing PORT NUMBERS registry.
mipv6tls 7872
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9. Security Considerations
This document describes and uses a number of building blocks that
introduce security mechanisms and need to interwork in a secure
manner.
The following building blocks are considered from a security point of
view:
1. Discovery of the HAC
2. Authentication and MN-HA SA establishment executed between the MN
and the HAC (PSK- or EAP-based) through a TLS tunnel
3. Protection of MN-HA communication
4. AAA interworking
9.1. Discovery of the HAC
No dynamic procedure for discovering the HAC by the MN is described
in this document. As such, no specific security considerations apply
to the scope of this document.
9.2. Authentication and Key Exchange Executed between the MN and the
HAC
This document describes a simple authentication and MN-HA SA
negotiation exchange over TLS. The TLS procedures remain unchanged;
however, channel binding is provided.
Authentication: Server-side certificate-based authentication MUST be
performed using TLS version 1.2 [RFC5246]. The MN MUST verify the
HAC's TLS server certificate, using either the subjectAltName
extension [RFC5280] dNSName identities as described in [RFC6125]
or subjectAltName iPAddress identities. In case of iPAddress
identities, the MN MUST check the IP address of the TLS connection
against these iPAddress identities and SHOULD reject the
connection if none of the iPAddress identities match the
connection. In case of dNSName identities, the rules and
guidelines defined in [RFC6125] apply here, with the following
considerations:
* Support for DNS-ID identifier type (the dNSName identity in the
subjectAltName extension) is REQUIRED in the HAC and the MN TLS
implementations.
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* DNS names in the HAC server certificates MUST NOT contain the
wildcard character "*".
* The CN-ID MUST NOT be used for authentication within the rules
described in [RFC6125].
* The MN MUST set its "reference identifier" to the DNS name of
the HAC.
The client-side authentication may depend on the specific
deployment and is therefore not mandated. Note that TLS-PSK
[RFC4279] cannot be used in conjunction with the methods described
in Sections 5.8 and 5.9 of this document due to the limitations of
the channel binding type used.
Through the protected TLS tunnel, an additional authentication
exchange is performed that provides client-side or mutual
authentication and exchanges SA parameters and optional
configuration data to be used in the subsequent protection of
MN-HA communication. The additional authentication exchange can
be either PSK-based (Section 5.8) or EAP-based (Section 5.9).
Both exchanges are always performed within the protected TLS
tunnel and MUST NOT be used as standalone protocols.
The simple PSK-based authentication exchange provides mutual
authentication and follows the GPSK exchange used by EAP-GPSK
[RFC5433] and has similar properties, although some features of
GPSK like the exchange of a protected container are not supported.
The EAP-based authentication exchange simply defines message
containers to allow carrying the EAP packets between the MN and
the HAC. In principle, any EAP method can be used. However, it
is strongly recommended to use only EAP methods that provide
mutual authentication and that derive keys including an MSK in
compliance with [RFC3748].
Both exchanges use channel binding with the TLS tunnel. The
channel binding type 'TLS-server-endpoint' per [RFC5929] MUST be
used.
Dictionary Attacks: All messages of the authentication exchanges
specified in this document are protected by TLS. However, any
implementation SHOULD assume that the properties of the
authentication exchange are the same as for GPSK [RFC5433], in
case the PSK-based method per Section 5.8 is used, and are the
same as those of the underlying EAP method, in case the EAP-based
exchange per Section 5.9 is used.
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Replay Protection: The underlying TLS protection provides protection
against replays.
Key Derivation and Key Strength: For TLS, the TLS-specific
considerations apply unchanged. For the authentication exchanges
defined in this document, no key derivation step is performed as
the MN-HA keys are generated by the HAC and are distributed to the
MN through the secure TLS connection.
Key Control: No joint key control for MN-HA keys is provided by this
version of the specification.
Lifetime: The TLS-protected authentication exchange between the MN
and the HAC is only to bootstrap keys and other parameters for
usage with MN-HA security. The SAs that contain the keys have an
associated lifetime. The usage of Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Session Resumption without Server-Side State, described in
[RFC5077], provides the ability for the MN to minimize the latency
of future exchanges towards the HA without having to keep state at
the HA itself.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Resistance: The level of resistance against
DoS attacks SHOULD be considered the same as for common TLS
operation, as TLS is used unchanged. For the PSK-based
authentication exchange, no additional factors are known. For the
EAP-based authentication exchange, any considerations regarding
DoS resistance specific to the chosen EAP method are expected to
be applicable and need to be taken into account.
Session Independence: Each individual TLS protocol run is
independent from any previous exchange based on the security
properties of the TLS handshake protocol. However, several PSK-
or EAP-based authentication exchanges can be performed across the
same TLS connection.
Fragmentation: TLS runs on top of TCP and no fragmentation-specific
considerations apply to the MN-HAC authentication exchanges.
Channel Binding: Both the PSK and the EAP-based exchanges use
channel binding with the TLS tunnel. The channel binding type
'TLS-server-endpoint' per [RFC5929] MUST be used.
Fast Reconnect: This protocol provides session resumption as part of
TLS and optionally the support for [RFC5077]. No fast reconnect
is supported for the PSK-based authentication exchange. For the
EAP-based authentication exchange, availability of fast reconnect
depends on the EAP method used.
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Identity Protection: Based on the security properties of the TLS
tunnel, passive user identity protection is provided. An attacker
acting as man-in-the-middle in the TLS connection would be able to
observe the MN identity value sent in MHAuth-Init messages.
Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation: This protocol provides
ciphersuite negotiation based on TLS.
Confidentiality: Confidentiality protection of payloads exchanged
between the MN and the HAC are protected with the TLS Record
Layer. TLS ciphersuites with confidentiality and integrity
protection MUST be negotiated and used in order to exchange
security sensitive material inside the TLS connection.
Cryptographic Binding: No cryptographic bindings are provided by
this protocol specified in this document.
Perfect Forward Secrecy: Perfect forward secrecy is provided with
appropriate TLS ciphersuites.
Key confirmation: Key confirmation of the keys established with TLS
is provided by the TLS Record Layer when the keys are used to
protect the subsequent TLS exchange.
9.3. Protection of MN and HA Communication
Authentication: Data origin authentication is provided for the
communication between the MN and the HA. The chosen level of
security of this authentication depends on the selected
ciphersuite. Entity authentication is offered by the MN to HAC
protocol exchange.
Dictionary Attacks: The concept of dictionary attacks is not
applicable to the MN-HA communication as the keying material used
for this communication is randomly created by the HAC and its
length depends on the chosen cryptographic algorithms.
Replay Protection: Replay protection for the communication between
the MN and the HA is provided based on sequence numbers and
follows the design of IPsec ESP.
Key Derivation and Key Strength: The strength of the keying material
established for the communication between the MN and the HA is
selected based on the negotiated ciphersuite (based on the MN-HAC
exchange) and the key created by the HAC. The randomness
requirements for security described in [RFC4086] are applicable to
the key generation by the HAC.
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Key Control: The keying material established during the MN-HAC
protocol exchange for subsequent protection of the MN-HA
communication is created by the HA and therefore no joint key
control is provided for it.
Key Naming: For the MN-HA communication, the security associations
are indexed with the help of the SPI and additionally based on the
direction (inbound communication or outbound communication).
Lifetime: The lifetime of the MN-HA security associations is based
on the value in the mip6-sa-validity-end header field exchanged
during the MN-HAC exchange. The HAC controls the SA lifetime.
DoS Resistance: For the communication between the MN and the HA,
there are no heavy cryptographic operations (such as public key
computations). As such, there are no DoS concerns.
Session Independence: Sessions are independent from each other when
new keys are created via the MN-HAC protocol. A new MN-HAC
protocol run produces fresh and unique keying material for
protection of the MN-HA communication.
Fragmentation: There is no additional fragmentation support provided
beyond what is offered by the network layer.
Channel Binding: Channel binding is not applicable to the MN-HA
communication.
Fast Reconnect: The concept of fast reconnect is not applicable to
the MN-HA communication.
Identity Protection: User identities SHOULD NOT be exchanged between
the MN and the HA. In the case where binding management messages
contain the user identity, the messages SHOULD be confidentiality
protected.
Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation: The MN-HAC protocol provides
protected ciphersuite negotiation through a secure TLS connection.
Confidentiality: Confidentiality protection of payloads exchanged
between the MN and the HAC (for Mobile IPv6 signaling and
optionally for the data traffic) is provided utilizing algorithms
negotiated during the MN-HAC exchange.
Cryptographic Binding: No cryptographic bindings are provided by
this protocol specified in this document.
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Perfect Forward Secrecy: Perfect forward secrecy is provided when
the MN bootstraps new keying material with the help of the MN-HAC
protocol (assuming that a proper TLS ciphersuite is used).
Key Confirmation: Key confirmation of the MN-HA keying material
conveyed from the HAC to the MN is provided when the first packets
are exchanged between the MN and the HA (in both directions as two
different keys are used).
9.4. AAA Interworking
The AAA backend infrastructure interworking is not defined in this
document and is therefore out of scope.
10. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Pasi Eronen, Domagoj Premec, Julien
Laganier, Jari Arkko, Stephen Farrell, Peter Saint-Andre and
Christian Bauer for their comments.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2404] Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.
[RFC2410] Glenn, R. and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and
Its Use With IPsec", RFC 2410, November 1998.
[RFC2451] Pereira, R. and R. Adams, "The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher
Algorithms", RFC 2451, November 1998.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[RFC3566] Frankel, S. and H. Herbert, "The AES-XCBC-MAC-96 Algorithm
and Its Use With IPsec", RFC 3566, September 2003.
[RFC3602] Frankel, S., Glenn, R., and S. Kelly, "The AES-CBC Cipher
Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec", RFC 3602,
September 2003.
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RFC 6618 TLS-Based MIPv6 Security Framework May 2012
[RFC4282] Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen, "The
Network Access Identifier", RFC 4282, December 2005.
[RFC5056] Williams, N., "On the Use of Channel Bindings to Secure
Channels", RFC 5056, November 2007.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC5929] Altman, J., Williams, N., and L. Zhu, "Channel Bindings
for TLS", RFC 5929, July 2010.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.
11.2. Informative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)",
RFC 3748, June 2004.
[RFC3776] Arkko, J., Devarapalli, V., and F. Dupont, "Using IPsec to
Protect Mobile IPv6 Signaling Between Mobile Nodes and
Home Agents", RFC 3776, June 2004.
[RFC4086] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
[RFC4279] Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites
for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279,
December 2005.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
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RFC 6618 TLS-Based MIPv6 Security Framework May 2012
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, December 2005.
[RFC4877] Devarapalli, V. and F. Dupont, "Mobile IPv6 Operation with
IKEv2 and the Revised IPsec Architecture", RFC 4877,
April 2007.
[RFC5077] Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
"Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
Server-Side State", RFC 5077, January 2008.
[RFC5433] Clancy, T. and H. Tschofenig, "Extensible Authentication
Protocol - Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method",
RFC 5433, February 2009.
[RFC5555] Soliman, H., "Mobile IPv6 Support for Dual Stack Hosts and
Routers", RFC 5555, June 2009.
[RFC5944] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised",
RFC 5944, November 2010.
[RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
"Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
RFC 5996, September 2010.
[RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
(PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, March 2011.
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Authors' Addresses
Jouni Korhonen (editor)
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo FIN-02600
Finland
EMail: jouni.nospam@gmail.com
Basavaraj Patil
Nokia
6021 Connection Drive
Irving, TX 75039
USA
EMail: basavaraj.patil@nokia.com
Hannes Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo 02600
Finland
Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
Dirk Kroeselberg
Siemens
Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
Munich 81739
Germany
EMail: dirk.kroeselberg@siemens.com
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