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\ FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS /
/ CONCERNING TELEPHONES \
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Here's A Very good FAQ list of phones done by _Telecom Digest_ earlier
this year. Most of you no doubt, are just interested in phreaking but
I think the whole telephone system is pretty interesting and this FAQ
may answer some of your questions. Also, if you are interested in
phreaking it will help you very much if you know how the phone system
works.
Without further adeu...
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List of subjects questions covered as they appear in this list:
Technical
- How do phones work?
- What is a Central Office? What is a switch? What roles do Central
Offices and switches play in the telephone network?
- How many different types of switches are there, how do they differ,
and what switches are most commonly found in use?
- When did the first ESS (electronic) switch go into service?
- What frequencies do touch tones use for which numbers?
- What are the A, B, C and D touch tone keys used for? Why are they
not found on touch tone phone sets?
- What is call supervision?
- How can I find out what my own phone number is?
- Are there other kinds of test numbers used?
- Can a US modem or phone work in the UK, or some other European
country? (Or vice versa, or in general for international substitution
of phone equipment)
- What do "tip" and "ring" mean?
- Why use a negative charge (-48 volts) for Ring instead of a positive
charge (such as +48 volts)?
- What is "Caller ID" (or Call Display, or CNID (Caller Number
Identification))?
- How can I get specifications on how Caller ID service works?
- What is the best way to busy a phone line? I have a bank of modems
which are set up as a hunt group. When a modem dies I would like to
be able to busy out the line that is disconnected, so that one of the
other modems in the hunt group will take the call.
- What is the difference between Caller ID/CNID and ANI?
Numbering
- What is a numbering plan?
- How was the country code system developed?
- What is the correct way to write a telephone number for
international use?
- What are the prefix digits used in international dialing?
- What does NPA, NNX, or NXX mean?
- What happens when all the telephone numbers run out?
- How is extra numbering capacity achieved in North America?
- In North America, why does the long distance dialing within an area
code often change so that 1 + home area code + number has to be
dialed, or changed to just seven digits (like a local call)?
- Is North America really running out of area codes?
- How will we make room if North American area codes are running out?
- What about expanding area/STD codes in other countries?
- What is Bellcore?
- How can I contact Bellcore?
- How can I get exchange/billing data? What is a V&H tape?
Regulatory & Tariffs
- What's this about the FCC starting a modem tax for those using
modems on phone lines?
- Why is a touch tone line more expensive than a rotary dial line
(in many places)?
- How come I got charged at a hotel for a call where no one answered?
Why is the timing on some of the long distance carriers inaccurate?
Competition
- Which countries have competitive long distance service?
- What is a COCOT?
- What is an AOS?
- What is "splashing"?
- Where can I find a list of equal access (10XXX) codes?
- How can I tell who my default carrier is (or that of a 10XXX+ carrier)?
Features
- What is the calling card "boing" and what is it made of?
- How can I prevent the call waiting tone from beeping in mid-conversation?
Miscellaneous
- Is there a way to find someone given just a phone number?
- Where can a Cellular/Mobile Radio mailing list be contacted?
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---------
Technical
---------
Q: How do phones work?
A: A file in the TELECOM Digest archives under the name "how.phones.work"
is available and should explain some details of the workings of
the common telephone.
Q: What is a Central Office? What is a switch? What roles do Central
Offices and switches play in the telephone network?
A: A Central Office (CO) is the facility to which the telephones in
a public telephone network are connected. It is the front line in
terms of the whole telephone system; dial tone, telephone ringing,
connection to other telephones, or outside trunks, is done here.
A "switch" is a general term referring to facilities where
telephone traffic is routed from one destination to another.
The Central Office has a switch in a local sense; calls within
a municipality can often be completed within a single switch.
Beyond this, there are switches for long distance or regional
traffic, many of which are not directly connected to user
telephones.
A hierarchy of switching centres was developed in North America.
Level 5 switches are the most common and are generally the
local Central Office switches. Level 4 switches are used in
regional or larger local settings and occasionally are connected
to customer telephones. Level 3, 2 and 1 switches serve larger
regions in turn. In general, a call that cannot be handled at
one level of switching (by reason of distance covered, or congestion
at a given switch) is passed onto the next higher level until the
connection is completed. The breakup of AT&T in the USA and the
introduction of new services will no doubt have disrupted this
hierarchy, but this illustrates how a call can progress from one
place to another.
A large city usually has many central offices, each serving a
certain geographical area. These central offices are connected
to other central offices for local calling, or to higher level
switches, or into long distance networks.
Q: How many different types of switches are there, how do they differ,
and what switches are most commonly found in use?
A: The original telephone switches were manual, operator-run switchboards.
Today, these are generally found in developing countries or in certain
remote locations as newer types of switches allow for connection to
automatic telephone service.
Step-by-step was the first widely-used automatic switching method. This
was an electro-mechanical system which made use of rotating blades and
mechanical selection of various levels. Dial pulses would be used to cause
the switches to select switch groups until the whole number was dialed.
Some step-by-step facilities still exist today, but will eventually be
replaced by more modern forms of switching (typically a digital facility).
Step-by-step, with its mechanical nature, can be difficult to troubleshoot
and maintain, and does not inherently support touch tones or special
calling features without special addition of equipment.
Crossbar was the next step in electro-mechanical switching. Rather than the
rotary/level switches used in step-by-step, connections were completed by
means of a matrix of connectors. The configuration of crossbar matrix
elements was under "common control" which could route the call along a
variety crossbar elements. Step-by-step's "progressive control" could not
be rerouted to avoid points of congestion in the switches but was rather
at the mercy of which numbers would be dialed by the telephone users.
Electronic switches were developed in the 1960's. These were often reed
relay switches with an electronic common control faster than previous
crossbar systems. The fewer moving parts there were, the better. Services
such as call waiting or call forwarding would eventually be possible
under electronic systems.
Finally, the new digital electronic systems provide for a fully-
programmable telephone operation. These are all-electronic systems
which would process calls without moving parts (i.e. solid-state
switching) and full computerisation of control. Voice traffic would
now be converted to digital format for use with digital transmission
facilities. A wide variety of user services can be implemented such
as sophisticated types of call forwarding or Caller ID or ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network). Ultimately, all telephone
subscribers will be served by such switches as these.
Presently, various kinds of switching systems are in use, and
the proportions of what technologies are in use in given regions
will vary. The most common will eventually be the digital
electronic systems. There are significant costs associated with
upgrading the network to eventually use digital, fully-programmable
switching, but the eventual goal is to modernise Central Offices
and long distance networks to such switches. In the meantime, the
various switching technologies in use must provide compatibility
with each other.
Q: When did the first ESS (electronic) switch go into service?
A: In the U.S., the first 1ESS switch went into service May 1965 in
Succasunna, New Jersey. This was a software-controlled switch using
magnetic reed relays.
In Canada, the first ESS was set up in Montreal, circa 1967.
Despite the capabilities of such ESS switches, some phone companies
are replacing these older generation electronic switches (e.g. ESS or
SP-1) in favour of digital switches (e.g. DMS).
Any information regarding international firsts in electronic or
digital switching would be welcome as a future enhancement to the FAQ.
Q: What frequencies do touch tones use for which numbers?
A: The touch tone system uses pairs of tones to represent the
various keys. There is a "low tone" and a "high tone" associated
with each button (0 through 9, plus * (star) and # (octothorpe
or pound symbol). The low tones vary according to what
horizontal row the tone button is in, while the high tones
correspond to the vertical column of the tone button.
The tones and assignments are as follows:
1 2 3 A : 697 Hz
4 5 6 B : 770 Hz
(low tones)
7 8 9 C : 852 Hz
* 0 # D : 941 Hz
---- ---- ---- ----
1209 1336 1477 1633 Hz
(high tones)
When the 4 button is pressed, the 770 Hz and 1209 Hz tones
are sent together. The telephone central office will then
decode the number from this pair of tones.
The tone frequencies were designed to avoid harmonics and
other problems that could arise when two tones are sent
and received. Accurate transmission from the phone and
accurate decoding on the telephone company end are important.
They may sound rather musical when dialed (and representations
of many popular tunes are possible), but they are not intended to
be so.
The tones should all be +/- 1.5% of nominal. The high frequency tone
should be at least as loud, and preferably louder than the low
frequency. It may be as much as 4 db louder. This factor is referred
to as "twist." If a Touchtone signal has +3db of twist, then the high
frequency is 3 db louder than the low frequency. Negative twist is
when the low frequency is louder.
Q: What are the A, B, C and D touch tone keys used for?
Why are they not found on touch tone phone sets?
A: These are extensions to the standard touch-tones (0-9, *, #)
which originated with the U.S. military's Autovon phone network.
The original names of these keys were FO (Flash Override),
F (Flash), I (Immediate), and P (Priority) which represented
priority levels that could establish a phone connection
with varying degrees of immediacy, killing other conversations
on the network if necessary with FO being the greatest priority,
down to P being of lesser priority. The tones are more commonly
referred to as the A, B, C and D tones respectively, and all
use a 1633 Hz as their high tone.
Nowadays, these keys/tones are mainly used in special applications
such as amateur radio repeaters for their signalling/control.
Modems and touch tone circuits tend to include the A, B, C and
D tones as well. These tones have not been used for general
public service, and it would take years before these tones could
be used in such things as customer information lines; such
services would have to be compatible with the existing 12-button
touch tone sets in any case.
Q: What is call supervision?
A: Call supervision refers to the process by which it is determined
that the called party has indeed answered. Long distance calls
and payphone calls are normally charged from the time the called
party answers, and no charges should be assessed where the other
end doesn't answer nor where the called party is busy or blocked
by network problems.
Q: How can I find out what my own phone number is?
A: If the operator won't read your number back to you, and if you can't
phone someone with a Calling # ID box, there are special numbers
available that "speaks" your number back to you when dialed. These
numbers are quite different from one jurisdiction to the next. Some
areas use 200 222.2222; others just require 958; still others 311 or
711 and others have a normally-formatted telephone number which can
be changed on occasion (such as 997.xxxx).
Such numbers exist in many countries; no set rule is used in
determining such numbers other than that these are often assigned
to codes outside normal customer number sequences and would not
be in conflict with regular telephone numbers.
Q: Are there other kinds of test numbers used?
A: Yes. Again, space (and available information) does not permit
a complete list of what each telephone company is up to in
terms of test numbers. The most common number is a "ringback"
test number. When a two or three digit number is followed
by all or the last part of your phone number, another dial
tone occurs. Tests for dialing or ringing may then be done.
Other numbers include intercom circuits for telephone company
staff, or switching centre supervisors, or other interesting
tests for call supervision or payphone coin tests. Again,
this depends on the phone company, and such services are
not usually found in the phone book, needless to say.
Q: Can a US modem or phone work in the UK, or some other European
country? (Or vice versa, or in general for international substitution
of phone equipment)
A: Often it can, provided that the AC Voltage and the physical jack
are compatible or converted, and it can generate pulse dialing,
as many exchanges are not equipped for touch tone.
However, in most European countries it is illegal to fit non-approved
equipment. In the UK, equipment approval is the responsibility of BABT,
and the penalty is confiscation of the equipment plus a fine of up
to 2000 pounds sterling. Approved equipment has a mark, usually a
sticker, of a green circle with the words "APPROVED for connection
to the telecommunication system specified in the instructions subject
to the condition set out in them" and the number of the BABT
certificate. Non-approved items, if they are sold in the UK, must
have a sticker with a red triangle with similar wording except that
it's saying the exact opposite. It's perfectly legal to sell
non-approved equipment subject to the above, as there may be a
valid reason for using it, just not on the UK network.
In Canada, telephone equipment requires approval from the Canadian
Department of Communications. Most equipment designed for North
American conditions should be acceptable, but a small sticker
from Communications Canada is normally placed on the equipment
to indicate approval.
Q: What do "tip" and "ring" mean?
A: The conductors of a wire pair to a telephone set are referred to as
tip (T) and ring (R). Tip (T) is usually positive charge with respect
to the Ring (R). Ring is typically at -48 volts (subject to voltage
losses). Tip (T) is then at ground when no current is flowing.
The actual voltages may differ in PBX/Key system situations (where 24
volt systems can be found) or higher voltages can be used for situations
where there are long distances among the subscribers and the switching
offices.
Two wires normally suffice to complete a connection between a telephone
and the central office; any extra wiring would be for purposes such as
as grounding, party line ringing or party line billing identification,
or even for dial light power on phones such as the Princess.
The Tip and Ring terms come from the parts of the plugs that were
used for manual switchboards.
Q: Why use a negative charge (-48 volts) for Ring instead of a positive
charge (such as +48 volts)?
A: The reason for doing this is galvanic corrosion protection. A conductor
with a negative charge will repel chlorine ions, as Cl (chlorine) ions
are negative also. If the line were to have a positive charge, Cl ions
would be attracted.
This form of corrosion protection is called cathodic protection. It
is often used for pipelines, bridges, etc. Such protection was very
important in the days of open wire transmission lines.
Q: What is "Caller ID" (or Call Display, or CNID (Caller Number
Identification))?
A: This is a telephone company service that transmits the number of the
party to your telephone during the ringing. A data receiver detects
this signal and displays or otherwise accepts the number transmitted.
Whether or not a number is transmitted depends on political limitations
(some jurisdictions do not allow for Caller ID, or at least a fully
operational version of it) and technical limitations (i.e. calls placed
from older technology switches may not be identifiable; long distance
services may not be set up to provide end-to-end ID yet).
Q: How can I get specifications on how Caller ID service works?
A: The official documentation on how the Caller ID or calling line ID
works is available for purchase from Bellcore. A description of
what those documents are and how to get them is available in the
TELECOM Digest Archives file caller-id-specs.bellcore, or see the
question "How can I contact Bellcore?" elsewhere in the FAQ. Local
telephone companies may be able to provide technical information for
the purpose of providing equipment vendors with specifications. Check
the Archives for any other relevant files that may appear such as
descriptions of the standards and issues surrounding services such as
Caller ID.
In Canada, for information about the service (known there as Call
Display) contact: Stentor Resource Centre Inc, Director - Switched
Network Services, 160 Elgin Street, Room 790, Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 2C4.
(This address is changed from the one listed in FAQ #3 of 1992; note
that the title may be subject to change as well). Tel: +1 613 781-3655.
The document is "Call Management Service (CMS) Terminal-to-Network
Interface", Interface Disclosure ID - 0001, November 1989. The document
at last report was free, at least within Canada. This document deals with
Bell Canada's Call Display standards, and may not be applicable outside
their service area (provinces of Ontario and Quebec, parts of the
Northwest Territories).
In general, the North American Caller ID information is passed to the
telephone set in ASCII using a 1200 baud modem signal (FSK) sent between
the first and second rings.
In other nations where a Caller ID service exists, or is being
established, contact the appropriate telephone company for information.
Q: What is the best way to busy a phone line? I have a bank of modems
which are set up as a hunt group. When a modem dies I would like to
be able to busy out the line that is disconnected, so that one of the
other modems in the hunt group will take the call.
A: "Our modem lines all enter on RJ21 "punchblocks" so I've got some
rather nice clips that can be pushed over the terminals on the blocks
and make contact with the pair that I want to busy out. Between the
two terminals on the clip I have a red LED and a 270 ohm 1/2w resistor
in series. As long as I get the clip on the right way, it busies out
the line and lights up so I can see that I've got one of the lines
busied out."
"Since most of our modems have error correction, I've even gotten away
with putting one of these on a line that's in use -- when the user
disconnects, the line remains busy and I can then pull the modem at my
leisure. The modem's error correction fixes the blast of noise from
the clip as I slip it in."
- Brian
[Further notes [from Dan Boehlke]: A setup like this is not necessary.
For most systems simply shorting tip and ring together will busy out
the phone line. Some older systems, and lines that do not have much
wire between the switch and the point at which it terminates will need
a 270 ohm 1/2 watt resistor. The resistor is necessary because on a
short line will not have enough resistance to make up for the lack
of a load. Most modern systems have a current limiter that will prevent
problems. Older system may not have a current limiter and may supply
more current than modern systems do. In the followup discussion, we
learned that we should not do this to incoming WATS lines and other
lines that will cause the phone company's diagnostics centers to get
excited. A particular example was an incoming 800 number that was not
needed for a few days. The new 800 number was subscribed to one of
those plans that let you move it to another location in the event of
a problem. Well, the AT&T diagnostic center saw the
busy'ed out line as a problem and promptly called the owner. -dan]
Q: What is the difference between Caller ID/CNID and ANI?
A: Caller ID or CNID or Call Display refers to a service offered to
telephone customers that allows for display or identification of
telephone numbers from which incoming calls are made.
ANI, or Automatic Number Identification, refers to operations within
the telephone network that allow for the registering of a long distance
caller's number for billing purposes and not a public offering
as such.
Special services such as incoming number identification for
toll-free or premium program lines (800 or 900 service in
North America) make use of ANI information and pass this
along to the called party.
---------
Numbering
---------
Q: What is a numbering plan?
A: This is a plan which establishes the format of codes and subscriber
numbers for a telephone system or other communications system such
as Telex. On a local level, subscriber numbers can have a certain
number of digits (in some cases, the number of digits varies according
to the exchange centre or digit sequence used). The local plan would
allow for codes used to reach operators, directory assistance, repair,
test numbers, etc. On a regional or even national level, there need to
be area codes or number prefixes established in order to route calls
to the appropriate cities and central offices.
The typical pattern is to use local numbers within a region, and use
an STD (subscriber trunk dialing) or area code to call a number in
another region. The most common method is to use numbers beginning with
0 as a long distance or inter-regional access digit, followed by other
digits to route to the proper city (e.g. within the UK, dial 071 or 081
for London, or 021 for Birmingham). Digits other than 0 (generally 2
through 9) would then represent the initial digit of local numbers.
In France, there are really two areas; Paris and everything else.
All local numbers in France have eight digits. Paris uses an area
code of 1, the rest of the country has no area code as such (just
the local number, which does not begin with a 1). Long distance
access is 16 plus the number for regions outside Paris, or
for Paris, access is 16 + 1 + Paris number.
Some countries do not use an area code; instead, the local number is
unique within the country. This often occurs in small nations but such
plans are also active in Denmark and Singapore. Hong Kong got rid of its
area codes in recent years and converted to seven-digit local numbers.
North America is unusual in the world in that the long distance access
code 1 is commonly used before dialing an area codes plus local number
(or in most areas, at least until the expansion to new format of area
codes is in effect, 1 plus number for numbers within an area code). Most
countries include the prefix in their STD codes listing (021 Birmingham,
UK; 90 Helsinki, Finland) so that an initial prefix code is avoided.
North American area codes have three digits, while local numbers have
seven.
Q: How was the country code system developed?
A: In the early 1960s, a global numbering plan was devised so that the
various national telephone systems can be linked; this used country
codes of one to three digits in length, assigned according to geographic
regions on the Earth. In fact, the system was developed from a numbering
plan devised in Europe. International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
documents from that time showed a numbering plan of two-digit country
codes covering Europe and the Mediterranean Basin countries and even
described at that time the overseas access codes to be used in
various countries (France 19, UK 010 - most of these codes are
still in use today). Many country codes from that original numbering
plan were used in the worldwide plan such as France 33, UK 44 although
many codes had to be renumbered for the new worldwide plan.
The world numbering zones (with initial country code digits) are:
1 North America
2 Africa
3 and 4 Europe
5 South/Latin America (includes Mexico)
6 South Pacific countries, Oceana (e.g. Australia)
7 Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR)
8 East Asia (e.g. Japan, China), plus Marisat/Inmarsat
9 West & South Asia, Middle East (e.g. India, Saudi Arabia)
There are a few anomalies to the zoning; St Pierre & Miquelon, a French
territory near the Canadian province of Newfoundland, was issued a
country code in zone 5 (country code 508), since North America already
has the country code 1, and there were no codes available in zones 3 or
4 (at the time of original assignment). There was room in world zone 5
for the code. Similarly, Greenland (country code 299) could not be fitted
into the European zones, thus 299 was a code that was available from a
nearby zone.
The TELECOM Digest Archives has country code listings, including a
detailed set which indicates area/STD codes used within country
codes as they would be dialed in international dialing (excluding
domestic inter-regional prefix digits).
Q: What is the correct way to write a telephone number for
international use?
A: The method recommended by the CCITT (an international telecommunications
standards committee) is to use the plus sign then the country code, then
the STD code (without any common STD/area code prefix digits) and the
local number. The following numbers (given for the sake of example only)
describe some of the formats used:
City Domestic Number International Format
--------------- ----------------- --------------------
Toronto, Canada (416) 870-2372 + 1 416 870 2372
Paris, France (1) 33.33.33.33 + 33 1 33 33 33 33
Lyon, France 77.77.77.77 + 33 77 77 77 77
Birmingham, UK (021) 123 4567 + 44 21 123 4567
Colon, Panama 41-2345 + 507 41 2345
Tokyo, Japan (03) 4567 8901 + 81 3 4567 8901
In most cases, the initial 0 of an STD code will not form part of the
international format number. Some countries use a common prefix of 9
(such as Finland or Colombia). Some countries' STD codes can be used
as they are where prefix digits are not part of the area code (as is
the case in North America, Mexico, and a few other countries).
As indicated in the above example, country code 1 is used for the
U.S., Canada and Caribbean nations under the North American Numbering
Plan. This fact is not as well-publicised by American and Canadian
telephone companies as it is in other countries.
The important consideration is that the digits following the +
represent the number as it would be dialed on an international call
(that is, the telephone company's overseas dialing code followed
by the digits after the + sign in the international format).
Q: What are the prefix digits used in international dialing?
A: This depends on the country from which an international call is placed.
The recommended international prefix is 00 (followed by the international
format number), which most countries have adopted or are planning to
adopt. Some of the exceptions are:
Australia 0011 North America 011
Colombia 90 Russia 810
Denmark 009 Spain 07
Finland 990 Nigeria 009
France 19 W Papua New Guinea 05
Ireland 00 (was 16) Sweden 009
Mexico + 98 Turkey 9 W 9
Netherlands 09 United Kingdom 010
Norway 095
W = wait for another dial tone before proceeding with rest of number
+ = Mexico uses 95 to access North America (country code 1) specifically;
98 is used for calling other nations
(The international access codes in some countries such as Netherlands
and the UK are eventually expected to change to 00)
Q: What does NPA, NNX, or NXX mean?
A: NPA means Numbering Plan Area, a formal term meaning a
North American area code (like New York 212, Chicago 312,
Toronto 416 etc.).
NNX refers to the format of the telephone number's prefix or central
office code (the first three digits of a seven-digit local North
American number). The N represents a digit from 2 to 9; an X represents
any digit 0 to 9. Thus, NNX prefixes can number from 220 to 999, as
long as they do not have a 0 or 1 as the middle digit.
NXX means any prefix/central office code from 200 to 999 could be
represented, allowing for any value in the middle digit. Obvious special
exceptions include 411 (directory assistance) and 911 (emergency).
Q: What happens when all the telephone numbers run out?
A: With demand for phone numbers increasing worldwide, the capacity
given by a certain number of digits in a numbering plan will
tend to be exhausted.
In whatever country, capacity expansion can be done by such measures as
adding an extra digit to the local number (as was done in Tokyo, Japan
or in Paris, France). Extra area/STD codes can be assigned, such as
splitting a region's codes (London UK was originally STD code 01, now
split to 071 and 081; Los Angeles in the U.S. was originally area code
213, then split to add an 818 area, and recently another split of 213
created the new 310 area).
Q: How is extra numbering capacity achieved in North America?
A: Within an area code, there are a maximum number of prefixes
(i.e. first three digits of a phone number) that can be assigned.
In the original telephone "numbering plan", up to 640 prefixes
could be assigned per area code (of the NNX format, 8 * 8 * 10).
Yet, prefixes get used up due to growth and demand for new numbers
(accelerated by popularity of separate fax or modem lines, or by
new services such as the distinctive ringing numbers that ring a
single line differently depending on which phone number was dialed).
When the prefixes of NNX format run out, there are two options
in order to allow for more prefixes, and in turn more numbers:
1) "splitting" the area code so that a new area code can
accommodate new prefixes, or
2) allowing extra prefixes to be assigned by changing from
NNX format to NXX format.
The preferred option is to go with 2) first, in order to avoid having
a new area code assignment. Yet, this gives the area code a maximum of
160 new prefixes, or 8 * 10 * 10 = 800. When the NXX format prefixes
are used up, then 1) is not optional. New York and Los Angeles are two
regions that have gone from NNX to NXX format prefixes first, then
their area codes were split.
Interestingly enough, some area codes have split even though there was
no change from NNX format prefixes to NXX at the time. Such splits have
occurred in Florida (305/407) and Colorado (303/719). The precise reasons
why a change to NXX-style prefixes was not done in those cases is not
widely known, but switching requirements in those areas, plus telephone
company expenses in changing from NNX to NXX format (and the likelihood
of an eventual area code split) are likely factors in these decisions.
Note that it is prefixes, and not necessarily the number of telephones,
that determines how crowded an area code is. Small exchanges could use
a whole prefix for only a few phones, while an urban exchange may use
most of the 10 000 possible numbers per prefix. Companies, paging, test
numbers and special services can be assigned their own prefixes as
well, such as the 555 directory assistance prefix (555.1212).
Q: In North America, why does the long distance dialing within an
area code often change so that 1 + home area code + number has
to be dialed, or changed to just seven digits (like a local call)?
A: When prefixes change to NXX, that means that the prefix numbers can be
identical to area codes. The phone equipment is no longer able to make
a distinction between what is an area code and what is a prefix within
the home area code, based on the first three digits. For instance, it is
hard for central offices to tell the difference between 1+210 555.2368
and 1+210.5552
Thus, 1 + area code + number for all long distance calls is used in
many North American area codes. Or ... just dialing seven digits within
the area code for all calls, local or long distance (thus risking
complaints from customers who thought they were making a local call when
in fact the call was long distance).
It is up to each phone company to decide how to handle prefix
and dialing changes. The rules change from place to place.
Q: Is North America really running out of area codes?
A: Indeed, apart from special "non-geographic" area codes such as 200, 300,
400 or 500, there are no longer any area codes that can be assigned from
the traditional format. At present, all area codes have a 0 or 1 as the
middle digit (212, 907, 416, 708, etc.). It even appears that the 610 code
was freed from its usage in Canadian TWX/ISDN service (which moved to 600),
so that the split of area 215 in Philadelphia can use 610. There remains
the assignment of code 710 which is reserved for mysterious U.S.
government services.
Area codes ending in -00 are intended for special services like 800 or
900 numbers. Also, -11 area codes could be confused with services like
411 (directory assistance) or 911 (emergency); indeed, a few places
require 1+411 for directory assistance.
Q: How will we make room if North American area codes are running out?
A: Bellcore, which oversees the assignment of area codes and the North
American Numbering Plan in general, has made a recommendation that
"interchangeable" area codes be allowed as of January 1995 (advanced
from the previous deadline of July 1995 due to unprecedented exhaustion
of available area codes). That means that there no longer need to be
a 0 or 1 as the middle digit of an area code, and in fact the area code
will become NXX format. While some suggest that eight-digit local numbers
or four-digit area codes be established, the interchangeable area code plan
has been on the books for many years.
One aspect of the plan is that, initially, the new area codes may end in
0 (such as 220, 650, etc.). This would make it easier on a few area codes
so that they could conceivably retain the ability to dial 1+number (without
dialing the home area code) for long distance calls within the area code,
provided that they have not assigned prefixes ending in zero that would
conflict with new area codes. That option is not possible for many area
codes that have already assigned some prefixes of "NN0" format, however.
Eventually, the distinction between area code and prefix formats would
be completely lost.
The last remaining traditional area code, 910, was recently assigned to
allow for a split of North Carolina's 919 area code. Still, Bellcore
expects that NPA capacity is sufficient until the January 1995 cutover
to interchangeable NPAs. The interchangeable area code plan will be felt
throughout the U.S. and Canada. As a last resort, the N00 codes (like
200) may need to be used.
Q: What about expanding area/STD codes in other countries?
A: Many countries tend to use variable numbers of digits in the local
numbers and STD/area code numbers, thus there is often flexibility
in assigning new codes or expanding the capacity of codes. Sometimes
codes are changed to provide for extra capacity or to allow for
a uniform numbering plan such as ensuring the total number of digits
of the STD/area code plus the local number is constant within a
country.
In the UK, it is reported that the digit '1' will be added to some
of the major codes as of 1995 in order to create extra STD code capacity.
For instance, London's 071 and 081 codes would be changed to 0171 and
0181 respectively (internationally, change +44 71 and +44 81 to
+44 171 and +44 181).
There are rumours that France will change its system again, to divide
the country into a few regions of single-digit area codes. Presently,
Paris has an area code 1, with the remainder of France having no area
code as such; eight-digit local numbers are used in and out of Paris.
The areas outside of Paris would then get area codes corresponding to
particular regions.
Australia is moving to single digit area codes, with uniform eight
digit local numbers. This replaces the current system with variable
length area codes and local numbers. This new plan is to be phased
in during the 1990's. New Zealand is also completing a change to single
digit area codes, with uniform seven digit local numbers.
Hong Kong actually got rid of its area codes a few years ago, replacing
the few single-digit area codes with seven-digit local numbers throughout
Hong Kong.
Q: What is Bellcore?
A: Bellcore, or Bell Communications Research, is a company that does
a variety of things for the telephone system in North America. It
assigns area codes, develops and sells technical documents relating
to the operation of the phone system, and does research and
development on various communications technologies. Recently,
Bellcore did development on MPEG, a video data compression method
to allow transmission of entertainment-quality video on a 1.5 Mb/s
communications link.
Q: How can I contact Bellcore?
A: The Bellcore document hotline (with touch tone menu) can be reached at
1 800 521 CORE (i.e. 1 800 521 2673) within the USA, or +1 908 699 5800
outside the USA (+1 908 699 0936 is the fax number). A catalogue of
documents can be ordered through this number.
For the voice menu on Bellcore's document hotline, to order a document
press 2 at the automated greeting. If you want to talk to a person
about availability, prices, etc., press 4 at the automated greeting.
Payment for documents can be made using American Express, Visa, Master
Card, International Money Orders, and Checks on US Banks. If you don't
have a document number handy, a catalog of technical documents is available.
Bellcore TAs and other preliminary "advisories" are only available
by writing:
Bellcore
Document Registrar
445 South Street - Room 2J-125
P. O. Box 1910
Morristown, NJ USA 07962-1910
The mailing address for ordering other "standard" documents (including
"TR" documents) is:
Bellcore Customer Service
60 New England Avenue
Piscataway, NJ USA 08854-4196
NPA/NXX (area codes, exchange codes) information is maintained by
the (somewhat) separate Traffic Routing Administration (TRA) group,
at +1 201 829 3071.
For all other TRA "products", or information about on-line access to a
database of routing data, contact the TRA Hotline at +1 201 829 3071,
or write to:
Traffic Routing Administration
Bell Communications Research, Inc.
435 South Street, Room 1J321
Morristown, NJ 07962-1961
If you want to talk to the "pub" folks, or a technical person, the
numbers/addresses are in the front of any TR (and the "Catalog").
Note that certain Bellcore documents (particularly certain TRA documents),
require the signing of a "Terms and Conditions" agreement before purchase.
Q: How can I get exchange/billing data? What is a V&H tape?
A: Bellcore sells the NPA-NXX Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates Tape
(the "V&H Tape"); this is primarily for billing purposes and lists
(for each NXX, or central office code) the type of NXX, major/minor
V&H coordinates (a sort of "latitude" and "longitude" used to calculate
rate distances for long distance billing), LATA Code (identifying the
U.S. long distance service area), the RAO (revenue accounting office),
Time Zone, Place Name, OCN (telephone company identifier) and indicators
for international dialing and "Non-Dialable".
Other related Bellcore documents include:
- NPA/NXX Activity Guide lists all NPA/NXX codes schedules to be added,
removed or "modified" (monthly). There's also an Active Code List that
lists all NPA/NXX codes that aren't planned to be removed or "modified"
for the next 6 months.
- Local Exchange Routing Guide (LERG) contains information on all
USA/Caribbean destinations, switching entities, Rate Centers and
Localities, Tandem Homing information, operator service codes,
800/900 NXX assignments, etc. (three 1600 BPI tapes). Mostly useful
to interexchange carriers (IXCs) and other telephone companies.
- Telephone Area Code Directory (TACD) is a document listing area
codes according to location (ordered by state/province and place).
TACD also includes a list of Carrier Identification Codes (CICs)
used for 10XXX+ or 950.ZXXX long distance service selection.
--------------------
Regulatory & Tariffs
--------------------
Q: What's this about the FCC starting a modem tax for those
using modems on phone lines?
A: This is one of those tall urban legends, on the order of the Craig
Shergold story (yes, folks, Craig's doing okay as of last report and
he doesn't need cards of any kind). It started when the FCC took up
a proposal that, if it had passed, would have raised the rate that
certain modem users paid, notably those who have set up their own
long distance networks for public use, like Compu$erve. The proposal
was not enacted into law.
Nevertheless, this proposal, or one even worse, could come up again
in the future. Here's how to tell the facts from the urban legends.
(1) Demand documentation; don't act until you see a copy of the FCC
proposal. (2) Once you have the proposal, look at the number. It will
be in the form yy-n, yy-nn, or yy-nnn. The first number, before the
hyphen, is the year. If, for example, it's the infamous 85-79, you
know it was the 79th proposal all the way back in 1985, and no longer
matters. (3) If you do see an up-to-date proposal, read it carefully.
If you can't tell what part of it enacts a "modem tax", demand that
the person who wants you to act explain it to you. If they can't,
or won't, then (and only then) bring it up on Telecom Digest, making
sure that you always include the FCC proposal's number, so that people
know which document you're talking about.
Regulators in other countries may also have similar types of notices. The
CRTC in Canada issues public notices and decisions on telecommunications
using similar numbering schemes.
Q: Why is a touch tone line more expensive than a rotary dial
line (in many places)?
A: This has been an occasional debate topic in the Digest. Indeed,
there can be a surcharge from $1 to $3 per month to have the
ability to dial using touch tone. In modern equipment, touch
tone is actually better and cheaper for the phone company
to administer that the old pulse/rotary dialing system.
The tone dialing charge can be attributed to the value of
a demanded service; tone is better, thus a premium can be
applied for this privilege. Also, it is something of a holdover
from the days when tone service required extra expense to decode
with the circuitry originally available. This is especially
true on crossbar exchanges, or where tone would have to be
converted to dial pulses as is the case with step-by-step
exchange equipment. Today, cheap integrated circuits are readily
available for decoding the tones used in dialing, and are
a standard part of electronic switching systems.
Some telephone companies have abandoned a premium charge for tone
dialing by including this in the regular local service charge. Others
still hold to some form of tone surcharge.
Q: How come I got charged at a hotel for a call where no
one answered? Why is the timing on some of the long
distance carriers inaccurate?
A: Where real call supervision is unavailable or inconvenient,
a ploy used by some call billing systems is to guess when
a call might be answered. That is, a customer dials the call,
and the equipment times the progress; after a certain point
in time the billing will commence whether or not the party
at the other end actually answers the phone. Thus, calls
left ringing for more than five or six rings can be billed.
Adding to the problem is the fact that calls don't necessarily
start ringing at a fixed time after the last digit is dialed.
Needless to say, some calls can be left uncharged in this scheme.
Should the call be answered and completed before the billing timer
elapses, the call won't be billed.
There are reports that California requires proper billing and
supervision of calls. Other areas may adopt similar requirements.
-----------
Competition
-----------
Q: Which countries have competitive long distance service?
A: Most countries have a single monopoly telephone company for their
local and long distance services. Yet, deregulation of telephone
companies and telecommunications in general is a worldwide trend.
For better or worse, the international marketplace is demanding
more innovation and competition in telecom markets in such areas
as electronic mail, fax and data services as well as the long
distance, satellite and other network services.
The United States has competition in terms of long distance services
(i.e. a choice of carriers such as AT&T, MCI, Sprint, Metromedia/ITT,
Allnet, ATC). This was established in the early 1980s with the
court-ordered dissolution of the Bell System into such pieces as
regional local telephone providers, AT&T (long distance) and
Bellcore (research, administration of telephone standards, etc.).
The UK has a duopoly long distance situation: British Telecom
and Mercury can provide long distance services but that could
be challenged as other companies wish to provide long distance
services.
Canada permitted public long distance competition in June 1992.
Prior to that, there was limited competition in terms of such things
as fax communication services and various long distance/local service
resellers, aimed at business interests. Unitel and BCRL/Call-Net
were successful in their application to compete. A subsequent appeal
of certain aspects of this decision was made by Bell Canada and other
existing telephone companies. The result of the appeal was that
the decision could stand, and that long distance competition may
proceed.
New Zealand recently allowed Clear Communications to compete in long
distance. Australia now has Optus as a long distance competitor. Japan
has competition in international public long distance services.
There are initial signs competition in the "local loop", or local
exchange services, also. Reports from the UK indicate that there is
significant growth in alternative local services, besides the Mercury/BT
long distance duopoly (competition of two). Cable companies are touted
as the alternative local phone company because of the available capacity
on cable feeds, plus the cable industry's conversion to fibre optic and
digital technologies. A choice of "dial tone" providers may eventually
be available to match the availability of competition in long distance
services.
Q: What is a COCOT?
A: Customer-Owned Coin-Operated Telephone, or perhaps Coin-Operated
Customer-Owned Telephone. Essentially, this is a privately-owned
public telephone as opposed to the traditional payphone that is
owned and operated by the local telephone company. Most COCOTs exist
in the United States; their status is not too well-known outside
the U.S. Certainly there are no approved COCOTs in Canada as
such and are also likely rare or nonexistent in other nations.
The COCOT is the target of much scorn as it often delivers less than
what one would hope for in competition. Cited deficiencies of many
of these units include prohibiting access to carriers like AT&T, use
of default "carriers" that charge exorbitant rates for long distance
calls, etc. Some of them have had problems when newly activated area
codes were used. In some cases, COCOTs would not even place calls to
numbers whose new area codes could not be dialed and whose old area
codes could no longer be dialed.
Q: What is an AOS?
A: AOS is short for Alternate Operator Service. That is a company other
than a long distance carrier or local telephone company that provides
operator assisted services for long distance (collect, third number
billed calls, person-to-person, etc.). Normally this involves having
operator staff handle billing and the necessary dialing, but the AOS
companies make use of existing long distance services rather than have
their own network. Using an AOS, whether for a collect call or credit
card call can be more expensive than bargained for.
Often, COCOTs (see above) will have their default "carrier" set to
an AOS, for optimum revenues. Hotels may also set up phones to use
AOS services by default.
Q: What is "splashing"?
A: Suppose you place a call from city A to city B using an AOS based
in city C. The call is considered to be "splashed" if the billing
for the call is based on the distance between city C (AOS) and
city B (destination) rather than between cities A and B as
one traditionally expects such calls to be billed. Thus, if the
splashed distance (C-B) is much longer than the origin-destination
(A-B) distance, the customer is charged extra money.
Q: Where can I find a list of equal access (10XXX) codes?
A: The TELECOM Digest Archives has lists of these codes. They are contained
in the files occ.10xxx.access.codes and occ.10xxx.list.updated in the
TELECOM Digest Archives. New information on these codes or other access
codes occasionally appears in TELECOM Digest.
An official, full list of these codes was part of Bellcore's Telephone
Area Code Directory document. Bellcore also maintains a list of these
Carrier Identification Codes as a separate document (see "How can I
contact Bellcore?" question for details on purchasing Bellcore documents).
Q: How can I tell who my default carrier is (or that of a 10XXX+
carrier)?
A: In the U.S., dial 1 700 555.4141, and that should get a recording
indicating the default carrier. This should be a free call. From
regular lines, dialing 10XXX + 1 700 555.4141 can yield the
identifying recordings of other carriers.
On payphones, AT&T is always a "default" carrier for coin calls, but not
necessarily so when it comes to calling/billing card numbers, collect
calls or other operator-assisted calls. Thus on payphones, AT&T's
recording is heard regardless if what carrier access codes are used
before 1 700 555.4141. Apparently, no other long distance carrier is
interested in collecting coin revenues. COCOTs usually handle coin
calls with self-contained coin billing equipment (and guessing of
call connection time).
--------
Features
--------
Q: What is the calling card "boing" and what is it made of?
A: When a North American call is dialed as 0 + (area code if necessary)
+ number, a "boing" is heard after the number is dialed. This is the
prompt to enter a telephone company calling card number to bill the
call with, or to select the operator (0) for further handling, or in
some regions to specify collect or third number billing for the call.
The boing consists of a very short burst of the '#' touch tone, followed
by a rapidly decaying dial tone. The initial '#' tone is used in case
certain tone-pulse converters exist on the line; such converters use the
'#' to disable conversion of tones to dial pulses, a conversion which
would prevent card number entries from reaching the long distance provider.
Q: How can I prevent the call waiting tone from beeping in
mid-conversation?
A: If you place the call, and don't want to get interrupted, a call
waiting suppression code is dialed before dialing the call itself.
The most common code for this in North America is *70 or 1170 (on
7 rotary dial phone lines). 70# (or 70 and wait on rotary phone) could
also be used in some areas. Other countries will have special codes
for this, and will vary in terms of capabilities offered.
Local phone companies in some areas charge installation and monthly
fees for 'Cancel Call Waiting', and you must subscribe for this to
work. In some areas it comes free with Call Waiting. In a few other
areas it may be unavailable at any price.
Thus, to call 555.0000 so that call waiting is disabled, dial *70
(or whatever the correct code is for your area), wait for another
dial tone, then dial 555.0000 as usual.
Suppressing call waiting tone on an *incoming* call may be possible
depending on how your phone company has set the central office.
One possible way of doing this is to flash your switch-hook briefly,
see if a dial tone comes on, then try dialing the call waiting
suppress code (*70 or whatever). Southwestern Bell, for instance,
uses a variant of this: <flash hook> *70 <flash hook> (i.e. a second
hook flash required). The methods are not guaranteed, however; your
phone company might be able to give a better answer if the preceding
doesn't work.
NOTE: each phone company will determine the capabilities of Call Waiting
features, and what codes will be used to activate them, and what costs
the service will be provided at. The codes are not necessarily the same
from place to place. Please consult your phone company for official
information in your particular area if any of the above codes do not work
properly. Also check the phone book introductory pages as these sometimes
include instructions on how to use special calling services such as
Call Waiting.
-------------
Miscellaneous
-------------
Q: Is there a way to find someone given just a phone number?
A: Sometimes. There are often cross-referenced city indexes available in
libraries and other places that have lists ordered by the phone number.
These directories go by names such as Bowers, Mights, Strongs or other
brands. Unlisted numbers are not listed, nor are they intended to be
traced by the general public. One catch is that such directories are
necessarily out of date shortly after their publication what with the
"churn" of changing telephone numbers and addresses.
In addition, there are phone numbers provided by telephone companies
that connect to live lookup services. Operators at these numbers will
determine a person according to the phone number. Only a few of these
lookup numbers are intended for the general public (e.g. Chicago and
Tampa). Some countries have also provided number to name lookup as a
matter of normal telephone service, although these are often chargeable
calls. Otherwise, most of these lookup numbers are for internal telephone
company usage. Again, unlisted numbers are not intended to be provided
by these services, while the listed numbers are often found in the
introductory pages of local phone books.
The Compuserve on line service had a facility to find names and addresses
based on phone numbers. This facility is reported to have more recent
information for residential numbers than for business numbers. Those
interested should contact Compuserve staff for assistance or information
on this service.
Private detectives seem to have other means of getting these
numbers, but that's another story...
Q: Where can a Cellular/Mobile Radio mailing list be contacted?
A: A mailing list dedicated to cellular/mobile radio technologies, namely
new digital radio services, is available. Contact dec@dfv.rwth-aachen.de.
Fidonet has a CELLULAR conference for cellular telephony issues, for
those with access to that network.