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History of Witchcraft (part 5)
It's with these beliefs and doctrines that I state that not only
was the doctrine, or teaching almost identical, but the
vocabulary was extensively the same.
Greek life was characterized by such things as democratic
institutions, seafaring, athletics theatre and philosophy. The
mystery religions adopted many expressions from these domains.
The word for their assembly was Ekklesia of the mystai. They
spoke of the voyage of life, the ship, the anchor and the port of
religion, and the wreath of the initiate. The Christians took
over the entire terminology, but had to twist many pagan words in
order to fit into the Christian world. The term Leitourgia
(meaning service of the state) became the ritual or liturgy of
the church. The decree of the assembly and the opinions of the
philosophers (dogma) became the fixed doctrine of Christianity.
The term for "the correct opinion" (orthe doxa) became orthodoxy.
The mysteries declined quickly when the emperor Constantine
raised Christianity to the status of the state religion. After a
short period of toleration, the pagan religions were prohibited.
The property of the pagan gods was confiscated, and the temples
were destroyed. The metal from which Constantine's gold pieces
were coined was taken from the pagan temple treasuries.
The main pagan "strong holds" were Rome and Alexandria. In Rome,
the old aristocracy clung to the mysteries and in Alexandria the
pagan Neoplatonist philosophers expounded the mystery doctrines.
In 394, the opposition of the Roman aristocracy was crushed in
the battle at the Frigidus River (modern stream of Vipacco, Italy
and stream of Vipava, Yugoslavia).
According to the Christian theologian Origen, Christianity's
development during the time of the Roman Empire was part of the
divine plan. The whole Mediterranean world was united by the
Romans, and the conditions for missionary work were more
favorable than ever before. He explains the similarities as
natural considering the cultures etc. The mystery religions and
Christianity had many features in common. Some examples of this
are found in their time of preparation prior to initiation, and
periods of fasting. Their were pilgrimages, and new names for
the new brethren. Few of the early Christian "congregations"
would be called orthodox according to later more modern
standards.
Though for many years, the pagan "churches" of this area tried to
bring about a unity among their "doctrines", beliefs, and
practices to raise support for their practices, the Christian
philosophies and doctrines were so organized and strong that this
fell as well. Little did they know that a couple hundred miles
away, peoples were still worshipping in pagan temples.
Let's take a look up north.
The worship of trees goes far back into the history of man. It
was not until Christianity converted the Lithuanians toward the
close of the 14th century that tree worship was thought to be in
the past. The truth is...whereas they are not worshiped, they
are still honored by society today in the burning of the Yule
log, May Day bon-fires, Kissing under the Mistletoe, and the ever
famous Christmas tree.
The worship of the oak tree or god appears to have been universal
by all branches of the Aryan stock in Europe. Both Greeks and
Italians associated the tree with their highest god, Zeus or
Jupiter, the divinity of the sky, the rain, and the thunder.
Possibly one of the oldest and most famous sanctuaries in Greece
was that of Dodona, where Zeus was revered in th oracular oak.
The thunderstorms which are said to rage at Dodona more
frequently than anywhere else in Europe, would render the spot a
fitting home for the god whose voice was heard alike in the
rustling of the oak leaves and in the crash of thunder.
Zeus of Greece, and Jupiter of Italy both were gods of thunder
and rain, and to both the oak tree were sacred.
To the Celts, or Druids, their worship was conducted in oak
groves. The Celtic conquerors, who settled in Asia in the third
century b.c., appear to have carried with them the worship of the
oak to their new home. In the heart of Asia Minor, the Galatian
senate met in a place which bore the Celtic name of Drynemetum,
"the sacred oak grove" or "the temple of the oak."
In Germany, we find that the veneration for sacred groves seems
to have held the foremost place. According to Grimm, the chief
of their holy trees was the oak. Again, here we find that it is
dedicated to the god of thunder, Donar or Thunar, the equivalent
of the Norse Thor. Among the Slavs, the oak tree was sacred to
the thunder god Perun. Among the Lithuanians, the oak tree was
sacred to Perkunas or Perkuns, the god of thunder and rain.
The Christmas tree, usually a balsam or douglas fir, was
decorated with lights and ornaments as a part of Christmas
festivities. The use of evergreen trees, wreaths, and garlands
as a symbol of eternal life was an old custom of the Egyptians,
Chinese, and Hebrews. Tree worship, common among the pagan
Europeans, survived after their conversion to Christianity in the
Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with
evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting
up a tree for the birds during Christmastime. It survived in the
custom observed in Germany, of placing a Yule tree inside the
house in the midwinter holidays.
The modern Christmas tree originated in Western Germany. The
main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir
tree hung with apples (the tree of Paradise) representing the
Garden of Eden. The Germans set up the Paradise tree in their
homes on December 24, the religious feast day of Adam and Eve.
They hung wafers on it (symbolizing the host, the Christian sigh
of redemption). In later tradition, the wafers were replaced by
cookies of various shapes. Candles were often added as the
symbol of Christ, though they were also a pagan symbol for the
light of the God.
As we can see, even though the pagan community has been trod
upon, it was never destroyed. The date of Christmas was
purposely fixed on December 25 to push into the background the
great festival of the sun god, and the Epiphany on January 5 to
supplant an Egyptian festival of the same day and the Easter
ceremonies were set to rival the pagan spring festival.
Let's take a look at a few of the holidays and compare.
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