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Updates:
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Keywords: autonomous system, border gateway protocol
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Q. Vohra
Request for Comments: 6793 Juniper Networks
Obsoletes: 4893 E. Chen
Updates: 4271 Cisco Systems
Category: Standards Track December 2012
ISSN: 2070-1721
BGP Support for Four-Octet Autonomous System (AS) Number Space
Abstract
The Autonomous System number is encoded as a two-octet entity in the
base BGP specification. This document describes extensions to BGP to
carry the Autonomous System numbers as four-octet entities. This
document obsoletes RFC 4893 and updates RFC 4271.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6793.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Vohra & Chen Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
1. Introduction
In the base BGP specification [RFC4271], the Autonomous System (AS)
number is encoded as a two-octet entity. To prepare for the
anticipated exhaustion of the two-octet AS numbers, this document
describes extensions to BGP to carry the AS numbers as four-octet
entities.
More specifically, this document defines a BGP capability code,
"support for four-octet AS number capability", to be used by a BGP
speaker to indicate its support for four-octet AS numbers. Two
attributes, AS4_PATH and AS4_AGGREGATOR, are introduced that can be
used to propagate four-octet-based AS path information across BGP
speakers that do not support four-octet AS numbers. This document
also specifies mechanisms for constructing the AS path information
from the AS_PATH attribute and the AS4_PATH attribute.
The extensions specified in this document allow a gradual transition
from two-octet AS numbers to four-octet AS numbers.
This document obsoletes RFC 4893 and updates RFC 4271. It includes
several clarifications and editorial changes, and it specifies the
error handling for the new attributes.
2. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Protocol Extensions
For the purpose of this document, we define a BGP speaker that does
not support the new four-octet AS number extensions as an OLD BGP
speaker, and a BGP speaker that supports the new four-octet AS number
extensions as a NEW BGP speaker.
BGP carries the AS numbers in the "My Autonomous System" field of the
OPEN message, in the AS_PATH attribute of the UPDATE message, and in
the AGGREGATOR attribute of the UPDATE message. BGP also carries the
AS numbers in the BGP Communities attribute.
A NEW BGP speaker uses BGP Capabilities Advertisements [RFC5492] to
advertise to its neighbors (either internal or external) that it
supports four-octet AS number extensions, as specified in this
document.
Vohra & Chen Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
The capability that is used by a BGP speaker to convey to its BGP
peer the four-octet Autonomous System number capability also carries
the AS number (encoded as a four-octet entity) of the speaker in the
Capability Value field of the capability. The Capability Length
field of the capability is set to 4.
The AS path information exchanged between NEW BGP speakers is carried
in the existing AS_PATH attribute, except that each AS number in the
attribute is encoded as a four-octet entity (instead of a two-octet
entity). The same applies to the AGGREGATOR attribute -- the same
attribute is used between NEW BGP speakers, except that the AS number
carried in the attribute is encoded as a four-octet entity.
The AS_PATH attribute and the AGGREGATOR attribute carried between a
NEW BGP speaker and an OLD BGP speaker will continue to contain
two-octet AS numbers.
To preserve the AS path information with four-octet AS numbers across
OLD BGP speakers, this document defines a new BGP path attribute
called AS4_PATH. This is an optional transitive attribute that
contains the AS path encoded with four-octet AS numbers. The
AS4_PATH attribute has the same semantics and the same encoding as
the AS_PATH attribute, except that it is "optional transitive", and
it carries four-octet AS numbers.
To prevent the possible propagation of Confederation-related path
segments outside of a Confederation, the path segment types
AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE and AS_CONFED_SET [RFC5065] are declared invalid
for the AS4_PATH attribute and MUST NOT be included in the AS4_PATH
attribute of an UPDATE message.
Similarly, this document defines a new BGP path attribute called
AS4_AGGREGATOR, which is optional transitive. The AS4_AGGREGATOR
attribute has the same semantics and the same encoding as the
AGGREGATOR attribute, except that it carries a four-octet AS number.
Currently assigned two-octet AS numbers are converted into four-octet
AS numbers by setting the two high-order octets of the four-octet
field to zero. Such a four-octet AS number is said to be mappable to
a two-octet AS number.
This document reserves a two-octet AS number called "AS_TRANS".
AS_TRANS can be used to represent non-mappable four-octet AS numbers
as two-octet AS numbers in AS path information that is encoded with
two-octet AS numbers. (In this context, four-octet AS numbers that
are not mapped from two-octet AS numbers are referred to as
"non-mappable".) We denote this special AS number as AS_TRANS for
ease of description in the rest of this specification. This AS
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
number is also placed in the "My Autonomous System" field of the OPEN
message originated by a NEW BGP speaker, if and only if the speaker
does not have a (globally unique) two-octet AS number.
4. Operations
4.1. Interaction between NEW BGP Speakers
A BGP speaker that supports four-octet AS numbers SHALL advertise
this to its peers using BGP Capabilities Advertisements. The AS
number of the BGP speaker MUST be carried in the Capability Value
field of the "support for four-octet AS number capability".
When a NEW BGP speaker processes an OPEN message from another NEW BGP
speaker, it MUST use the AS number encoded in the Capability Value
field of the "support for four-octet AS number capability" in lieu of
the "My Autonomous System" field of the OPEN message.
A BGP speaker that advertises such a capability to a particular peer,
and receives from that peer the advertisement of such a capability,
MUST encode AS numbers as four-octet entities in both the AS_PATH
attribute and the AGGREGATOR attribute in the updates it sends to the
peer and MUST assume that these attributes in the updates received
from the peer encode AS numbers as four-octet entities.
The new attributes, AS4_PATH and AS4_AGGREGATOR, MUST NOT be carried
in an UPDATE message between NEW BGP speakers. A NEW BGP speaker
that receives the AS4_PATH attribute or the AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute
in an UPDATE message from another NEW BGP speaker MUST discard the
path attribute and continue processing the UPDATE message.
4.2. Interaction between NEW and OLD BGP Speakers
4.2.1. BGP Peering
Note that peering between a NEW BGP speaker and an OLD BGP speaker is
possible only if the NEW BGP speaker has a two-octet AS number.
However, this document does not assume that an Autonomous System with
NEW BGP speakers has to have a globally unique two-octet AS number --
AS_TRANS MUST be used when the NEW BGP speaker does not have a
two-octet AS number (even if multiple Autonomous Systems would
use it).
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
4.2.2. Generating Updates
When communicating with an OLD BGP speaker, a NEW BGP speaker MUST
send the AS path information in the AS_PATH attribute encoded with
two-octet AS numbers. The NEW BGP speaker MUST also send the AS path
information in the AS4_PATH attribute (encoded with four-octet AS
numbers), except for the case where all of the AS path information is
composed of mappable four-octet AS numbers only. In this case, the
NEW BGP speaker MUST NOT send the AS4_PATH attribute.
In the AS_PATH attribute encoded with two-octet AS numbers,
non-mappable four-octet AS numbers are represented by the well-known
two-octet AS number, AS_TRANS. This will preserve the path length
property of the AS path information and also help in updating the AS
path information received on a NEW BGP speaker from an OLD BGP
speaker, as explained in the next section.
The NEW BGP speaker constructs the AS4_PATH attribute from the AS
path information. Whenever the AS path information contains the
AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE or AS_CONFED_SET path segment, the NEW BGP speaker
MUST exclude such path segments from the AS4_PATH attribute being
constructed.
The AS4_PATH attribute, being optional transitive, will be carried
across a series of OLD BGP speakers without modification and will
help preserve the non-mappable four-octet AS numbers in the AS path
information.
Similarly, if the NEW BGP speaker has to send the AGGREGATOR
attribute, and if the aggregating Autonomous System's AS number is a
non-mappable four-octet AS number, then the speaker MUST use the
AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute and set the AS number field in the existing
AGGREGATOR attribute to the reserved AS number, AS_TRANS. Note that
if the AS number is mappable, then the AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute MUST
NOT be sent.
4.2.3. Processing Received Updates
When a NEW BGP speaker receives an update from an OLD BGP speaker, it
MUST be prepared to receive the AS4_PATH attribute along with the
existing AS_PATH attribute. If the AS4_PATH attribute is also
received, both of the attributes will be used to construct the exact
AS path information, and therefore the information carried by both of
the attributes will be considered for AS path loop detection.
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
Note that a route may have traversed a series of Autonomous Systems
with two-octet AS numbers and OLD BGP speakers only. In that case,
if the route carries the AS4_PATH attribute, this attribute would
have remained unmodified since the route left the last NEW BGP
speaker. The trailing AS path information (representing Autonomous
Systems with two-octet AS numbers and OLD BGP speakers only) is
contained only in the current AS_PATH attribute (encoded in the
leading part of the AS_PATH attribute).
Under certain conditions, it may not be possible to reconstruct all
of the AS path information from the AS_PATH and the AS4_PATH
attributes of a route. This occurs, for example, when two or more
routes that carry the AS4_PATH attribute are aggregated by an OLD BGP
speaker, and the AS4_PATH attribute of at least one of these routes
carries at least one four-octet AS number (as opposed to a two-octet
AS number that is encoded in 4 octets). Depending on the
implementation, either the AS4_PATH attribute would be lost during
route aggregation, or both the AS_PATH attribute and the AS4_PATH
attribute would contain valid, partial information that cannot be
combined seamlessly, resulting in incomplete AS path information in
these cases.
A NEW BGP speaker MUST also be prepared to receive the AS4_AGGREGATOR
attribute along with the AGGREGATOR attribute from an OLD BGP
speaker. When both of the attributes are received, if the AS number
in the AGGREGATOR attribute is not AS_TRANS, then:
- the AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute and the AS4_PATH attribute SHALL
be ignored,
- the AGGREGATOR attribute SHALL be taken as the information
about the aggregating node, and
- the AS_PATH attribute SHALL be taken as the AS path
information.
Otherwise,
- the AGGREGATOR attribute SHALL be ignored,
- the AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute SHALL be taken as the information
about the aggregating node, and
- the AS path information would need to be constructed, as in all
other cases.
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
In order to construct the AS path information, it is necessary to
first calculate the number of AS numbers in the AS_PATH and AS4_PATH
attributes using the method specified in Section 9.1.2.2 of [RFC4271]
and in [RFC5065] for route selection.
If the number of AS numbers in the AS_PATH attribute is less than the
number of AS numbers in the AS4_PATH attribute, then the AS4_PATH
attribute SHALL be ignored, and the AS_PATH attribute SHALL be taken
as the AS path information.
If the number of AS numbers in the AS_PATH attribute is larger than
or equal to the number of AS numbers in the AS4_PATH attribute, then
the AS path information SHALL be constructed by taking as many AS
numbers and path segments as necessary from the leading part of the
AS_PATH attribute, and then prepending them to the AS4_PATH attribute
so that the AS path information has a number of AS numbers identical
to that of the AS_PATH attribute. Note that a valid
AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE or AS_CONFED_SET path segment SHALL be prepended
if it is either the leading path segment or is adjacent to a path
segment that is prepended.
5. Handling BGP Communities
As specified in [RFC1997], when the high-order two octets of the
community attribute is neither 0x0000 nor 0xffff, these two octets
encode the AS number. Quite clearly, this would not work for a NEW
BGP speaker with a non-mappable four-octet AS number. Such BGP
speakers should use four-octet AS specific extended communities
[RFC5668] instead.
6. Error Handling
This section provides an update to RFC 4271 [RFC4271] with respect to
the error conditions noted here and their handling.
Given that the two-octet AS numbers dominate during the transition
and are carried in the AS_PATH attribute by an OLD BGP speaker, in
this document the "attribute discard" approach is chosen to handle a
malformed AS4_PATH attribute.
Similarly, as the AS4_AGGREGATOR is just informational, the
"attribute discard" approach is chosen to handle a malformed
AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute.
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
The AS4_PATH attribute and AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute MUST NOT be
carried in an UPDATE message between NEW BGP speakers. A NEW BGP
speaker that receives the AS4_PATH attribute or the AS4_AGGREGATOR
attribute in an UPDATE message from another NEW BGP speaker MUST
discard the path attribute and continue processing the UPDATE
message. This case SHOULD be logged locally for analysis.
In addition, the path segment types AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE and
AS_CONFED_SET [RFC5065] MUST NOT be carried in the AS4_PATH attribute
of an UPDATE message. A NEW BGP speaker that receives these path
segment types in the AS4_PATH attribute of an UPDATE message from an
OLD BGP speaker MUST discard these path segments, adjust the relevant
attribute fields accordingly, and continue processing the UPDATE
message. This case SHOULD be logged locally for analysis.
The AS4_PATH attribute in an UPDATE message SHALL be considered
malformed under the following conditions:
- the attribute length is not a multiple of two or is too small
(i.e., less than 6) for the attribute to carry at least one AS
number, or
- the path segment length in the attribute is either zero or is
inconsistent with the attribute length, or
- the path segment type in the attribute is not one of the types
defined: AS_SEQUENCE, AS_SET, AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE, and
AS_CONFED_SET.
A NEW BGP speaker that receives a malformed AS4_PATH attribute in an
UPDATE message from an OLD BGP speaker MUST discard the attribute and
continue processing the UPDATE message. The error SHOULD be logged
locally for analysis.
The AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute in an UPDATE message SHALL be considered
malformed if the attribute length is not 8.
A NEW BGP speaker that receives a malformed AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute
in an UPDATE message from an OLD BGP speaker MUST discard the
attribute and continue processing the UPDATE message. The error
SHOULD be logged locally for analysis.
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
7. Transition
When an Autonomous System is using a two-octet AS number, then the
BGP speakers within that Autonomous System MAY be upgraded to support
the four-octet AS number extensions on a piecemeal basis. There is
no requirement for a coordinated upgrade of the four-octet AS number
capability in this case. However, if an Autonomous System wishes to
use a four-octet AS number as its own AS number, then this document
assumes that an Autonomous System can use a four-octet AS number only
after all the BGP speakers within that Autonomous System have been
upgraded to support four-octet AS numbers.
A non-mappable four-octet AS number cannot be used as a "Member AS
Number" of a BGP Confederation until all the BGP speakers within the
Confederation have transitioned to support four-octet AS numbers.
In an environment where an Autonomous System that has OLD BGP
speakers peers with two or more Autonomous Systems that have NEW BGP
speakers and use AS_TRANS (rather than having a globally unique
mappable AS number), the use of the MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute
[RFC4271] by the Autonomous System with the OLD BGP speakers may
result in a situation where the MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute will
influence route selection among the routes that were received from
different neighboring Autonomous Systems.
Under certain conditions, it may not be possible to reconstruct all
of the AS path information from the AS_PATH and the AS4_PATH
attributes of a route. This occurs when two or more routes that
carry the AS4_PATH attribute are aggregated by an OLD BGP speaker,
and the AS4_PATH attribute of at least one of these routes carries at
least one four-octet AS number (as opposed to a two-octet AS number
that is encoded in 4 octets). When such aggregation results in
creating a route that is less specific than any of the component
routes (routes whose Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)
covers the NLRI of all the component routes), loss of the AS path
information does not create the risk of a routing loop. In all other
cases, loss of the AS path information does create the risk of a
routing loop.
8. Manageability Considerations
If the BGP4-MIB [RFC4273] is supported, there are no additional
manageability concerns that arise from the use of four-octet AS
numbers, since the InetAutonomousSystemNumber textual convention
[RFC4001] is defined as Unsigned32.
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RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
When IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) [RFC5101] is supported, there
are no additional manageability concerns that arise from the use of
four-octet AS numbers. The bgpSourceAsNumber and
bgpDestinationAsNumber information elements [IANA-IPFIX] can continue
to be used, with a new template record, specifying the new length of
4 bytes.
9. IANA Considerations
This document expands the pool for AS numbers from 0-65535 to
0-4294967295. The AS numbers are managed by the IANA "Autonomous
System Numbers" registry. Other than expanding the AS number pool,
this document does not propose any modifications to the existing
policies and procedures pertaining to the allocation of AS numbers.
This document uses a BGP capability code to indicate that a BGP
speaker supports four-octet AS numbers. Capability Code 65 has been
assigned by IANA per [RFC5492].
In addition, this document introduces two BGP optional transitive
attributes, and their type codes have been assigned by IANA. The
first one is the AS4_PATH attribute, value 17, which preserves the AS
path information with four-octet AS numbers across old BGP speakers.
The second one is the AS4_AGGREGATOR attribute, value 18, which is
similar in use to the current AGGREGATOR attribute, but it carries a
four-octet AS number.
Finally, IANA has replaced a reference to RFC 4893 with a reference
to this document for a reserved two-octet AS number -- AS_TRANS
(23456). Also, IANA has replaced a reference to RFC 4893 with a
reference to this document for the "32-bit Autonomous System Numbers"
registry.
10. Security Considerations
This extension to BGP does not change the underlying security issues
inherent in the existing BGP, except for the following:
The inconsistency between the AS_PATH attribute and the AS4_PATH
attribute can create loss of the AS path information, and potential
routing loops in certain cases, as discussed in this document. This
could be exploited by an attacker.
It is a misconfiguration to assign a non-mappable four-octet AS
number as the "Member AS Number" in a BGP Confederation before all
the BGP speakers within the Confederation have transitioned to
support four-octet AS numbers. Such a misconfiguration would weaken
AS path loop detection within a Confederation.
Vohra & Chen Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 6793 BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Number Space December 2012
11. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Yakov Rekhter, Chaitanya Kodeboyina,
and Jeffrey Haas for the numerous discussions that went into the
making of this document.
The authors would also like to thank members of the IDR Working Group
for their review and comments.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC1997] Chandra, R., Traina, P., and T. Li, "BGP Communities
Attribute", RFC 1997, August 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
January 2006.
[RFC5065] Traina, P., McPherson, D., and J. Scudder, "Autonomous
System Confederations for BGP", RFC 5065, August 2007.
[RFC5492] Scudder, J. and R. Chandra, "Capabilities Advertisement
with BGP-4", RFC 5492, February 2009.
[RFC5668] Rekhter, Y., Sangli, S., and D. Tappan, "4-Octet AS
Specific BGP Extended Community", RFC 5668,
October 2009.
12.2. Informative References
[IANA-IPFIX] IANA, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix>.
[RFC4001] Daniele, M., Haberman, B., Routhier, S., and J.
Schoenwaelder, "Textual Conventions for Internet Network
Addresses", RFC 4001, February 2005.
[RFC4273] Haas, J., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "Definitions of
Managed Objects for BGP-4", RFC 4273, January 2006.
[RFC5101] Claise, B., Ed., "Specification of the IP Flow
Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol for the Exchange of
IP Traffic Flow Information", RFC 5101, January 2008.
Vohra & Chen Standards Track [Page 11]
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Authors' Addresses
Quaizar Vohra
Juniper Networks
1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
USA
EMail: quaizar.vohra@gmail.com
Enke Chen
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 W. Tasman Dr.
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: enkechen@cisco.com
Vohra & Chen Standards Track [Page 12]