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Obsoletes:
Keywords: [--------], management information base
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Tata
Request for Comments: 6527 Nokia
Obsoletes: 2787 March 2012
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
Definitions of Managed Objects for
the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Version 3 (VRRPv3)
Abstract
This specification defines a portion of the Management Information
Base (MIB) for use with network management based on the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). In particular, it defines
objects for configuring, monitoring, and controlling routers that
employ the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Version 3 (VRRPv3) for
both IPv4 and IPv6 as defined in RFC 5798. This memo obsoletes RFC
2787.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6527.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Tata Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework ......................2
2. Introduction ....................................................3
3. Terminology .....................................................3
4. Relationship to RFC 2787 ........................................3
5. Relation to Interface Group (IF-MIB) ............................3
6. Multi-Stack Implementations .....................................3
7. Interpretation of RFC 5798 ......................................3
8. VRRP MIB Structure and Design ...................................4
9. VRRP Multi-Stack Scenario .......................................4
10. Definitions ....................................................7
11. Security Considerations .......................................27
12. IANA Considerations ...........................................29
13. Normative References ..........................................29
14. Informative References ........................................30
15. Acknowledgments ...............................................31
1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework
For a detailed overview of the documents that describe the current
Internet-Standard Management Framework, please refer to section 7 of
RFC 3410 [RFC3410].
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. MIB objects are generally
accessed through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Objects in the MIB are defined using the mechanisms defined in the
Structure of Management Information (SMI). This memo specifies a MIB
module that is compliant to the SMIv2, which is described in STD 58,
RFC 2578 [RFC2578], STD 58, RFC 2579 [RFC2579] and STD 58, RFC 2580
[RFC2580].
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
2. Introduction
This specification defines a portion of the MIB for use with SNMP-
based network management. In particular, it defines objects for
configuring, monitoring, and controlling routers that employ the
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Version 3 (VRRPv3) for both IPv4
and IPv6 as defined in RFC 5798 [RFC5798].
3. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
2119 [RFC2119].
4. Relationship to RFC 2787
This document obsoletes RFC 2787 [RFC2787]. The major changes in
this document reflect changes in the VRRP protocol between RFC 2338
[RFC2338] and RFC 5798 [RFC5798]. This document is also updated to
conform to current MIB conventions.
5. Relation to Interface Group (IF-MIB)
Since a router can be participating in VRRP on one or more
interfaces, "ifIndex" is used as an index into the tables defined in
the VRRP MIB. This MIB module imports ifIndex from the IF-MIB. At
this time, the latest version of the IF-MIB is from RFC 2863
[RFC2863].
6. Multi-Stack Implementations
This MIB module is designed to support multi-stack implementations
that run VRRP over IPv4 and IPv6. The IP version, Virtual Router
Identifier (VRID), and ifIndex are used to uniquely identify rows in
a multi-stack implementation.
7. Interpretation of RFC 5798
During the review of this document, it emerged that there are
different possible interpretations of [RFC5798]. The authors of that
document and the VRRP working group were unable to reach consensus as
to which interpretation is correct. This document makes the
following assumption:
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
IPv4 and IPv6 virtual routers are treated as two separate logical
entities and represented as two separate entries in the
vrrpv3OperationsTable. This is required due to the undefined
behavior of the protocol in [RFC5798] in a multi-stack scenario.
8. VRRP MIB Structure and Design
This MIB module contains three tables:
(1) The vrrpv3OperationsTable contains objects that define the
operational characteristics of a VRRP router. Rows in this
table correspond to instances of virtual routers.
(2) The vrrpv3StatisticsTable contains the operating statistics for
a VRRP router.
(3) The vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable contains the addresses of the
virtual router(s) that a given VRRP router is backing up.
Tables are indexed on ifIndex, VRID, and the IP version to uniquely
identify a VRRP router.
Notifications in this MIB module are controlled using the mechanisms
defined in [RFC3413].
9. VRRP Multi-Stack Scenario
The following section provides examples of how some of the objects in
this MIB are instantiated.
KEY:
----
The labels in the following tables and diagrams correspond to the
actual MIB objects as follows:
if = IfIndex
AddrType= vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType
VrId = vrrpv3OperationsVrId
State = vrrpv3OperationsStatus
Prior = vrrpv3OperationsPriority
IpAddr = vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr
The following figure shows a hypothetical network with two VRRP
routers, VR1 & VR2, configured with two virtual routers. Addresses
in '()' indicate the address of the default gateway for a given host;
H1 to H4 are IPv4 hosts, and H5 to H8 are IPv6 hosts. A, B, and C
are IPv4 addresses, and X, Y, and Z are IPv6 addresses. In the
diagram, "Interface" is used in the context defined in IF-MIB.
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
+------+ +------+
| VR1 | | VR2 |
| | | |
+------+ +------+
| |
Intf = I1 Intf = I2
IP A | IP X IP B | IP Y
IP C | | IP Z
VRID = 1 | VRID=2 VRID=2 | VRID = 1
| |
----+------+------+-+-------+--------+--------++------+--------+---
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
(IP A) (IP A) (IP B) (IP B) (IP X) (IP X) (IP Y) (IP Y)
| | | | | | | |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
| H1 | | H2 | | H3 | | H4 | | H5 | | H6 | | H7 | | H8 |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
----- MIB Tables For VRRP Router "VR1": -----
vrrpv3OperationsTable
-------------------
| if | VrId |AddrType| State | Prior |IpAddr| |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I1 | 01 | 1 | M | 255 | A | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I1 | 01 | 2 | B | 1-254 | Y | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I1 | 02 | 1 | B | 1-254 | B | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I1 | 02 | 2 | M | 255 | X | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--------+
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable
-------------------------
| if | VrId | AddrType | IP | RowStat |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 01 | 1 | A | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 01 | 1 | C | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 01 | 2 | Y | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 01 | 2 | Z | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 02 | 1 | B | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
| I1 | 02 | 2 | X | active |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+
----- MIB Tables For VRRP Router "VR2": -----
vrrpv3OperationsTable
-------------------
| if | VrId |AddrType| State | Prior |IpAddr| |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I2 | 01 | 1 | B | 1-254 | A | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------|------+--(..)--+
| I2 | 01 | 2 | M | 255 | Y | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I2 | 02 | 1 | M | 255 | B | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--(..)--+
| I2 | 02 | 2 | B | 1-254 | X | |
+----+------+--------+-------+-------+------+--------+
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable
-------------------------
| if | VrId |AddrType| IP | RowStat |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 01 | 1 | A | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 01 | 1 | C | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 01 | 2 | Y | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 01 | 2 | Z | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 02 | 1 | B | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
| I2 | 02 | 2 | X | active |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+
NOTES:
1) For "State": M = Master; B = Backup.
In the vrrpv3OperationsTable, a "priority" of 255 indicates that
the respective router owns the IP address, e.g., this IP address
is native to the router (i.e., "the IP Address Owner").
10. Definitions
This MIB module makes reference to the following documents [RFC2578],
[RFC2579], [RFC2580], [RFC2863], and [RFC4001].
VRRPV3-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE,
NOTIFICATION-TYPE, Counter32,
Integer32, mib-2, Unsigned32,
Counter64, TimeTicks
FROM SNMPv2-SMI -- RFC2578
TEXTUAL-CONVENTION, RowStatus,
MacAddress, TruthValue, TimeStamp,
TimeInterval
FROM SNMPv2-TC -- RFC2579
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP,
NOTIFICATION-GROUP
FROM SNMPv2-CONF -- RFC2580
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
ifIndex
FROM IF-MIB -- RFC2863
InetAddressType, InetAddress
FROM INET-ADDRESS-MIB; -- RFC4001
vrrpv3MIB MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "201202130000Z" -- Feb 13, 2012
ORGANIZATION "IETF VRRP Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
"WG E-Mail: vrrp@ietf.org
Editor: Kalyan Tata
Nokia
313 Fairchild Dr,
Mountain View, CA 94043
Tata_kalyan@yahoo.com"
DESCRIPTION
"This MIB describes objects used for managing Virtual
Router Redundancy Protocol version 3 (VRRPv3).
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons
identified as authors of the code. All rights
reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms,
with or without modification, is permitted pursuant
to, and subject to the license terms contained in,
the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section
4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating
to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of the MIB module is part of RFC 6527.
Please see the RFC for full legal notices."
REVISION "201202120000Z" -- Feb 13, 2012
DESCRIPTION "Initial version as published in RFC 6527."
::= { mib-2 207 }
-- Textual Conventions
Vrrpv3VrIdTC ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
DISPLAY-HINT "d"
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"The value of the Virtual Router Identifier noted as
(VRID) in RFC 5798. This, along with interface index
(ifIndex) and IP version, serves to uniquely identify
a virtual router on a given VRRP router."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798 (Sections 3 and 5.2.3)"
SYNTAX Integer32 (1..255)
-- VRRPv3 MIB Groups
vrrpv3Notifications OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3MIB 0 }
vrrpv3Objects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3MIB 1 }
vrrpv3Conformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3MIB 2 }
-- VRRPv3 MIB Objects
vrrpv3Operations OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3Objects 1 }
vrrpv3Statistics OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3Objects 2 }
-- VRRPv3 Operations Table
vrrpv3OperationsTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Vrrpv3OperationsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Unified Operations table for a VRRP router that
consists of a sequence (i.e., one or more conceptual
rows) of 'vrrpv3OperationsEntry' items each of which
describe the operational characteristics of a virtual
router."
::= { vrrpv3Operations 1 }
vrrpv3OperationsEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Vrrpv3OperationsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the vrrpv3OperationsTable containing the
operational characteristics of a virtual router.
On a VRRP router, a given virtual router is
identified by a combination of ifIndex, VRID, and
the IP version. ifIndex represents an interface of
the router.
A row must be created with vrrpv3OperationsStatus
set to initialize(1) and cannot transition to
backup(2) or master(3) until
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus is transitioned to
active(1).
The information in this table is persistent and when
written the entity SHOULD save the change to non-
volatile storage."
INDEX { ifIndex, vrrpv3OperationsVrId,
vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType
}
::= { vrrpv3OperationsTable 1 }
Vrrpv3OperationsEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
vrrpv3OperationsVrId
Vrrpv3VrIdTC,
vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType
InetAddressType,
vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr
InetAddress,
vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr
InetAddress,
vrrpv3OperationsVirtualMacAddr
MacAddress,
vrrpv3OperationsStatus
INTEGER,
vrrpv3OperationsPriority
Unsigned32,
vrrpv3OperationsAddrCount
Integer32,
vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval
TimeInterval,
vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode
TruthValue,
vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode
TruthValue,
vrrpv3OperationsUpTime
TimeTicks,
vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus
RowStatus
}
vrrpv3OperationsVrId OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Vrrpv3VrIdTC
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"This object contains the Virtual Router Identifier
(VRID)."
REFERENCE "RFC 4001"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 1 }
vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddressType
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The IP address type of Vrrpv3OperationsEntry and
Vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry. This value determines
the type for vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr,
vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr, and
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrAddress.
ipv4(1) and ipv6(2) are the only two values supported
in this MIB module."
REFERENCE "RFC 4001"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 2 }
vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The master router's real IP address. The master router
would set this address to vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr
while transitioning to master state. For backup
routers, this is the IP address listed as the source in
the VRRP advertisement last received by this virtual
router."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 3 }
vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"In the case where there is more than one IP
Address (associated IP addresses) for a given
'ifIndex', this object is used to specify the IP
address that will become the
vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr', should the virtual
router transition from backup state to master."
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 4 }
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vrrpv3OperationsVirtualMacAddr OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX MacAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The virtual MAC address of the virtual router.
Although this object can be derived from the
'vrrpv3OperationsVrId' object, it is defined so that it
is easily obtainable by a management application and
can be included in VRRP-related SNMP notifications."
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 5 }
vrrpv3OperationsStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
initialize(1),
backup(2),
master(3)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current state of the virtual router. This object
has three defined values:
- 'initialize', which indicates that the
virtual router is waiting for a startup event.
- 'backup', which indicates that the virtual router is
monitoring the availability of the master router.
- 'master', which indicates that the virtual router
is forwarding packets for IP addresses that are
associated with this router."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 6 }
vrrpv3OperationsPriority OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..255)
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This object specifies the priority to be used for the
virtual router master election process; higher values
imply higher priority.
A priority of '0', although not settable, is sent by
the master router to indicate that this router has
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
ceased to participate in VRRP, and a backup virtual
router should transition to become a new master.
A priority of 255 is used for the router that owns the
associated IP address(es) for VRRP over IPv4 and hence
is not settable.
Setting the values of this object to 0 or 255 should be
rejected by the agents implementing this MIB module.
For example, an SNMP agent would return 'badValue(3)'
when a user tries to set the values 0 or 255 for this
object."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 6.1"
DEFVAL { 100 }
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 7 }
vrrpv3OperationsAddrCount OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer32 (0..255)
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of IP addresses that are associated with
this virtual router. This number is equal to the
number of rows in the vrrpv3AssociatedAddrTable that
correspond to a given ifIndex/VRID/IP version."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 6.1"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 8 }
vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeInterval (1..4095)
UNITS "centiseconds"
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The time interval, in centiseconds, between sending
advertisement messages. Only the master router sends
VRRP advertisements."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 6.1"
DEFVAL { 100}
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 9 }
vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TruthValue
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"Controls whether a higher priority virtual router will
preempt a lower priority master."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 6.1"
DEFVAL { true }
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 10 }
vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TruthValue
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Controls whether a virtual router in master state
will accept packets addressed to the address owner's
IPv6 address as its own if it is not the IPv6 address
owner. Default is false(2).
This object is not relevant for rows representing VRRP
over IPv4 and should be set to false(2)."
DEFVAL { false }
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 11 }
vrrpv3OperationsUpTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeTicks
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This value represents the amount of time, in
TimeTicks (hundredth of a second), since this virtual
router (i.e., the 'vrrpv3OperationsStatus')
transitioned out of 'initialize'."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 6.1"
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 12 }
vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RowStatus
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The RowStatus variable should be used in accordance to
installation and removal conventions for conceptual
rows.
To create a row in this table, a manager sets this
object to either createAndGo(4) or createAndWait(5).
Until instances of all corresponding columns are
appropriately configured, the value of the
corresponding instance of the
'vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus' column will be read as
notReady(3).
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
In particular, a newly created row cannot be made
active(1) until (minimally) the corresponding instance
of vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType, vrrpv3OperationsVrId,
and vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr has been set, and
there is at least one active row in the
'vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable' defining an associated
IP address.
notInService(2) should be used to administratively
bring the row down.
A typical order of operation to add a row is:
1. Create a row in vrrpv3OperationsTable with
createAndWait(5).
2. Create one or more corresponding rows in
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable.
3. Populate the vrrpv3OperationsEntry.
4. Set vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus to active(1).
A typical order of operation to delete an entry is:
1. Set vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus to notInService(2).
2. Set the corresponding rows in
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable to destroy(6) to delete
the entry.
3. Set vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus to destroy(6) to
delete the entry."
::= { vrrpv3OperationsEntry 13 }
-- VRRP Associated Address Table
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table of addresses associated with each virtual
router."
::= { vrrpv3Operations 2 }
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the table contains an IP address that is
associated with a virtual router. The number of rows
for a given IP version, VrID, and ifIndex will equal
the number of IP addresses associated (e.g., backed up)
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
by the virtual router (equivalent to
'vrrpv3OperationsIpAddrCount').
Rows in the table cannot be modified unless the value
of 'vrrpv3OperationsStatus' for the corresponding entry
in the vrrpv3OperationsTable has transitioned to
initialize(1).
The information in this table is persistent and when
written the entity SHOULD save the change to non-
volatile storage."
INDEX { ifIndex, vrrpv3OperationsVrId,
vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType,
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrAddress }
::= { vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrTable 1 }
Vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrAddress
InetAddress,
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrRowStatus
RowStatus
}
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress (SIZE (0|4|16))
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The assigned IP addresses that a virtual router is
responsible for backing up.
The IP address type is determined by the value of
vrrpv3OperationsInetAddrType in the index of this
row."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798"
::= { vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry 1 }
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrRowStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RowStatus
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The row status variable, used according to
installation and removal conventions for conceptual
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
rows. To create a row in this table, a manager sets
this object to either createAndGo(4) or
createAndWait(5). Setting this object to active(1)
results in the addition of an associated address for a
virtual router. Setting this object to notInService(2)
results in administratively bringing down the row.
Destroying the entry or setting it to destroy(6)
removes the associated address from the virtual router.
The use of other values is implementation-dependent.
Implementations should not allow deletion of the last
row corresponding to an active row in
vrrpv3OperationsTable.
Refer to the description of vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus
for typical row creation and deletion scenarios."
::= { vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrEntry 2 }
-- VRRP Router Statistics
vrrpv3RouterChecksumErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP packets received with an
invalid VRRP checksum value.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3GlobalStatisticsDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.2.8"
::= { vrrpv3Statistics 1 }
vrrpv3RouterVersionErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP packets received with an
unknown or unsupported version number.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3GlobalStatisticsDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.2.1"
::= { vrrpv3Statistics 2 }
vrrpv3RouterVrIdErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP packets received with a
VRID that is not valid for any virtual router on this
router.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3GlobalStatisticsDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.2.3"
::= { vrrpv3Statistics 3 }
vrrpv3GlobalStatisticsDiscontinuityTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime on the most recent occasion at
which one of vrrpv3RouterChecksumErrors,
vrrpv3RouterVersionErrors, and vrrpv3RouterVrIdErrors
suffered a discontinuity.
If no such discontinuities have occurred since the last
re-initialization of the local management subsystem,
then this object contains a zero value."
::= { vrrpv3Statistics 4 }
-- VRRP Router Statistics Table
vrrpv3StatisticsTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Vrrpv3StatisticsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Table of virtual router statistics."
::= { vrrpv3Statistics 5 }
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vrrpv3StatisticsEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Vrrpv3StatisticsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the table containing statistics
information about a given virtual router."
AUGMENTS { vrrpv3OperationsEntry }
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsTable 1 }
Vrrpv3StatisticsEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
vrrpv3StatisticsMasterTransitions
Counter32,
vrrpv3StatisticsNewMasterReason
INTEGER,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdAdvertisements
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsAdvIntervalErrors
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsIpTtlErrors
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason
INTEGER,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdPriZeroPackets
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsSentPriZeroPackets
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdInvalidTypePackets
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsAddressListErrors
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsPacketLengthErrors
Counter64,
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime
TimeStamp,
vrrpv3StatisticsRefreshRate
Unsigned32
}
vrrpv3StatisticsMasterTransitions OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of times that this virtual router's
state has transitioned to master state.
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 1 }
vrrpv3StatisticsNewMasterReason OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
notMaster (0),
priority (1),
preempted (2),
masterNoResponse (3)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This indicates the reason for the virtual router to
transition to master state. If the virtual router
never transitioned to master state, the value of this
object is notMaster(0). Otherwise, this indicates the
reason this virtual router transitioned to master
state the last time. Used by vrrpv3NewMaster
notification."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 2 }
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdAdvertisements OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP advertisements received by
this virtual router.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 3 }
vrrpv3StatisticsAdvIntervalErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP advertisement packets
received for which the advertisement interval is
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
different from the vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval
configured on this virtual router.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 4 }
vrrpv3StatisticsIpTtlErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP packets received by the
virtual router with IPv4 TTL (for VRRP over IPv4) or
IPv6 Hop Limit (for VRRP over IPv6) not equal to 255.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.1.1.3"
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 5 }
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
noError (0),
ipTtlError (1),
versionError (2),
checksumError (3),
vrIdError(4)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This indicates the reason for the last protocol
error. This SHOULD be set to noError(0) when no
protocol errors are encountered. Used by
vrrpv3ProtoError notification."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 6 }
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdPriZeroPackets OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"The total number of VRRP packets received by the
virtual router with a priority of '0'.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.2.4"
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 7 }
vrrpv3StatisticsSentPriZeroPackets OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of VRRP packets sent by the virtual
router with a priority of '0'.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
REFERENCE "RFC 5798, Section 5.2.4"
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 8 }
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdInvalidTypePackets OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of VRRP packets received by the virtual
router with an invalid value in the 'type' field.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 9 }
vrrpv3StatisticsAddressListErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of packets received for which the
address list does not match the locally configured
list for the virtual router.
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 10 }
vrrpv3StatisticsPacketLengthErrors OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of packets received with a packet
length less than the length of the VRRP header.
Discontinuities in the value of this counter can occur
at re-initialization of the management system, and at
other times as indicated by the value of
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 11 }
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime on the most recent occasion at
which any one or more of this entry's counters
suffered a discontinuity.
If no such discontinuities have occurred since the last
re-initialization of the local management subsystem,
then this object contains a zero value."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 12 }
vrrpv3StatisticsRefreshRate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
UNITS "milliseconds"
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The minimum reasonable polling interval for this entry.
This object provides an indication of the minimum
amount of time required to update the counters in this
entry."
::= { vrrpv3StatisticsEntry 13 }
-- Notification Definitions
-- Notifications may be controlled using SNMP-NOTIFICATION-MIB
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
vrrpv3NewMaster NOTIFICATION-TYPE
OBJECTS {
vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr,
vrrpv3StatisticsNewMasterReason
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The newMaster notification indicates that the sending
agent has transitioned to master state."
::= { vrrpv3Notifications 1 }
vrrpv3ProtoError NOTIFICATION-TYPE
OBJECTS {
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The notification indicates that the sending agent has
encountered the protocol error indicated by
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason."
::= { vrrpv3Notifications 2 }
-- Conformance Information
vrrpv3Compliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3Conformance 1 }
vrrpv3Groups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vrrpv3Conformance 2 }
-- Compliance Statements
vrrpv3FullCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement"
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {
vrrpv3OperationsGroup,
vrrpv3StatisticsGroup,
vrrpv3InfoGroup,
vrrpv3NotificationsGroup
}
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsPriority
WRITE-SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..254)
DESCRIPTION "Setable values are from 1 to 254."
::= { vrrpv3Compliances 1 }
vrrpv3ReadOnlyCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"When this MIB module is implemented without support
for read-create (i.e., in read-only mode), then such
an implementation can claim read-only compliance.
Such a device can then be monitored, but cannot be
configured with this MIB."
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {
vrrpv3OperationsGroup,
vrrpv3StatisticsGroup,
vrrpv3StatisticsDiscontinuityGroup,
vrrpv3InfoGroup,
vrrpv3NotificationsGroup
}
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsPriority
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
OBJECT vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrRowStatus
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required."
::= { vrrpv3Compliances 2 }
-- Conformance Groups
vrrpv3OperationsGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
vrrpv3OperationsVirtualMacAddr,
vrrpv3OperationsStatus,
vrrpv3OperationsPriority,
vrrpv3OperationsMasterIpAddr,
vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval,
vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode,
vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode,
vrrpv3OperationsUpTime,
vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus,
vrrpv3OperationsAddrCount,
vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr,
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrRowStatus
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Conformance group for VRRPv3 operations."
::= { vrrpv3Groups 1 }
vrrpv3StatisticsGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
vrrpv3RouterChecksumErrors,
vrrpv3RouterVersionErrors,
vrrpv3RouterVrIdErrors,
vrrpv3StatisticsMasterTransitions,
vrrpv3StatisticsNewMasterReason,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdAdvertisements,
vrrpv3StatisticsAdvIntervalErrors,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdPriZeroPackets,
vrrpv3StatisticsSentPriZeroPackets,
vrrpv3StatisticsRcvdInvalidTypePackets,
vrrpv3StatisticsIpTtlErrors,
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason,
vrrpv3StatisticsAddressListErrors,
vrrpv3StatisticsPacketLengthErrors,
vrrpv3StatisticsRowDiscontinuityTime,
vrrpv3StatisticsRefreshRate
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Conformance group for VRRPv3 statistics."
::= { vrrpv3Groups 2 }
vrrpv3StatisticsDiscontinuityGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
vrrpv3GlobalStatisticsDiscontinuityTime
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
"Objects providing information about counter
discontinuities."
::= { vrrpv3Groups 3 }
vrrpv3InfoGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
vrrpv3StatisticsProtoErrReason,
vrrpv3StatisticsNewMasterReason
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Conformance group for objects contained in VRRPv3
notifications."
::= { vrrpv3Groups 4 }
vrrpv3NotificationsGroup NOTIFICATION-GROUP
NOTIFICATIONS {
vrrpv3NewMaster,
vrrpv3ProtoError
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The VRRP MIB Notification Group."
::= { vrrpv3Groups 5 }
END
11. Security Considerations
There are a number of management objects defined in this MIB module
with a MAX-ACCESS clause of read-write and/or read-create. Such
objects may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network
environments. The support for SET operations in a non-secure
environment without proper protection can have a negative effect on
network operations. These are the tables and objects and their
sensitivity/vulnerability:
The objects vrrpv3OperationsPriority, vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr,
vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval, vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode,
vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode, vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus, and
vrrpv3AssociatedIpAddrRowStatus possess the read-create attribute.
Manipulation of these objects is capable of affecting the operation
of a virtual router.
Examples of how these objects could adversely affect the operation of
a virtual router include:
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
o An unauthorized change to vrrpv3OperationsPriority can affect the
priority used in master election, resulting in this router either
becoming master when it should not, or in some other router being
elected by preference. While this will disrupt the operator's
plans, it will only replicate the unfortunate failure of multiple
routers, and any router that does become master will be capable of
filling that role.
o Modification of vrrpv3OperationsPrimaryIpAddr would cause the
configured router to take on an incorrect IP address if it becomes
master, which would be potentially very disruptive to the network
operation.
o A malicious change to vrrpv3OperationsAdvInterval could either
result in the configured router flooding the network with
advertisements when it becomes master, or the new master not
advertising frequently enough such that some routers do not learn
about the new master.
o vrrpv3OperationsPreemptMode controls whether this router will
preempt another master router. Setting it inappropriately will at
worse cause one router to be master against the operator's plans,
but that router will still be qualified to operate as a master.
o Setting the vrrpv3OperationsAcceptMode could prevent an
IPv6-capable VRRP router from accepting packets addressed to the
address owner's IPv6 address as its own even if it is not the IPv6
address owner. Although the default for this object is false(2),
unauthorized setting of this object to false might restrict the
function of some parts of the network.
o The vrrpv3OperationsRowStatus object that could be used to disable
a virtual router. While there are other columns that, if changed,
could disrupt operations, they cannot be changed without first
changing the RowStatus object.
SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 did not include adequate security.
Even if the network itself is secure (for example by using IPsec),
there is no control as to who on the secure network is allowed to
access and GET/SET (read/change/create/delete) the objects in this
MIB module.
Implementations MUST provide the security features described by the
SNMPv3 framework (see [RFC3410]), including full support for
authentication and privacy via the User-based Security Model (USM)
[RFC3414] with the AES cipher algorithm [RFC3826]. Implementations
MAY also provide support for the Transport Security Model (TSM)
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RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
[RFC5591] in combination with a secure transport such as SSH
[RFC5592] or TLS/DTLS [RFC6353].
Further, deployment of SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 is NOT
RECOMMENDED. Instead, it is RECOMMENDED to deploy SNMPv3 and to
enable cryptographic security. It is then a customer/operator
responsibility to ensure that the SNMP entity giving access to an
instance of this MIB module is properly configured to give access to
the objects only to those principals (users) that have legitimate
rights to indeed GET or SET (change/create/delete) them.
12. IANA Considerations
The MIB module in this document uses the following IANA-assigned
OBJECT IDENTIFIER values recorded in the SMI Numbers registry:
Descriptor OBJECT IDENTIFIER value
---------- -----------------------
vrrpv3MIB { mib-2 207 vrrpv3MIB VRRPV3-MIB }
This document obsoletes RFC 2787. Therefore, IANA has deprecated
value 68 under 'mib-2', which is assigned to VRRP-MIB.
13. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., and J. Schoenwaelder,
"Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)",
STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999.
[RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., and J. Schoenwaelder, "Textual
Conventions for SMIv2", STD 58, RFC 2579, April 1999.
[RFC2580] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., and J. Schoenwaelder,
"Conformance Statements for SMIv2", STD 58, RFC 2580, April
1999.
[RFC2863] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
MIB", RFC 2863, June 2000.
[RFC3413] Levi, D., Meyer, P., and B. Stewart, "Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) Applications", STD 62, RFC 3413,
December 2002.
Tata Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
[RFC4001] Daniele, M., Haberman, B., Routhier, S., and J.
Schoenwaelder, "Textual Conventions for Internet Network
Addresses", RFC 4001, February 2005.
[RFC5798] Nadas, S., Ed., "Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6", RFC 5798, March 2010.
14. Informative References
[RFC2338] Knight, S., Weaver, D., Whipple, D., Hinden, R., Mitzel,
D., Hunt, P., Higginson, P., Shand, M., and A. Lindem,
"Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol", RFC 2338, April 1998.
[RFC2787] Jewell, B. and D. Chuang, "Definitions of Managed Objects
for the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol", RFC 2787,
March 2000.
[RFC3410] Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D., and B. Stewart,
"Introduction and Applicability Statements for Internet-
Standard Management Framework", RFC 3410, December 2002.
[RFC3414] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security Model
(USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMPv3)", STD 62, RFC 3414, December 2002.
[RFC3826] Blumenthal, U., Maino, F., and K. McCloghrie, "The Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES) Cipher Algorithm in the SNMP
User-based Security Model", RFC 3826, June 2004.
[RFC5591] Harrington, D. and W. Hardaker, "Transport Security Model
for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", RFC
5591, June 2009.
[RFC5592] Harrington, D., Salowey, J., and W. Hardaker, "Secure Shell
Transport Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)", RFC 5592, June 2009.
[RFC6353] Hardaker, W., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Transport
Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)",
RFC 6353, July 2011.
Tata Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 6527 VRRP Unified MIB March 2012
15. Acknowledgments
Kripakaran Karlekar and Brain Jewell helped in design and initial
drafts of this specification. This specification is based on RFC
2787. The authors of RFC 2787 are Brian Jewell and David Chuang.
The author would also like to thank Bert Wijnen, Dave Thaler, Joan
Cucchiara, Mukesh Gupta, Steve Bates, Adrian Farrel, Ben Campbell and
Joel M. Halpern for taking time to review the document and provide
valuable guidance.
Author's Address
Srinivas Kalyan Tata
Nokia
313 Fairchild Dr.
Mountain View, CA 94043
EMail: Tata_kalyan@yahoo.com
Tata Standards Track [Page 31]