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I recently went to Vultr[1] for their hosted OpenBSD servers.
One of the outstanding feature of OpenBSD is that it is configured for safety *by default*. In all the internet arguments this is often missed. Any system can be configured to be reasonably secure, but often takes a lot of effort. With OpenBSD that bit is a core component of the operating system.
Having something as critical as security baked into the defaults is simply neat. This post is actually more a log for myself of what I did for future reference. I hope it may be of use for others. The entire setup is rather straightforward and took well under half an hour. UPDATE: Three month later I'm still pleased with customer support, speed and the service as a whole.
vultr control panel[1]
The chosen parameters for my setup come up at just $5 per month.
os: OpenBSD 6.9 server: 1x CPU, 1G memory, 25G SSD storage location: Tokyo, Japan hostname: orwell.nox.im
Less than a minute later we can open the server console in an noVNC window. We can log in with `root` and the password from the vulture product page.
We don't want to operate all with root, so create a user with
adduser
This goes through a brief wizard and copies an environment from `/etc/skel` (if you ever want to change the template).
Next copy over the ssh pubkey
cp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:/home/dre/pubkey
and add it to authorized keys, I used vi to add it in in case there are other records.
vi /home/dre/.ssh/authorized_keys :r /home/dre/pubkey :wq
now we can ssh from our local machine to our remote host
ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa dre@XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX OpenBSD 6.9 (GENERIC.MP) #1: Sat May 22 13:19:59 MDT 2021 Welcome to OpenBSD: The proactively secure Unix-like operating system. orwell$
We should forbid to log in with password and also as root
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config PermitRootLogin no PasswordAuthentication no
The OpenBSD equivalent to the more common `sudo` command is `doas`. We first need to enable it:
vi /etc/doas.conf permit persist :wheel
then add your user, here `dre` to the group wheel:
usermod -G wheel dre
we upgrade and reboot
syspatch reboot
now we can verify that we can't sign in as root anymore (it still works through noVNC just not via SSH).
ssh root@XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX root@XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive).
Since OpenBSD 5.6 the web server daemon `httpd` is available in the base system, so we don't have to install anything to run a web server. It supports CGI (via FastCGI) and TLS. Enable it to start at boot with
doas rcctl enable httpd
Also edit `/etc/rc.conf.local` and add the following line, it might have said "NO" before.
httpd_flags=
Then edit the config file to serve content from `/var/www/htdocs/nox.im`.
doas vi /etc/httpd.conf
ext_ip="XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX" # external IP of this box
server "default" {
listen on $ext_ip port 80
root "/htdocs/nox.im"
}
types {
include "/usr/share/misc/mime.types"
}
The target directory isn't available yet, let's create it and give the user write permissions:
mkdir -p /var/www/htdocs/nox.im chown dre /var/www/htdocs/nox.im
then upload contents to /var/www/htdocs/nox.im
if we didn't enable it as per above, start httpd with the `-f` flag, otherwise we can omit it.
doas /etc/rc.d/httpd -f start
our server is now available (without TLS)
http://XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/
We can see access logs with
tail -f /var/www/logs/access.log
The A record is used to point the domain name at one or multiple IP addresses. AAAA record does the same thing as the A record but for IPv6. Set it in your DNS panel if you have a domain, I did this for nox.im:
@ 10800 IN A XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX www 10800 IN A XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
or use a cname for the www subdomain instead of an A record
www 10800 IN CNAME nox.im
now we can ssh to our server via
ssh dre@nox.im
Edit `/etc/motd` to change the welcome "message of the day" you see when you ssh into the server.
If you want to add an SSL certificate with Let's Encrypt or another CA, you can read the post on how to use acme client with Let's Encrypt on OpenBSD[1].
1: acme client with Let's Encrypt on OpenBSD
If you wish to block certain countries, see a snippet on blocking country traffic with pf[1].
1: blocking country traffic with pf
Since we set up SSH keys, we can use scp or better, rsync to copy files between our local machine and our server. We can install rsync from ports:
doas pkg_add rsync
For it to start successfully, we have to create a `/etc/rsyncd.conf` file, we need to know the uid and gid of our user for the target directory, so the files end up with the right owner.
orwell$ id uid=1000(dre) gid=1000(dre) groups=1000(dre), 0(wheel) orwell$ group info daemon name daemon passwd * gid 1
The `rsyncd.conf` then looks as follows:
orwell$ cat /etc/rsyncd.conf [global] use chroot = yes max connection = 5 log file = /var/log/rsyncd.log [web] path = /var/www/htdocs/nox.im/ read only = false list = yes uid = 1000 gid = 1
Finally enable and start the rsync daemon:
doas rcctl enable rsync doas rcctl start rsync
And try to copy files:
rsync -a -P --delete ./public/ dre@nox.im:/var/www/htdocs/nox.im/
Done.
- `-a` puts rsync into archive mode
- `--delete` will delete files found on the server but not the source
- `-P` will not set directory timestamps
It then pushes the contents of `./public/` (with a trailing slash!) to `/var/www/htdocs/nox.im/` on the server. It'll only update the files that are required by comparing timestamps.
Ensure that slaacd is enabled and running.
rcctl enable slaacd rcctl start slaacd
Edit `/etc/hostname.vio0` add the inet6 autoconf and further - Disable IPv6 autoconf temporary address extensions on the interface `-tempoorary` - Disable IPv6 persistent Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers on the interface. `-soii`
inet6 autoconf -soii -temporary
Restart the network and test
sh /etc/netstart vio0 ping6 -c3 2001:4860:4860::8888
PING 2001:4860:4860::8888 (2001:4860:4860::8888): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 2001:4860:4860::8888: icmp_seq=0 hlim=119 time=0.642 ms 64 bytes from 2001:4860:4860::8888: icmp_seq=1 hlim=119 time=0.683 ms 64 bytes from 2001:4860:4860::8888: icmp_seq=2 hlim=119 time=0.663 ms 3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/std-dev = 0.642/0.663/0.683/0.017 ms
When set up http, the website will be reachable through `https://[2001:19f0:7001:40ff:5400:3ff:fe70:ec42]/` too and you can add an AAAA IPv6 record for your domain:
@ 10800 IN AAAA 2001:19f0:7001:40ff:5400:3ff:fe70:ec42
Note that OpenBSD packages are "frozen" with the OpenBSD base system for releases, which happen every six months. This means that any installed package is only as recent as the OpenBSD release they’re running on, excluding security patches.
Our server doesn't need many tools, I install Go as it is the primary development language and alongside git allow easy deployments and tests as well as a few other utilities for debugging.
doas pkg_add go git htop curl
Installing and running services will be the subject of later articles. For the base system we're done for now.