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Network Working Group D. Provan
Request for Comments: 1201 Novell, Inc.
Obsoletes: RFC 1051 February 1991
Transmitting IP Traffic over ARCNET Networks
Status of this Memo
This memo defines a protocol for the transmission of IP and ARP
packets over the ARCnet Local Area Network. This RFC specifies an
IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests
discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the
current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" for the
standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
1. Introduction
This memo specifies a method of encapsulating Internet Protocol (IP)
[1] and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [2] datagrams for
transmission across ARCNET [3] using the "ARCNET Packet Header
Definition Standard" [4]. This memo offers a replacement for RFC
1051. RFC 1051 uses an ARCNET framing protocol which limits
unfragmented IP packets to 508 octets [5].
2. ARCNET Packet Format
In 1989, Apple Computers, Novell, ACTINET Systems, Standard
Microsystems, and Pure Data Research agreed to use the ARCNET
datalink protocol defined in "ARCNET Packet Header Definition
Standard" [4]. We'll begin with a brief description of that
protocol.
2.1. ARCNET Framing
ARCNET hardware supports two types of frames: short frames, which are
always 256 octets long, and long frames, which are always 512 octets
long. All frames begin with a hardware header and end with the
client's data preceded by a software header. Software places padding
in the middle of the packet between the hardware header and the
software header to make the frame the appropriate fixed length.
Unbeknown to the software, the hardware removes this padding during
transmission.
Short frames can hold from 0 to 249 octets of client data. Long
frames can hold from 253 to 504 octets of client data. To handle
frames with 250, 251, or 252 octets of data, the datalink protocol
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introduces a third frame type: the exception frame.
These three frame formats are shown here. Except as noted, each
block represents one octet.
Short Frame Long Frame Exception Frame
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
| source | | source | | source |
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
| destination | | destination | | destination |
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
| offset | | 0 | | 0 |
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
. unused . | offset | | offset |
. (offset - 3 . +---------------+ +---------------+
. octets) . . unused . . unused .
+---------------+ . (offset - 4 . . (offset - 4 .
| protocol ID | . octets) . . octets) .
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
| split flag | | protocol ID | | protocol ID |
+---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+
| sequence | | split flag | | flag: FF hex |
+ number + +---------------+ +---------------+
| (2 octets) | | sequence | | padding: 0xFF |
+---------------+ + number + +---------------+
. . | (2 octets) | | padding: 0xFF |
. client data . +---------------+ +---------------+
. (256 - offset . . . | (protocol ID) |
. - 4 octets) . . . +---------------+
. . . . | split flag |
+---------------+ . . +---------------+
. . | sequence |
. client data . + number +
. (512 - offset . | (2 octets) |
. - 4 octets) . +---------------+
. . . .
. . . client data .
. . . (512 - offset .
. . . - 8 octets) .
. . . .
+---------------+ +---------------+
These packet formats are presented as software would see them
through ARCNET hardware. [3] refers to this as the "buffer
format". The actual format of packets on the wire is a little
different: the destination ID is duplicated, the padding between
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the offset field and the protocol ID field is not transmitted, and
there's some hardware framing information. In addition, the
hardware transmits special packets for buffer allocation and
reception acknowledgement which are not described here [3].
2.2. Datalink Layer Fragmentation
ARCNET hardware limits individual frames to 512 octets, which allows
504 octets of client data. This ARCNET datalink protocol allows the
datalink layer to break packets into as many as 120 fragments for
transmission. This allows ARCNET clients to transmit up to 60,480
octets in each packet.
The "split flag" describes datalink layer packet fragments. There
are three cases: an unfragmented packet, the first fragment of a
fragmented packet, and any other fragment of a fragmented packet.
Unfragmented packets always have a split flag of zero.
The first fragment of a fragmented packet has a split flag equal to
((T-2)*2)+1, where T is the total number of fragments to expect for
the packet.
Subsequent fragments of a fragmented packet have a split flag equal
to ((N-1)*2), where N is the number of this fragment. For example,
the fourth fragment of a packet will always have the split flag value
of six ( (4-1)*2 ).
The receiving station can identify the last fragment of a packet
because the value of its 8-bit split flag will be one greater than
the split flag of the first fragment of the packet.
A previous version of this ARCNET datalink protocol definition
only allowed packets which could be contained in two fragments.
In this older standard, the only legal split flags were 0, 1, and
2. Compatibility with this older standard can be maintained by
configuring the maximum client data length to 1008 octets.
No more that 120 fragments are allowed. The highest legal split flag
value is EE hex. (Notice that the split flag value FF hex is used to
flag exception packets in what would otherwise be a long packet's
split flag field.)
All fragments of a single packet carry the same sequence number.
2.3. Datalink Layer Reassembly
The previous section provides enough information to implement
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datalink reassembly. To avoid buffer allocation problems during
reassembly, we recommend allocating enough space for the entire
reassembled packet when the first fragment arrives.
Since fragments are sent in order, the reassembly procedure can give
up on a packet if it receives a fragment out of order. There is one
exception, however. It is possible for successfully received
fragments to be retransmitted. Reassembly software should ignore
repetitious fragments without giving up on the packet.
Since fragments will be sent briskly, the reassembly procedure can
give up on a partially reassembled packet if no additional fragments
for it arrive within a few seconds.
2.4. Datalink Layer Retransmission
For each unicast ARCNET packet, the hardware indicates to the sender
whether or not the receiver acknowledged the packet. To improve
reliability, datalink implementations are encouraged to retransmit
unacknowledged packets or packet fragments. Several retransmissions
may be necessary. Broadcast packets, however, are never acknowledged
and, therefore, they should never be retransmitted.
Packets which are successfully received may not be successfully
acknowledged. Consequently, retransmission by the datalink
implementation can cause duplicate packets or duplicate fragments.
Duplicate packets are not a problem for IP or ARP. As mentioned in
the previous section, ARCNET reassembly support should ignore any
redundant fragments.
3. Transmitting IP and ARP Datagrams
IP and ARP datagrams are carried in the client data area of ARCNET
packets. Datalink support places each datagram in an appropriate
size ARCNET frame, fragmenting IP datagrams larger than 504 octets
into multiple frames as described in the previous section.
4. IP Address Mappings
This section explains how each of the three basic 32-bit internet
address types are mapped to 8-bit ARCNET addresses.
4.1. Unicast Addresses
A unicast IP address is mapped to an 8-bit ARCNET address using ARP
as specified in [2]. A later section covers the specific values
which should be used in ARP packets sent on ARCNET networks.
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It is possible to assign IP addresses such that the last eight
bits are the same as the 8-bit ARCNET address. This would allow
direct mapping of IP address to ARCNET address without using a
discovery protocol. Some implementations might provide this as an
option, but it is not recommended practice. Although such hard-
wired mapping is initially appealing, experience shows that ARP is
a much more flexible and convenient approach which has a very
small cost.
4.2. Broadcast Addresses
All IP broadcast addresses must be mapped to the ARCNET broadcast
address of 0.
Unlike unicast packets, ARCNET does not attempt to insure delivery
of broadcast packets, so they may be lost. This will not have a
major impact on IP since neither IP nor ARP expect all packets to
be delivered.
4.3. Multicast Addresses
Since ARCNET provides no support for multicasts, all IP multicast
addresses must be mapped to the ARCNET broadcast address of 0.
5. ARP
The hardware address length is 1 octet for ARP packets sent over
ARCNET networks. The ARP hardware type for ARCNET is 7. ARP request
packets are broadcast by directing them to ARCNET broadcast address,
which is 0.
6. RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol [6] packets can also be
transmitted over ARCNET. For the purposes of datalink transmission
and reception, RARP is identical to ARP and can be handled the same
way. There are a few differences to notice, however, between RARP
when running over ARCNET, which has a one octet hardware address, and
Ethernet, which has a six octet hardware address.
First, there are only 255 different hardware addresses for any given
ARCNET while there's an very large number of possible Ethernet
addresses. Second, ARCNET hardware addresses are more likely to be
duplicated on different ARCNET networks; Ethernet hardware addresses
will normally be globally unique. Third, an ARCNET hardware address
is not as constant as an Ethernet address: ARCNET hardware addresses
are set by switches, not fixed in ROM as they are on Ethernet.
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7. Maximum Transmission Unit
The maximum IP packet length possible using this encapsulation method
is 60,480 octets. Since this length is impractical, all ARCNET
implementations on a given ARCNET network will need to agree on a
smaller value. Therefore, the maximum packet size MUST be
configurable in implementations of this specification.
In any case, implementations must be able to send and receive IP
datagrams up to 576 octets in length, and are strongly encouraged to
handle IP datagrams up to 1500 octets in length.
Implementations may accept arriving IP datagrams which are larger
than their configured maximum transmission unit. They are not
required to discard such datagrams.
To minimize the amount of ARCNET fragmentation, implementations may
want to aim at an optimum IP packet size of 504 bytes. This avoids
the overhead of datalink fragmentation, but at the expense of
increasing the number of IP packets which must be handled by each
node in the path. In addition to encouraging local applications to
generate smaller packets, an implementation might also use the TCP
maximum segment size option to indicate a desire for 464 octet TCP
segments [7], or it might announce an IP MTU of 504 octets through
an MTU discovery mechanism such as [8]. These would inform non-
ARCNET nodes of the smaller optimum packet size.
8. Assigned Numbers
Datapoint Corporation assigns ARCNET protocol IDs to identify
different protocols running on the same ARCNET medium. For
implementations of this specification, Datapoint has assigned 212
decimal to IP, 213 decimal to ARP, and 214 decimal to RARP. These
are not the numbers assigned to the IP encapsulation defined by RFC
1051 [5]. Implementations of RFC 1051 can exist on the same ARCNET
as implementations of this specification, although the two would not
be able to communicate with each other.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns ARP hardware
type values. It has assigned ARCNET the ARP hardware type of 7 [9].
Acknowledgements
Several people have reviewed this specification and provided useful
input. I'd like to thank Wesley Hardell at Datapoint and Troy Thomas
at Novell's Provo office for helping me figure out ARCNET. In
addition, I particularly appreciate the effort by James VanBokkelen
at FTP Software who picked on me until all the fuzzy edges were
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smoothed out.
The pioneering work in transmitting IP traffic on ARCNET networks was
done by Philippe Prindeville.
References
[1] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, DARPA, September 1981.
[2] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", RFC 826,
MIT, November 1982.
[3] Datapoint, Corp., "ARCNET Designer's Handbook", Document Number
61610, 2nd Edition, Datapoint Corporation, 1988.
[4] Novell, Inc., "ARCNET Packet Header Definition Standard", Novell,
Inc., November 1989.
[5] Prindeville, P., "A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams
and ARP Packets over ARCNET Networks", RFC 1051, McGill
University, March 1988.
[6] Finlayson, R., Mann, T., Mogul, J., and M. Theimer, "A Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol", RFC 903, Stanford, June 1984.
[7] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC 793, DARPA,
September 1981.
[8] Mogul, J., Kent, C., Partridge, C., and K. McCloghrie, "IP MTU
Discovery Options", RFC 1063, DEC, BBN, TWG, July 1988.
[9] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1060,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, March 1990.
Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Author's Address
Don Provan
Novell, Inc.
2180 Fortune Drive
San Jose, California, 95131
Phone: (408) 473-8440
EMail: donp@Novell.Com
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