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Network Working Group S. Bellovin
Request for Comments: 3514 AT&T Labs Research
Category: Informational 1 April 2003
The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
Firewalls, packet filters, intrusion detection systems, and the like
often have difficulty distinguishing between packets that have
malicious intent and those that are merely unusual. We define a
security flag in the IPv4 header as a means of distinguishing the two
cases.
1. Introduction
Firewalls [CBR03], packet filters, intrusion detection systems, and
the like often have difficulty distinguishing between packets that
have malicious intent and those that are merely unusual. The problem
is that making such determinations is hard. To solve this problem,
we define a security flag, known as the "evil" bit, in the IPv4
[RFC791] header. Benign packets have this bit set to 0; those that
are used for an attack will have the bit set to 1.
1.1. Terminology
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
document, are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Syntax
The high-order bit of the IP fragment offset field is the only unused
bit in the IP header. Accordingly, the selection of the bit position
is not left to IANA.
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RFC 3514 The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header 1 April 2003
The bit field is laid out as follows:
0
+-+
|E|
+-+
Currently-assigned values are defined as follows:
0x0 If the bit is set to 0, the packet has no evil intent. Hosts,
network elements, etc., SHOULD assume that the packet is
harmless, and SHOULD NOT take any defensive measures. (We note
that this part of the spec is already implemented by many common
desktop operating systems.)
0x1 If the bit is set to 1, the packet has evil intent. Secure
systems SHOULD try to defend themselves against such packets.
Insecure systems MAY chose to crash, be penetrated, etc.
3. Setting the Evil Bit
There are a number of ways in which the evil bit may be set. Attack
applications may use a suitable API to request that it be set.
Systems that do not have other mechanisms MUST provide such an API;
attack programs MUST use it.
Multi-level insecure operating systems may have special levels for
attack programs; the evil bit MUST be set by default on packets
emanating from programs running at such levels. However, the system
MAY provide an API to allow it to be cleared for non-malicious
activity by users who normally engage in attack behavior.
Fragments that by themselves are dangerous MUST have the evil bit
set. If a packet with the evil bit set is fragmented by an
intermediate router and the fragments themselves are not dangerous,
the evil bit MUST be cleared in the fragments, and MUST be turned
back on in the reassembled packet.
Intermediate systems are sometimes used to launder attack
connections. Packets to such systems that are intended to be relayed
to a target SHOULD have the evil bit set.
Some applications hand-craft their own packets. If these packets are
part of an attack, the application MUST set the evil bit by itself.
In networks protected by firewalls, it is axiomatic that all
attackers are on the outside of the firewall. Therefore, hosts
inside the firewall MUST NOT set the evil bit on any packets.
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RFC 3514 The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header 1 April 2003
Because NAT [RFC3022] boxes modify packets, they SHOULD set the evil
bit on such packets. "Transparent" http and email proxies SHOULD set
the evil bit on their reply packets to the innocent client host.
Some hosts scan other hosts in a fashion that can alert intrusion
detection systems. If the scanning is part of a benign research
project, the evil bit MUST NOT be set. If the scanning per se is
innocent, but the ultimate intent is evil and the destination site
has such an intrusion detection system, the evil bit SHOULD be set.
4. Processing of the Evil Bit
Devices such as firewalls MUST drop all inbound packets that have the
evil bit set. Packets with the evil bit off MUST NOT be dropped.
Dropped packets SHOULD be noted in the appropriate MIB variable.
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have a harder problem. Because of
their known propensity for false negatives and false positives, IDSs
MUST apply a probabilistic correction factor when evaluating the evil
bit. If the evil bit is set, a suitable random number generator
[RFC1750] must be consulted to determine if the attempt should be
logged. Similarly, if the bit is off, another random number
generator must be consulted to determine if it should be logged
despite the setting.
The default probabilities for these tests depends on the type of IDS.
Thus, a signature-based IDS would have a low false positive value but
a high false negative value. A suitable administrative interface
MUST be provided to permit operators to reset these values.
Routers that are not intended as as security devices SHOULD NOT
examine this bit. This will allow them to pass packets at higher
speeds.
As outlined earlier, host processing of evil packets is operating-
system dependent; however, all hosts MUST react appropriately
according to their nature.
5. Related Work
Although this document only defines the IPv4 evil bit, there are
complementary mechanisms for other forms of evil. We sketch some of
those here.
For IPv6 [RFC2460], evilness is conveyed by two options. The first,
a hop-by-hop option, is used for packets that damage the network,
such as DDoS packets. The second, an end-to-end option, is for
packets intended to damage destination hosts. In either case, the
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RFC 3514 The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header 1 April 2003
option contains a 128-bit strength indicator, which says how evil the
packet is, and a 128-bit type code that describes the particular type
of attack intended.
Some link layers, notably those based on optical switching, may
bypass routers (and hence firewalls) entirely. Accordingly, some
link-layer scheme MUST be used to denote evil. This may involve evil
lambdas, evil polarizations, etc.
DDoS attack packets are denoted by a special diffserv code point.
An application/evil MIME type is defined for Web- or email-carried
mischief. Other MIME types can be embedded inside of evil sections;
this permit easy encoding of word processing documents with macro
viruses, etc.
6. IANA Considerations
This document defines the behavior of security elements for the 0x0
and 0x1 values of this bit. Behavior for other values of the bit may
be defined only by IETF consensus [RFC2434].
7. Security Considerations
Correct functioning of security mechanisms depend critically on the
evil bit being set properly. If faulty components do not set the
evil bit to 1 when appropriate, firewalls will not be able to do
their jobs properly. Similarly, if the bit is set to 1 when it
shouldn't be, a denial of service condition may occur.
8. References
[CBR03] W.R. Cheswick, S.M. Bellovin, and A.D. Rubin, "Firewalls
and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker", Second
Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2003.
[RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September
1981.
[RFC1750] Eastlake, D., 3rd, Crocker, S. and J. Schiller, "Randomness
Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
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[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January
2001.
9. Author's Address
Steven M. Bellovin
AT&T Labs Research
Shannon Laboratory
180 Park Avenue
Florham Park, NJ 07932
Phone: +1 973-360-8656
EMail: bellovin@acm.org
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RFC 3514 The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header 1 April 2003
10. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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