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TESLA, Inc.
(a non profit corporation)
Proposal:
PROJECT TESLA
The Demonstration of Artificially Stimulated Resonance of
the Earth's Ionosphere Waveguide:
a precursor for the wireless transmission of vast amounts of
electrical power using the Schumann Cavity.
February 21, 1989
Toby Grotz James Sheppard
President Secretary/Treasurer
Mary Estill Buchanan Gardner Robertson
Director Director
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Assessment of Need 4
Project Objectives 5
Methods 6
Evaluation Procedure 7
Regulating Agencies 7
Environmental Considerations 7
Project Administration 8
Future Funding 8
Timetable 9
Financial Projections 10
Tesla, Inc., History, Objectives 13
Personnel 13
Appendix 15
Resumes
References:
"PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", by Davis D. Sentman, in
Computers in Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.
The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla
Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.
"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere
Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.
"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by
James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James
F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and
Applications of Single Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power
Processing, Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by
James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
Abstract
It has been proven by researchers, W. O. Schumann and Dr. James R.
Waite, that electrical energy can be propagated around the world
between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extremely low
frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. Experiments to
date have shown that electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the
range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency,
propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the
Schumann Cavity.
The Schumann Cavity can be resonated, similar to the way a
magnetron tube excites the cavity of a home microwave oven. The
power that is delivered to the cavity propagates at very low losses
and can be extracted at other locations within the cavity.
Experimental data collected and calculations made in recent years
support the hypothesis that wireless power transmission is a viable
and practical alternative to the present systems of power
transmission.
Introduction
It was not until 1954-1959 that experimental measurements were made
of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity
surrounding the Earth. Recent analysis shows that it was Nikola
Tesla in 1899, who first noticed the existence of stationary waves in
the Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave
length and frequency involved closely match Schumann's theoretical
calculations. These observations were made in 1899 while Tesla was
monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to lightning discharges
in a thunderstorm. It passed over his Colorado Springs laboratory
and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the plains. In
his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these stationary waves
"... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in parenthesis,
"This is of immense importance." The importance of his observations
is due to the support they lend to the prime objective of the
Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of the experiments and the
laboratory Tesla had constructed was to prove that wireless
transmission of electrical power was possible.
At the time of his measurements, Tesla was experimenting with and
researching methods for, "...power transmission and transmission of
intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Tesla was not
able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the
globe. However modern scientific theory, mathematical calculations
and data collected during the last sixty years support his contention
that the wireless propagation of electrical power is possible. It
would be a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
electrical transmission lines used today for electrical power
distribution.
It has been shown by Schumann that electrical energy can be
propagated around the world between the surface of the earth and the
ionosphere. The energy is propagated in this "Schumann Cavity" at a
very low frequencies. Experiments to date have shown that
electromagnetic wave propagation occurs at a frequency of about eight
cycles and that the propagation occurs with very little loss or
attenuation. The electromagnetic techniques to be used to transmit
power in the Schumann Cavity are similar to microwave signal
generation in a magnetron cavity and propagation in a waveguide. The
latter technology is very well known and is used in microwave ovens,
radar, and communication systems.
High energy excitation is necessary to resonate the Schumann Cavity
and transfer power. Lightning is a natural atmospheric phenomenon
that provides high energy discharges. It is expected that lightning
would transfer power to the Schumann Cavity. Indeed, lightning
discharges throughout the world occur at a combined rate of several
per second. However, due to their random nature they do not produce
useful power. The presence of this energy is easily detected by AM
radios during a thunderstorm. These discharges are disorganized and
produce a wide range of frequencies from a few cycles per second to
several thousand cycles per second. The higher frequencies attenuate
rapidly with distance. The extremely low frequencies, which match the
resonant frequency of the cavity, are reinforced and propagate great
distances with very little loss. The wavelength of eight cycles per
second is equal to the circumference of the Earth at the equator.
One cycle of this frequency fits perfectly within the Schumann Cavity
and circles the earth.
The purpose of Project Tesla is to create pulses, or electrical
disturbances, that would travel in all directions around the Earth
and resonate in the thin membrane of nonconductive air between the
ground and the ionosphere in the Schumann Cavity. The pulses, or
waves, would follow the surface of the Earth expanding outward to the
maximum circumference of the Earth, until meeting at a point opposite
to that of the transmitter. This point is called the antipode. The
exact location has been calculated to be above an area in the Indian
Ocean far from any land mass. The traveling waves would be reflected
from the antipode to the transmitter, be reinforced, and sent out
again. This process, analogous to pushing a pendulum, would be
repeated at 8.0 Hz, the resonant frequency of the Schumann Cavity.
Assessment of Need
A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive
use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of
the environment from the use of present energy conversion systems.
Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of
this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators
to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical
grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy
generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical
distribution is only 70-74% efficient.
A system of power distribution with little or no loss would
conserve energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting
from the need to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses
in the present grid system. Based on the 1971 world-wide power
generation of 908 million kilowatts, approximately 207 million
kilowatts are being produced to make up for losses. This results in
a cost of 454 billion dollars at 5 cents a kilowatt. The power
wasted in transmission now costs over 100 billion dollars a year.
Wireless transmission of power, if fully utilized, could save over 90
billion dollars per year. Any technology that can reduce these
losses and the corresponding costs is of extreme importance.
The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy
distribution calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical
distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need
for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables,
towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of
electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of
wires, cables, and transmission towers.
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power
exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in
need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water
under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China,
require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th
century and to equal standing with western nations.
As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of
power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand
capacity. This concept is based on the fact that some nations,
especially the United States, have the capacity to generate much more
power than is needed. This situation is accentuated at night. The
greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is during the day.
The extra power available during the night could be sold to the side
of the planet where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of
power plants in the United States, this system would provide a
saleable product which could do much to aid our balance of payments.
In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the
world's population), used 690 kilowatts, 76 percent of all power
generated. The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts.
By comparison, China generated only 17 million kilowatts and India
generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each). If
a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the
world which is only using one-quarter of the current power production
were to eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an
additional 908 million kilowatts will be needed. The demand for
electrical power will continue to increase with the industrialization
of the world.
A system of wireless transmission of power would make electrical
energy available to people and nations which are not now privileged
with the access to power developed nations take for granted.
Project Objectives
The objectives of the proposed project will be divided into three
areas of investigation:
1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with
an open air, vertical dipole antenna;
2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
3. Measurement of power retrieval losses locally.
Methods
A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency resonating
coil and a 120 foot tower have been constructed and are operational
at an elevation of approximately 11,000 feet for the experiment.
This system is centered around a very powerful resonating Tesla Coil.
It was originally built in 1973-1974 and used until 1982 by the
United States Air Force at Wendover AFB in Wendover, Utah. The USAF
used the coil for simulating natural lightning for testing and
hardening fighter aircraft. The system has a capacity of 150
kilowatts. The coil, which is the largest part of the system, has
already been built, tested, and is operational.
A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for
reducing atmospheric losses which work against an efficient coupling
to the Schumann Cavity. The high frequency, high voltage output of
the coil will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single
electrode X-ray tube. The X-ray tube will be used to
electrostatically charge a 120 ft. tall, vertical mast which will
function to provide a vertical current moment. The mast is topped by
a metal sphere 30 inches in diameter. A circulating current of 1,000
amperes in the system will create an ionization and corona causing a
large virtual electrical capacitance in the medium surrounding the
sphere. Discharging the antenna 7-8 times per second through a fixed
or rotary spark gap will create electrical disturbances, which will
resonantly excite the Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the
entire Earth.
The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode and
reflected to the transmitter site. The reflected wave will be
reinforced and again radiated when it returns to the transmitter. As
a result, an oscillation will be established and maintained in the
Schumann Cavity. The loss of power in the cavity has been estimated
to be about 6% per round trip. If the same amount of power is put
into the cavity on each cycle of oscillation of the transmitter,
there will be a net energy gain which will result in a net voltage,
or amplitude increase. This will result in reactive energy storage
in the cavity. As long as energy is delivered to the cavity, the
process will continue until the energy is removed by heating,
lightning discharges, or as is proposed by this project, loading by
tuned circuits at distant locations for power distribution.
The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in
the United States and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers
and scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.
Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at
the transmitter site and at distant receiving locations. Equipment
constructed especially for measurement of low frequency
electromagnetic waves will be employed to measure the effectiveness
of using the Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical power
distribution. The detection equipment used by project personnel will
consist of a pick up coil and industry standard low noise, high gain
operational amplifiers and active band pass filters,
In addition to project detection there will be a record of the
experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have
been set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the
Schumann Cavity.
Evaluation Procedure
The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided
by local and distant measurement stations. The output of the
transmitter will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the
discharges from the antenna. The recordings made by distant stations
will be time synchronized to ensure that the data received is a
result of the operation of the transmitter.
Power insertion and retrieval losses will be analyzed after the
measurements taken during the transmission are recorded.
Attenuation, field strength, and cavity Q will be calculated using
the equations presented in Dr. Corum's papers. These papers are
supplied in the appendix. If recorded results indicate power can be
efficiently coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a
second phase of research involving power reception will be initiated.
Regulating Agencies
The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU), Article 2, Section 11, Geneva; 1959, list world wide frequency
allocations from 10 kilohertz to 275 gigahertz. Frequencies below 10
kilohertz and above 275 gigahertz are not allocated. In the United
States the Federal Communications Commission has allocated
frequencies in accordance with ITU regulations. In effect, there is
no governmental agency in the world that has jurisdiction over the
frequency of operation of Project Tesla.
Environmental Considerations
The extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the environment have
several origins. The time varying magnetic fields produced as a
result of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on
the order of 30 nanoteslas. The largest time varying fields are
those generated by solar activity and thunderstorms. These magnetic
fields reach a maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT) The magnetic fields
produced as a result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity
peak at 7, 14, 20 and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities associated
with these resonant frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6 picoteslas. per
root hertz (pT/Hz1/2).
Exposure to man made sources of ELF can be up to 1 billion (1000
million or 1 x 109) times stronger than that of naturally occurring
fields. Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields as
high as 2.5 mT. The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying
1 amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF antennae systems that are used for
submarine communication produce fields of 20 uT. Video display
terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of the
Schumann Resonance frequencies.
Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator to excite the Schumann
cavity. Dr. Corum's calculations predict that the field strength due
to this excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.
Project Administration
Project Tesla will be administered by an executive committee
composed of members of the Board of Tesla Inc. The chairman of the
executive committee will make decisions concerning day to day
operations. The project budget will be approved by the Board of
Directors. Any expenditures not specified in the original budget,
over $1,000, will require the approval of the executive committee.
Additional expenditures over $5,000 will need approval of the Board
of Directors. A Certified Public Accountant will be retained to make
quarterly statements. A book keeper will keep weekly and monthly
records of expenditures. All purchased equipment will receive a
project ID number which will aid property accountability. All
aspects of project administration will be in accordance with any
guidelines or requirements stipulated by the funding agency.
Future Funding
The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless
transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of
principle will require the engineering and design of receiving
stations. On completion of the second phase, the third and fourth
phases of the project involving further tests and improvements and a
large scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove commercial
feasibility.
A larger system of several megawatts in size can be constructed to
transmit power to a distant site such as a construction site in need
of a large amount of electrical energy.
TIMETABLE
TASK |----------- FIRST YEAR ARO -----------|
MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Inventory existing |----|
hardware
Purchase Materials |---------------|
Design Improvements |---------------|
to coil
Replace burned wire |-----|
on coil
Replace bearings on |--|
break wheel
Tune Coil |--|
X-Ray Tube Design
Design |----------------|
Manufacture |-----------------------------------|
Test |--------------------|
Design Tower Discharge |--|
Mechanism
Build Tower Discharge |--|
Mechanism
Build ELF Detectors |------|
Arrange Monitoring
Stations
Resonate Schumann Cavity |-------------------|
Detect Resonance
NOTE: This timetable is projected based on one year of experience
with existing equipment. Some areas of effort involve pure research
rather than applied research. This is the case especially with the
X-Ray tube design.
FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
PHASE 1. FIRST YEAR MATERIAL $ 34.5K
TUNE TRANSMITTER LABOR 97.3K
BUILD X-RAY TUBES EXPENSES 18.2K
FACILITY 70.0K
TOTAL $220.0K
PHASE 2. SECOND YEAR MATERIALS $ 34.5K
DESIGN & LABOR 67.0K
BUILD EXPENSES 12.0K
RECEIVER
TOTAL $112.0K
PHASE 3. THIRD YEAR MATERIALS $ 10.0K
TEST SYSTEM LABOR 30.0K
IMPROVE DESIGN EXPENSES 90.0K
TOTAL $130.0K
PHASE 4. FORTH YEAR MATERIALS $ 500.0K
INDUSTRIAL LABOR 300.0K
PROTOTYPE EXPENSES 100.0K
TOTAL $ 900.0K
PROJECT TOTAL $1360.0K
FIRST YEAR BUDGET
Materials
Purchase of support equipment and hardware
a. Glass blowing and manufacturing equipment 1.0K
b. Power tools and hand tools 1.0K
c. Sulfur Hexaflouride and cylinder 1.0K
d. Wire, 5200 ft. of #6, 3,000 working volts 10.0K
e. 2 kw generator & 150 kw generator 6.5K
f. High voltage capacitors 2.0K
g. PC for record keeping/data acquisition 3.0K
h. Electronic instrumentation 2.0K
i. Vacuum Station support equipment 1.0K
Books, access to data bases 1.0K
Vehicle 6.0K
TOTAL 34.5K
Labor (Contract)
Design and hardware improvements to present system 40.0K
X-ray tube manufacture, custom design 30.0K
X-ray tube testing 10.0K
Electro-mechanical design and assembly 10.0K
Administrative/Bookkeeping 6.3K
Technical Review 1.0K
TOTAL 97.3K
Lab Facility TOTAL 220.0K
Operating expenses
Office supplies/computer supplies 1.2K
Office/Lab rent, remodel College
facilities for 2 year lease 9.2K
Fuel for generators 1.0K
Vehicle 1.0K
Insurance 1.0K
Phone 2.4K
Travel 2.4K
TOTAL 18.2K
PROJECT TOTAL $220.0K
SECOND YEAR BUDGET
Materials
Purchase of support equipment and hardware
a. High voltage, flexible wire 10.0K
b. Power semiconductors 1.0K
c. 3-phase motor speed controllers 5.0K
d. High voltage capacitors 5.0K
e. Aerial support equipment 10.0K
f. Data aquisition/Electronic hardware 2.0K
TOTAL 33.0K
Labor (Contract)
Unskilled 5.0K
Electrical Design 30.0K
Mechanical Design 30.0K
Administrative/Bookkeeping 2.0K
TOTAL 67.0K
Operating expenses
Office supplies 1.0K
Fuel for generators 1.0K
Vehicles 1.0K
Phone 1.0K
Symposium fund 5.0K
Travel 3.0K
TOTAL 12.0K
PROJECT TOTAL $ 112.0K
TESLA Inc, History and Objectives
TESLA Inc. is a nonprofit corporation. Incorporated on November
12th, 1987, TESLA Inc. was formed primarily to engage in innovative
research in the field of electromagnetics. The organization has
begun research with a study of the feasibility of the wireless
transmission of power. The goals and objectives of the organization
are as follows:
The purposes of this Corporation are: to increase awareness of and
to stimulate interest in new discoveries in the scientific arena,
particularly, electromagnetics and the wireless transmission of
electrical power, to promote the inventions, discoveries and theories
of Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1946); to organize meetings of interested
engineers, scientists and laymen; to provide various educational
scientific and historical materials; to publish annual results of
research for the public without preference to any individual or
organization; to retain ownership of any patents, copyrights,
processes or formulas resulting from research; and to promote and
engage in contracted and sponsored research in the area of
electromagnetism and the discoveries and theories of Nikola Tesla.
Research in the arena of wireless transmission of power will be known
as Project Tesla. This Corporation is organized and operated
exclusively for educational, research, and scientific purposes within
the meaning of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954
as amended.
Personnel
Mr. Toby Grotz, President, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years
experience in the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial
research and design. While working for the Geophysical Services
Division of Texas Instruments and at the University of Texas at
Dallas, Mr. Grotz was introduced to and worked with the geophysical
concepts which are of importance to the proposed project. As a
Senior Engineer at Martin Marietta, Mr. Grotz designed and supervised
the construction of industrial process control systems and designed
and built devices and equipment for use in research and development
and for testing space flight hardware. Mr. Grotz organized and
chaired the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986
International Tesla Symposium and was president of the International
Tesla Society, a not for profit corporation formed as a result the
first symposium. As Project Manager for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz
aided in the design and construction of a recreation of the equipment
Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission of power experiments in
1899 in Colorado Springs. Mr. Grotz received his B.S.E.E. from the
University of Connecticut in 1973.
Mr. James Sheppard, Secretary/Treasurer, is a technical writer for
Martin Marietta and has 5 years experience in the professional field
of writing. He earned his BA in English from North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakota in 1977. As a technical writer, Mr.
Sheppard has had experience with writing manuals for operating
various signal processing equipment, test procedures, and engineering
procedures for aerospace application, as well as assisting in
preparation of customer presentations and proposals. Mr. Sheppard
has also held the position as Secretary in a nonprofit corporation,
the International Tesla Society.
Mary Estill Buchanan, Director, is a management consultant and
writer. She is the former Secretary of State for Colorado and
remains active in political and national affairs. The first woman to
receive an M.B.A. with distinction from the Harvard Business School
in 1962, she also holds a B.A. in Chemistry from Wellesley College.
Gardner Robertson, Director, is a consultant to the mining industry
in the central Rocky Mountains. Mr. Robertson retired from the AMAX
Inc. molybdenum mine at Climax Colorado in 1976. As a Senior
Electrical Engineer Mr. Robertson supervised contracted electrical
construction both above and below ground. Mr. Robertson introduced
Project Tesla to AMAX management and acts as a liaison between the
project and local mine administration.
Dr. James F. Corum, Technical Director, was an Assistant Professor of
Electrical Engineering at West Virginia University and is now a
consultant for the broadcast industry working with CPG Communications
near Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Corum proved mathematically that the
experimental data Nikola Tesla recorded during his experiments in
Colorado Springs, in 1899, fit the equations for electromagnetic
propagation in the Schumann Cavity as developed and proven by
Schumann, Waite, and others. Dr. Corum has also proven
mathematically that it may be possible to resonate the Schumann
Cavity as described in this proposal.
APPENDIX