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Network Working Group L-E. Jonsson
Request for Comments: 3759 Ericsson
Updates: 3095 April 2004
Category: Informational
RObust Header Compression (ROHC):
Terminology and Channel Mapping Examples
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document aims to clarify terms and concepts presented in RFC
3095. RFC 3095 defines a Proposed Standard framework with profiles
for RObust Header Compression (ROHC). The standard introduces
various concepts which might be difficult to understand and
especially to relate correctly to the surrounding environments where
header compression may be used. This document aims at clarifying
these aspects of ROHC, discussing terms such as ROHC instances, ROHC
channels, ROHC feedback, and ROHC contexts, and how these terms
relate to other terms, like network elements and IP interfaces,
commonly used, for example, when addressing MIB issues.
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RFC 3759 ROHC Terminology and Channel Mapping Examples April 2004
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. ROHC External Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Network Elements and IP Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. A Unidirectional Point-to-Point Link Example . . . . . . 8
3.4. A Bi-directional Point-to-Point Link Example . . . . . . 8
3.5. A Bi-directional Multipoint Link Example . . . . . . . . 9
3.6. A Multi-Channel Point-to-Point Link Example. . . . . . . 9
4. ROHC Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. ROHC Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2. ROHC Decompressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. ROHC Channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. ROHC Feedback Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1. Single-Channel Dedicated ROHC FB Channel Example . . . . 14
6.2. Piggybacked/Interspersed ROHC FB Channel Example . . . . 15
6.3. Dual-Channel Dedicated ROHC FB Channel Example . . . . . 16
7. ROHC Contexts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Implementation Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
14. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1. Introduction
In RFC 3095, the RObust Header Compression (ROHC) standard framework
is defined, along with 4 compression profiles [RFC-3095]. Various
concepts are introduced within the standard that are not all very
extensively defined and described, which can easily be an obstacle
when trying to understand the standard. This can especially be the
case when one considers how the various parts of ROHC relate to the
surrounding environments where header compression may be used.
The purpose of this document is to clarify these aspects of ROHC
through examples and additional terminology, discussing terms such as
ROHC instances, ROHC channels, ROHC feedback, and ROHC contexts.
This especially means to clarify how these terms relate to other
terms, such as network elements and IP interfaces, which are commonly
used for example when addressing MIB issues. One explicit goal of
this document is to support and simplify the ROHC MIB development
work.
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The main part of this document, sections 3 to 8, focuses on
clarifying the conceptual aspects, entity relationships, and
terminology of ROHC [RFC-3095]. Section 9 explains some
implementation implications that arise from these conceptual aspects.
2. Terminology
ROHC instance
A logical entity that performs header compression or decompression
according to one or several ROHC profiles can be referred to as a
ROHC instance. A ROHC instance is either a ROHC compressor
instance or a ROHC decompressor instance. See section 4.
ROHC compressor instance
A ROHC compressor instance is a logical entity that performs
header compression according to one or several ROHC profiles.
There is a one-to-one relation between a ROHC compressor instance
and a ROHC channel, where the ROHC compressor is located at the
input end of the ROHC channel. See section 4.1.
ROHC decompressor instance
A ROHC decompressor instance is a logical entity that performs
header decompression according to one or several ROHC profiles.
There is a one-to-one relation between a ROHC decompressor
instance and a ROHC channel, where the ROHC decompressor is
located at the output end of the ROHC channel. See section 4.2.
Corresponding decompressor
When talking about a compressor's corresponding decompressor, this
refers to the peer decompressor located at the other end of the
ROHC channel to which the compressor sends compressed header
packets, i.e., the decompressor that decompresses the headers
compressed by the compressor.
Corresponding compressor
When talking about a decompressor's corresponding compressor, this
refers to the peer compressor located at the other end of the ROHC
channel from which the decompressor receives compressed header
packets, i.e., the compressor that compresses the headers the
decompressor decompresses.
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ROHC peers
A ROHC compressor and its corresponding ROHC decompressor are
referred to as ROHC peers.
Link
A communication path between two network entities is, in this
document, generally referred to as a link.
Bi-directional compression
If there are means to send feedback information from a
decompressor to its corresponding compressor, the compression
performance can be improved. This way of operating, utilizing the
feedback possibility for improved compression performance, is
referred to as bi-directional compression.
Unidirectional compression
If there are no means to send feedback information from a
decompressor to its corresponding compressor, the compression
performance might not be as good as if feedback could be utilized.
This way of operating, without making use of feedback for improved
compression performance, is referred to as unidirectional
compression.
ROHC channel
When a ROHC compressor has transformed original packets into ROHC
packets with compressed headers, these ROHC packets are sent to
the corresponding decompressor through a logical point-to-point
connection dedicated to that traffic. Such a logical channel,
which only has to carry data in this single direction from
compressor to decompressor, is referred to as a ROHC channel. See
section 5.
ROHC feedback channel
To allow bi-directional compression operation, a logical point-
to-point connection must be provided for feedback data from the
decompressor to its corresponding compressor. Such a logical
channel, which only has to carry data in the single direction from
decompressor to compressor, is referred to as a ROHC feedback
channel. See section 6.
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Co-located compressor/decompressor
A minimal ROHC instance is only a compressor or a decompressor,
communicating with a corresponding decompressor or compressor peer
at the other end of a ROHC channel, thus handling packet streams
sent in one direction over the link. However, in many cases, the
link will carry packet streams in both directions, and it would
then be desirable to also perform header compression in both
directions. That would require both a ROHC compressor and a ROHC
decompressor at each end of the link, each referred to as a co-
located compressor/decompressor pair.
Associated compressor/decompressor
If there is a co-located ROHC compressor/decompressor pair at each
end of a link, feedback messages can be transmitted from a ROHC
decompressor to its corresponding compressor by creating a virtual
ROHC feedback channel among the compressed header packets sent
from the co-located ROHC compressor to the decompressor co-located
with the compressor at the other end. When a co-located ROHC
compressor/decompressor pair is connected for this purpose, they
are said to be associated with each other.
Interspersed feedback
Feedback from a ROHC decompressor to a ROHC compressor can either
be sent on a separate ROHC feedback channel dedicated to feedback
packets, or sent among compressed header packets going in the
opposite direction from a co-located (associated) compressor to a
similarly co-located decompressor at the other end of the link.
If feedback packets are transmitted in the latter way and sent as
stand-alone packets, this is referred to as interspersed feedback.
See section 6.2 for an example.
Piggybacked feedback
Feedback from a ROHC decompressor to a ROHC compressor can either
be sent on a separate ROHC feedback channel dedicated to feedback
packets, or sent among compressed header packets going in the
opposite direction from a co-located (associated) compressor to a
similarly co-located decompressor at the other end of the link.
If feedback packets are transmitted in the latter way and sent
encapsulated within compressed header packets going in the other
direction, this is referred to as piggybacked feedback. See
section 6.2 for an example.
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Dedicated feedback channel
A dedicated feedback channel is a logical layer two channel from a
ROHC decompressor to a ROHC compressor, used only to transmit
feedback packets. See sections 6.1 and 6.3 for examples.
3. ROHC External Terminology
When considering aspects of ROHC that relate to the surrounding
networking environment where header compression may be applied,
unnecessary confusion is easily created because a common, well
understood, and well defined, terminology is missing. One major goal
with this document is to define the preferred terminology to use when
discussing header compression network integration issues.
3.1. Network Elements and IP Interfaces
Header compression is applied over certain links, between two
communicating entities in a network. Such entities may be referred
to as "nodes", "network devices", or "network elements", all terms
usually having the same meaning. However, practice within the area
of network management favors using the term "network element", which
is therefore consistently used throughout the rest of this document.
A network element communicates through one or several network
interfaces, which are often subject to network management, as defined
by MIB specifications. In all IP internetworking, each such
interface has its own IP identity, providing a common network
interface abstraction, independent of the link technology hidden
below the interface. Throughout the rest of this document, such
interfaces will be referred to as "IP interfaces".
Thus, to visualize the above terms, the top level hierarchy of a
network element is as follows, with one or several IP interfaces:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Network Element |
+---------------+--+---------------+------------------+
| IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface |
+---------------+ +---------------+ ...
The next section builds on this top level hierarchy by looking at
what is below an IP interface.
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3.2. Channels
As mentioned in the previous section, an IP interface can be
implemented on top of almost any link technology, although different
link technologies have different characteristics, and provide
communication by different means. However, all link technologies
provide the common capability to send and/or receive data to/from the
IP interface. A generic way of visualizing the common ability to
communicate is to envision it as one or several logical communication
channels provided by the link, where each channel can be either bi-
directional or unidirectional. Such logical point-to-point
connections will, throughout the rest of this document, be referred
to as "channels", either bi-directional or unidirectional. Note that
this definition of "channels" is less restrictive than the definition
of "ROHC channels", as given in section 5.
Extending the above network element hierarchy with the concept of
channels would then lead to the following:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Network Element |
+---------------+--+---------------+------------------+
| IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface |
++ +-+ +-+ +----+ ++ +-+ +-+ +----+ ...
|C| |C| |C| |C| |C| |C|
|h| |h| |h| |h| |h| |h|
|a| |a| |a| |a| |a| |a|
|n| |n| |n| ... |n| |n| |n| ...
|n| |n| |n| |n| |n| |n|
|e| |e| |e| |e| |e| |e|
|l| |l| |l| |l| |l| |l|
: : : : : : : : : : : :
Whether there is more than one channel, and whether the channel(s)
is/are bi-directional or unidirectional (or a mix of both) is link
technology dependent, as is the way in which channels are logically
created.
The following subsections, 3.3-3.6, give a number of different link
examples, and relate these to the general descriptions above.
Further, each section discusses how header compression might be
applied in that particular case. The core questions for header
compression are:
- Are channels bi- or unidirectional?
- Is the link point-to-point? If not, a lower layer addressing
scheme is needed to create logical point-to-point channels.
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Note that these subsections talk about header compression in general,
while later sections will address the case of ROHC in more detail.
Further, one should remember that in the later sections, the general
channel definition is slightly enhanced for header compression by the
definition of the ROHC channel (section 5) and the ROHC feedback
channel (section 6), while here the basic channel concept is used, as
defined above.
3.3. A Unidirectional Point-to-Point Link Example
The simplest possible link example one can derive from the general
overview above is the case with one single unidirectional channel
between two communicating network elements.
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Network Element | | Network Element |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
| | | |
| +--------------------------------+ |
| -> Unidirectional channel -> |
+----------------------------------------+
A typical example of a point-to-point link with one unidirectional
channel like this is a satellite link. Since there is no return path
present, only unidirectional header compression can be applied here.
3.4. A Bi-directional Point-to-Point Link Example
Taking the above example one step further, the natural extension
would be an example with one single bi-directional channel between
two communicating network elements. In this example, there are still
only two endpoints and one single channel, but the channel is simply
enhanced to allow bi-directional communication.
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Network Element | | Network Element |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
| | | |
| +--------------------------------+ |
| <-> Bi-directional channel <-> |
+----------------------------------------+
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A typical example of a point-to-point link with such a bi-directional
channel is a PPP modem connection over a regular telephone line.
Header compression can easily be applied here as well, as is usually
done over e.g., PPP, and the compression scheme can make use of the
return path to improve compression performance.
3.5. A Bi-directional Multipoint Link Example
Leaving the simple point-to-point link examples, this section
addresses the case of a bi-directional link connecting more than two
communicating network elements. To simplify the example, the case
with three endpoints is considered.
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Network Element | | Network Element | | Network Element |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
| IP | | IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface | | Interface |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| +-----------------+ +-----------------+ |
| <-> Bi-directional "shared channel" <-> |
+-----------------------------------------------+
A typical example of a multipoint link with such a bi-directional
"shared channel" is an Ethernet. Since the channel is shared,
applying header compression would require a lower layer addressing
scheme to provide logical point-to-point channels, according to the
definition of "channels".
As an aside, it should be noted that a case of unidirectional
multipoint links is basically the same as a number of unidirectional
point-to-point links. In such a case, each receiver only sees one
single sender, and the sender's behavior is independent of the number
of receivers and is unaffected by their behavior.
3.6. A Multi-Channel Point-to-Point Link Example
This final example addresses a scenario which is expected to be
typical in many environments where ROHC will be applied. The key
point of the example is the multi-channel property, which is common
in, for example, cellular environments. Data through the same IP
interface might here be transmitted on different channels, depending
on its characteristics. In the following example, there are three
channels present, one bi-directional, and one unidirectional in each
direction, but the channel configuration could of course be
arbitrary.
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+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Network Element | | Network Element |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| IP | | IP |
| Interface | | Interface |
+-+ +---+ +---+ +-+ +-+ +---+ +---+ +-+
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | +--------------------------+ | | | | |
| | | | | <- Unidirectional channel <- | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | +--------------------------------------+ | | |
| | | <-> Bi-directional channel <-> | | |
| | +------------------------------------------+ | |
| | | |
| | | |
| +--------------------------------------------------+ |
| -> Unidirectional channel -> |
+------------------------------------------------------+
As mentioned above, a typical example of a multi-channel link is a
cellular wireless link. In this example, header compression would be
applicable on a per-channel basis, for each channel operating either
in a bi-directional or unidirectional manner, depending on the
channel properties.
4. ROHC Instances
For various purposes, such as network management on an IP interface
implementing ROHC, it is necessary to identify the various ROHC
entities that might be present on an interface. Such a minimal ROHC
entity will, from now on, be referred to as a "ROHC instance". A
ROHC instance can be one of two different types, either a "ROHC
compressor" or a "ROHC decompressor" instance, and an IP interface
can have N ROHC compressors and M ROHC decompressors, where N and M
are arbitrary numbers. It should be noted that although a compressor
is often co-located with a decompressor, a ROHC instance can never
include both a compressor and a decompressor; where both are present,
they will be referred to as two ROHC instances.
The following two subsections describe the two kinds of ROHC
instances and their external interfaces, while sections 5 and 6
address how communication over these interfaces is realized through
"ROHC channels" and "ROHC feedback channels". Section 7 builds on
top of the instance, channel and feedback channel concepts, and
clarifies how ROHC contexts map to this.
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It should be noted that all figures in sections 4-6 have been rotated
90 degrees to simplify drawing, i.e., they do not show a "stack
view".
4.1. ROHC Compressors
A ROHC compressor instance supports header compression according to
one or several ROHC profiles. Apart from potential configuration or
control interfaces, a compressor instance receives and sends data
through 3 inputs and 1 output, as illustrated by the figure below:
+--------------+
-> UI -> | | -> CO ->
| ROHC |
| Compressor |
-> PI -> | | <- FI <-
+--------------+
Uncompressed Input (UI): Uncompressed packets are delivered from
higher layers to the compressor through
the UI.
Compressed Output (CO): Compressed packets are sent from the
compressor through the CO, which is
always connected to the input end of a
ROHC channel (see section 5).
Feedback Input (FI): Feedback from the corresponding
[optional] decompressor is received by the
compressor through the FI, which (if
present) is connected to the output end
of a ROHC feedback channel of some kind
(see section 6). When there are no
means to transmit feedback from
decompressor to compressor, FI is not
used, and bi-directional compression
will not be possible.
Piggyback Input (PI): If the compressor is associated with a
[optional] co-located decompressor, for which the
compressor delivers feedback to the
other end of the link, feedback data
for piggybacking is delivered to the
compressor through the PI. If this input
is used, it is connected to the FO of the
co-located decompressor (see section
4.2).
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4.2. ROHC Decompressors
A ROHC decompressor instance supports header decompression according
to one or several ROHC profiles. Apart from potential configuration
or control interfaces, a decompressor instance receives and sends
data through 1 input and 3 outputs, as illustrated by the figure
below:
+--------------+
-> CI -> | | -> DO ->
| ROHC |
| Decompressor |
<- FO <- | | -> PO ->
+--------------+
Compressed Input (CI): Compressed packets are received by the
decompressor through the CI, which is
always connected to the output end of a
ROHC channel (see section 5).
Decompressed Output (DO): Decompressed packets are delivered from
the decompressor to higher layers
through the DO.
Feedback Output (FO): Feedback to the corresponding compressor
[optional] is sent from the compressor through the
FO, which (if present) is connected to
the input end of a ROHC feedback channel
of some kind (see section 6). When
there are no means to transmit feedback
from decompressor to compressor, FO is
not used, and bi-directional compression
will not be possible.
Piggyback Output (PO): If the decompressor is associated with
[optional] a co-located compressor to which the
decompressor delivers feedback it
receives piggybacked from the other end
of the link, the received feedback data
is delivered from the decompressor
through the PO. If this output is used,
it is connected to the FI of the co-
located compressor (see section 4.1).
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5. ROHC Channels
In section 3, a general concept of channels was introduced.
According to that definition, a channel is basically a logical
point-to-point connection between the IP interfaces of two
communicating network elements. By that definition, a channel
represents the kind of logical connection needed to make header
compression generally applicable, and then the channel properties
control whether compression can operate in a unidirectional or bi-
directional manner.
The channel concept thus facilitates general header compression
discussions, but since it groups unidirectional and bi-directional
connections together, it does not provide the means for describing
details of how ROHC logically works. Therefore, for the case of
ROHC, the channel concept is enhanced and a more restricted concept
of "ROHC channels" is defined.
A ROHC channel has the same properties as a channel, with the
difference that a ROHC channel is always unidirectional. A ROHC
channel therefore has one single input endpoint, connected to the CO
of one single ROHC compressor instance, and one single output
endpoint, connected to the CI of one single ROHC decompressor
instance. A ROHC channel must thus in this way be logically
dedicated to one ROHC compressor and one ROHC decompressor, hereafter
referred to as ROHC peers, creating a one-to-one mapping between a
ROHC channel and two ROHC compressor/decompressor peers.
+--------------+ --->-->-->-->--- +--------------+
| | -> CO -> ROHC Channel -> CI -> | |
| ROHC | --->-->-->-->--- | ROHC |
| Compressor | | Decompressor |
| | | |
+--------------+ +--------------+
In many cases the lower layer channel is by nature bi-directional,
but for ROHC communication over that channel, a ROHC channel would
only represent one communication direction of that channel. For bi-
directional channels, a common case would be to logically allocate
one ROHC channel in each direction, allowing ROHC compression to be
performed in both directions. The reason for defining ROHC channels
as unidirectional is basically to separate and generalize the concept
of feedback, as described and exemplified in section 6.
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6. ROHC Feedback Channels
Since ROHC can be implemented over various kinds of links,
unidirectional or bi-directional one-channel links, as well as
multi-channel links, the logical transmission of feedback from
decompressor to compressor has been separated out from the transport
of actual ROHC packets through the definition of ROHC channels as
always being unidirectional from compressor to decompressor. This
means that an additional channel concept must be defined for
feedback, which is what will hereafter be referred to as "ROHC
feedback channels".
In the same way as a ROHC channel is a logically dedicated
unidirectional channel from a ROHC compressor to its corresponding
ROHC peer decompressor, a ROHC feedback channel is a logically
dedicated unidirectional channel from a ROHC decompressor to its
corresponding ROHC peer compressor. A ROHC feedback channel thus has
one single input endpoint, connected to the FO of one single ROHC
decompressor instance, and one single output endpoint, connected to
the FI of one single ROHC compressor instance.
+--------------+ +--------------+
| | | |
| ROHC | | ROHC |
| Compressor | --<--<--<--<--<-- | Decompressor |
| | <- FI <- ROHC FB Channel <- FO <- | |
+--------------+ --<--<--<--<--<-- +--------------+
The reason for making this simplification and logically separating
ROHC channels from ROHC feedback channels is generality for handling
of feedback. ROHC has been designed with the assumption of logical
separation, which creates flexibility in realizing feedback
transport, as discussed in [RFC-3095, section 5.2.1]. There are no
restrictions on how to implement a ROHC feedback channel, other than
that it must be made available and be logically dedicated to the ROHC
peers if bi-directional compression operation is to be allowed.
The following subsections provide some, not at all exhaustive,
examples of how a ROHC feedback channel might possibly be realized.
6.1. Single-Channel Dedicated ROHC Feedback Channel Example
This section illustrates a one-way compression example where one bi-
directional channel has been configured to represent a ROHC channel
in one direction and a dedicated ROHC feedback channel in the other
direction.
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Bi-directional channel
..................
+--------------+ : -->-->-->-->-- : +--------------+
--> |UI CO| --> : ROHC Channel : --> |CI DO| -->
| ROHC | : -->-->-->-->-- : | ROHC |
| Compressor | : : | Decompressor |
| | : --<--<--<--<-- : | |
o |PI FI| <-- : FB Channel : <-- |FO PO| o
+--------------+ : --<--<--<--<-- : +--------------+
:................:
In this example, feedback is sent on its own dedicated channel, as
discussed in e.g., feedback realization example 1-3 of ROHC [RFC-
3095, page 44]. This means that the piggybacking/interspersing
mechanism of ROHC is not used, and the PI/PO connections are thus
left open (marked with a "o"). To facilitate communication with ROHC
compression in a two-way manner using this approach, an identical
configuration must be provided for the other direction, i.e., making
use of four logical unidirectional channels.
6.2. Piggybacked/Interspersed ROHC Feedback Channel Example
This section illustrates how a bi-directional channel has been
configured to represent one ROHC channel in each direction, while
still allowing feedback to be transmitted through ROHC piggybacking
and interspersing.
Bi-directional channel
..................
+--------------+ : -->-->-->-->-- : +--------------+
--> |UI CO| --> : ROHC Channel A : --> |CI DO| -->
| ROHC | : -->-->-->-->-- : | ROHC |
| Compressor | : : | Decompressor |
| A | : : | A |
+-> |PI FI| <-+ : : +-- |PO FO| --+
| +--------------+ | : : | +--------------+ |
| | : : | |
| | : : | |
| +--------------+ | : : | +--------------+ |
+-- |FO PO| --+ : : +-> |FI PI| <-+
| ROHC | : : | ROHC |
| Decompressor | : : | Compressor |
| B | : --<--<--<--<-- : | B |
<-- |DO CI| <-- : ROHC Channel B : <-- |CO UI| <--
+--------------+ : --<--<--<--<-- : +--------------+
:................:
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In this example, feedback is transmitted piggybacked or interspersed
among compressed header packets in the ROHC channels, as discussed in
e.g., feedback realization example 4-6 of ROHC [RFC-3095, page 44].
Feedback from decompressor A to compressor A is here sent through
FO(A)->PI(B), piggybacked on a compressed packet over ROHC channel B,
and delivered to compressor A through PO(B)->FI(A). A logical ROHC
feedback channel is thus provided from the PI input at compressor B
to the PO output at decompressor B. It should be noted that in this
picture, PO and FO at the decompressors have been swapped to simplify
drawing.
6.3. Dual-Channel Dedicated ROHC Feedback Channel Example
This section illustrates how two bi-directional channels have been
configured to represent two ROHC channels and two dedicated ROHC
feedback channels, respectively.
Bi-directional channel
..................
+--------------+ : -->-->-->-->-- : +--------------+
->|UI CO| --> : ROHC Channel A : --> |CI DO|->
| ROHC | : -->-->-->-->-- : | ROHC |
| Compressor | : : | Decompressor |
| A | : : | A |
| | : : | |
+-> |FI PI| o : : o |PO FO| --+
| +--------------+ : --<--<--<--<-- : +--------------+ |
| +- : ROHC Channel B :<-+ |
| | : --<--<--<--<-- : | |
| +--------------+ | :................: | +--------------+ |
| <-|DO CI|<-+ +- |CO UI|<- |
| | ROHC | | ROHC | |
| | Decompressor | Bi-directional channel | Compressor | |
| | B | .................. | B | |
| | | : -->-->-->-->-- : | | |
| o|PO FO| --> : FB Channel B : --> |FI PI|o |
| +--------------+ : -->-->-->-->-- : +--------------+ |
| : : |
| : --<--<--<--<-- : |
+----------------------- : FB Channel A : <----------------------+
: --<--<--<--<-- :
:................:
In this example, feedback is, in both directions, sent on its own
dedicated channel, as discussed in e.g., feedback realization example
1-3 of ROHC [RFC-3095, page 44]. With this configuration, the
piggybacking/interspersing mechanism of ROHC is not used, and the
PI/PO connections are thus left open (marked with a "o"). It should
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be noted that in this picture FI/PI and PO/FO at the A-instances have
been swapped to simplify drawing, while the B-instances have been
horizontally mirrored.
7. ROHC Contexts
In previous sections, it has been clarified that one network element
may have multiple IP interfaces, one IP interface may have multiple
ROHC instances running (not necessarily both compressors and
decompressors), and for each ROHC instance, there is exactly one ROHC
channel and optionally one ROHC feedback channel. How ROHC channels
and ROHC feedback channels are realized will differ from case to
case, depending on the actual layer two technology used.
Each compressor/decompressor can further compress/decompress an
arbitrary (but limited) number of concurrent packet streams sent over
the ROHC channel connected to that compressor/decompressor. Each
packet stream relates to one particular context in the
compressor/decompressor. When sent over the ROHC channel, compressed
packets are labeled with a context identifier (CID), indicating to
which context the compressed packet corresponds. There is thus a
one-to-one mapping between the number of contexts that can be present
in a compressor/decompressor and the context identifier (CID) space
used in compressed packets over that ROHC channel. This is
illustrated by the following figure:
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IP Interface |
+---------------+----+---------------+----+---------------+--------+
| ROHC | | ROHC | | ROHC |
| Compressor | | Compressor | | Decompressor |
| Context 0...N | | Context 0...M | | Context 0...K | ...
+--+---------+--+ +--+---------+--+ +--+---------+--+
^ | ^ | : ^
: CID | : CID | : CID |
: 0...N | : 0...M | : 0...K |
: v : v v |
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC
Feedback Channel Feedback Channel Feedback Channel
Channel Channel Channel
It should be noted that each ROHC instance at an IP interface
therefore has its own context and CID space, and it must be ensured
that the CID size of the corresponding decompressor at the other end
of the ROHC channel is not smaller than the CID space of the
compressor.
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8. Summary
This document has introduced and defined a number of concepts and
terms for use in ROHC network integration, and explained how the
various pieces relate to each other. In the following bullet list,
the most important relationship conclusions are repeated:
- A network element may have one or several IP interfaces.
- Each IP interface is connected to one or several logical layer two
channels.
- Each IP interface may have one or several ROHC instances, either
compressors, decompressors, or an arbitrary mix of both.
- For each ROHC instance, there is exactly one ROHC channel, and
optionally exactly one ROHC feedback channel.
- How ROHC channels and ROHC feedback channels are realized through
the available logical layer two channels will vary, and there is
therefore no general relation between ROHC instances and logical
layer two channels. ROHC instances map only to ROHC channels and
ROHC feedback channels.
- Each compressor owns its own context identifier (CID) space, which
is the multiplexing mechanism it uses when sending compressed
header packets to its corresponding decompressor. That CID space
thus defines how many compressed packet streams can be
concurrently sent over the ROHC channel allocated to the
compressor/decompressor peers.
9. Implementation Implications
This section will address how the conceptual aspects discussed above
affect implementations of ROHC.
ROHC is defined as a general header compression framework on top of
which compression profiles can be defined for each specific set of
headers to compress. Although the framework holds a number of
important mechanisms, the separation between framework and profiles
is mainly a separation from a standardization point of view, to
indicate what must be common to all profiles, what must be defined by
all profiles, and what are profile-specific details. To implement
the framework as a separate module is thus not an obvious choice,
especially if one wants to use profile implementations from different
vendors. However, optimized implementations will probably separate
the common parts and implement those in a ROHC framework module, and
add profile modules to that.
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A ROHC instance might thus consist of various pieces of
implementation modules, profiles, and potentially also a common ROHC
module, possibly from different vendors. If vendor and
implementation version information is made available for network
management purposes, this should thus be done on a per-profile basis,
and potentially also for the instance as a whole.
10. Security Considerations
The clear understanding of ROHC channels and their relations to IP
interfaces and the physical medium, plays a critical role in ensuring
secure usage of ROHC. This document is therefore a valuable adjunct
to the Security Considerations found in RFC 3095 and other ROHC
specifications. However, as it just reviews information and
definitions, it does not add new security issues to the ROHC protocol
specifications.
11. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Juergen Quittek, Hans Hannu, Carsten Bormann, and Ghyslain
Pelletier for fruitful discussions, improvement suggestions, and
review. Thanks also to Peter Eriksson for doing a language review.
12. Informative References
[RFC-3095] Bormann, C., Burmeister, C., Degermark, M., Fukushima, H.,
Hannu, H., Jonsson, L-E., Hakenberg, R., Koren, T., Le,
K., Liu, Z., Martensson, A., Miyazaki, A., Svanbro, K.,
Wiebke, T., Yoshimura, T. and H. Zheng, "RObust Header
Compression (ROHC): Framework and four profiles: RTP, UDP,
ESP, and uncompressed", RFC 3095, July 2001.
13. Author's Address
Lars-Erik Jonsson
Ericsson AB
Box 920
SE-971 28 Lulea
Sweden
Phone: +46 920 20 21 07
Fax: +46 920 20 20 99
EMail: lars-erik.jonsson@ericsson.com
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14. Full Copyright Statement
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except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
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