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%!! Phreakers/Hackers/Anarchists !!%
X!! -++--++--++--++--++--++--++- !!X
%!! !!%
X!! THE COMPLETE INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO SPRINTNET AND !!X
%!! SIMILAR PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS !!%
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% X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X %
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%!! P/H/A - Written By Doctor Dissector On Sunday, April 22, 1990 - P/H/A !!%
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Part I: Disclaimer
------------------
The sole purpose of this document is to educate. Neither the author nor
the sponsor group (Phreakers/Hackers/Anarchists) will be held responsible
for the reader's actions before, during, and following exposure to this
document as well as the validity or accuracy of the information contained
within this document.
Part II: Introduction
---------------------
Packet switching networks can be said to be the most useful tool for both
the inexperienced and the experienced hack. When I first learned about
PSNs (SprintNet/Telenet in general), I discovered that there were not any
good "full length" introductions or guides to the use of these systems. In
effect, scrounging around for a small file here and another there was not
very productive in any sense. So, I decided to compile a "complete"
introduction and guide, as I know it, to the "world" of the packet switched
network. Enjoy!
Doctor Dissector - PHA
Part III: Table Of Contents
---------------------------
Part Description
----- -------------------------------------------------------------
I Disclaimer
II Introduction
III Table Of Contents
IV What Is A Packet Switched Network?
V Network Protocols
VI PAD Security
VII Connection To The SprintNet PAD
VIII X.121 International Address Format
IX Network User Identification
X Setting PAD ITI/X.3 Parameters
XI Disconnect Code Sequence
XII Misc Network Notes
XIII Appendix
XIV Conclusion And Closing Notes
XV Greets, Hellos, Etc....
Appendix Description
-------- -----------------------------------------------------------
A Hunt/Confirm Sequence Codes
B PAD Command Summary
C ITI/X.3 Parameter Summaries
D International DNIC/PSN List
E Overseas PSNs Which Accept Collect Calls
F Network Protocol List
G Glossary
Part IV: What Is A Packet Switched Network?
-------------------------------------------
A packet switched network can be accessed through any local POTS
dialup/port. Systems known as "hosts" on the PSN pay for connection to
the PSN depending on transmission speed and protocol type. PSNs offer
more efficient data transfer and less rates as compared to the typical
circuit switched call. Thus, to anyone who would be interested in
transferring large amounts of data over either the PSN or the circuit
system, the PSN would result in an increase of convenience due to the
reduction of data transmission error and cost.
Another feature of the PSN is the speed and data translation which
takes place between the PSN's PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler) and
the host. For example, one could connect to the PSN's PAD at 1200 bps
and the PAD could connect to the host system at 9600 bps and still
allow the user to receive error free transmission. This "flow control"
is done by the actual increase or decrease of the data packet between
the PAD and the user or the PAD and the host.
PSNs also have the ability to interconnect through special gateways
which might allow one user who dialed one PSN's PAD and then connected
to another PSN's PAD through a system which was accessible by the first.
Almost every PSN in the world can be accessed through gateways on one
PSN to another PSN, through subsequent gateways until the target PSN
is achived; of course, there are always exceptions, some private or
small data networks may not be reachable through gateways, these systems
can only be reached, usually, through direct dialins.
Some PSNs allow the caller to execute "collect calls" to host
systems which accept them, although the majority of the hosts on any
given PSN do not accept collect calls. To connect to a host system which
does not accept collect calls, one must possess a network user identifier
(NUI) or access to a private system on the PSN which accepts collect
calls and has the ability to access another PSN with its own identifier.
These will be discussed further into this document.
Part V: Network Protocols
-------------------------
The PSN utilizes several communications protocols similar to the
communications protocols used by typical asynchronous modems. However,
MOST PSNs utilize synchronous communications and the X type protocols
versus the typical modem's asynchronous V protocols. As a result, the
PAD of any PSN also serves as a synchronous/asynchronous translator
between the synchronous netowrk and the asynchronous modem.
Most PSNs offer network speeds from snail's pace baud rates of
300 bps (asynchronous) to the lightning of 48,000 bps (synchronous).
The most common data protocol used by PSNs today is the X.25 protocol,
thus if one were able to access a private PAD which offered support for
the X.25 protocol, one could access virtually any network user address
(NUA) from that PAD. SprintNet PADs support the X.25 protocol, so if
one had an NUI of sorts, one also could access any NUA from the SprintNet
PAD. See appendix F for a list of network protocols.
Part VI: PAD Security
---------------------
SprintNet PADs and most dialin PADs in general have no "immediate"
form of telephone security common within their systems. Plainly, SprintNet
and most PSN dialin PADs cannot trace on the fly, as they do not have
their own equiptment to trace incomming calls. HOWEVER, this does not
mean that they CANNOT trace; SprintNet can, and will, upon probable
cause, cooperate with the telco to trace calls. Notice that tracing
usually is premeditated and one-time abusers have a very slim chance
of being caught. Also note that most PAD activities are logged and if
abuse is suspected, the PSN owners would most likely suspect the abuser
as originating from the local area, since the POTS dialin/port is also
located in the same area.
Once online, security from "calling" hosts which do not accept collect
calls is enforced by the presence of the NUI. Without an NUI, one would
usually be stuck, only able to call systems accepting collect calls, sans
the use of another system's NUI.
There is one more aspect of seucurity worth mentioning. Whenever a
packet of data is sent to a host system, a header of data is sent stating
where the originating "call" is being placed by. Thus, if you were
connecting to "312312" from your local POTS dialin/port that owned an
address of "20231H," the system at 312312 would know the call was being
originated from 20231H. Once again, if someone were abusing any system on
the PSN and that system saved a log of the originating addresses accessing
that system, the owners of the abused system could easily determine which
POTS dialin/port number the abuser was using, and then inform the PSN
security of possible abuse in that dialin's local area. Because of this
ability to "trace" the originating address, there is one way to foil this.
One could connect to another PAD, and then, from that PAD connect to
the target system. Thus, the POTS dialin/port address will be sent to
the connected PAD, and the connected PAD would intercept the POTS address
and send the connected PAD's address to the target system instead of
the POTS address. SO, if the target system was abused and the owners
attempted to "trace" the originating address, they would receive the
address of the connected PAD. For example: you dial your local POTS
dialin/port which had an address of "71516G," log into another PAD at
"415100," connect from 415100 to "213213." The system at 213213 if
"traced" would find that you were originating from 415100, not 71516G.
See how it works? Good... Notice that the system 213213 would still
know that you were originating from 71516G, but the folks you were
genuinely abusing wouldn't know that!
Part VII: Connection To The SprintNet PAD
-----------------------------------------
The following procedure outlines the methods used to connect to
and through the SprintNet PAD.
Step Procedures Network/Operator Response
---- ---------- -------------------------
1 Turn on your terminal. Make sure
it's Online.
2 Dial your local SprintNet access
number.
3 For data sets Bell 103 & 113 type,
depress the DATA button.
4 Enter the hunt/confirm sequence <CR> <CR>
for your baud/parity type. For
E,7,1 1200/2400, type <CR> twice.
For hunt/confirm sequences, see
appendix A.
5 SprintNet will identify itself, TELENET
its port address, and then send 909 14B
a TERMINAL= prompt for terminal
identification. "D1" specifies TERMINAL=D1<CR>
dumb terminal.
6 NUI Input: After SprintNet gives
the "@" prompt, type "ID ;" and @ID ;ABCD<CR>
then your ID code, follwed by a PASSWORD=123456<CR>
<CR>. Then enter your password
followed by another <CR>. If you
don't have an NUI, you can always
access systems which allow collect
calls.
7 At the "@" prompt, you can enter @02341123456790<CR>
the network user address (NUA) of
the desired host. If, during the
connection attempt wish to abort
the attempt, a BREAK signal will
bring you back to the "@" prompt.
8 SprintNet will respond with a (address) CONNECTED
connection message, or an error
message.
9 To disconnect from your computer, (address) DISCONNECTED
log off as usual. SprintNet will
send a disconnect message. To
disconnect off of a system without
logging off, typing "<CR>@<CR>" will
bring you back to the "@" prompt.
Part VIII: X.121 International Address Format
---------------------------------------------
Most PSNs around the world follow the X.121 format for access to both
domestic and international hosts. SprintNet does not require some parts
of the format for domestic connection, which will be discussed below.
+----------------------------------------- Zero Handler For SprintNet
| (Formats The X.121 Address)
|
|
|
| +--------------------------------- Data Network Identifier
| | Code (DNIC)
| |
| |
| | +------------------------- Area Code of Host
| | |
| | |
| | | +--------------- DTE Address of Host
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | +-------- Port Address
| | | | |
| | | | |
|0| |DDDD| |AAA| |HHHHH| |PP|
|
+------- Optional 'Subaddress'
Field for Packet Mode
DTE
For a complete list of DNICs/PSNs according to country, please see
appendix D.
On SprintNet, a "0" MUST lead the NUA, although on other PSNs, this
may not be necessary.
On SprintNet, the DNIC is defaulted to 3110. Any host entered at the
"@" prompt, if domestic to Telenet/USA, will not require the input of
zero handler or the 3110 DNIC. For example:
Domestic X.121 SprintNet Int'l
---------- -------------- ---------------
2129966622 31102129966622 031102129966622
212869 311021200869 0311021200869
21244 311021200044 0311021200044
Part IX: Network User Identification
------------------------------------
Network user identifiers (NUIs) offer full SprintNet PAD use for
any distance or amount of time for any host accessible by the PAD in
question. Think of the NUI as a /<-/<00l Kode for calling long
distance. Any systems that you call are logged, and each call is charged.
At the end of the month, the owner of the NUI is billed. So, it is
possible to hack out NUIs and use them, but like k0dez, abuse kills.
NUIs can be entered into SprintNet in two ways. The first method is to
type "ID ;xxxx" where xxxx can be from 4-? charachters in length, both
alphabetic and numeric. Then, at the password prompt, enter a password.
The second method for entering an NUI is in conjunction to the NUA
you are accessing. The format is "<NUA>,<ID>,<PW>" where at the "@"
prompt you would type the desired NUA, followed by a comma, then your
ID followed by a comma, and then your password. Your password will not
be echoed.
Part X: Setting PAD ITI/X.3 Parameters
--------------------------------------
Online PAD parameter modification may be desired for certain
applications, connections, or data transfers. See appendix C for brief
summaries of these parameters. Modification of these parameters can be
done by the following procedure at the "@" prompt:
X.3 Parameters
--------------
To display current parameters: "PAR?<CR>"
The PAD will respond with: "PAR1:<VALUE>,2:<VALUE>,..."
To modify parameter(s): "SET? <PARM>:<VALUE>,<PARM>:<VALUE>,..."
The PAD will respond with: "PAR<PARM>:<VALUE>,..."
ITI Parameters
--------------
To display current parameters: "PAR? 0,<PARM>,<PARM>,..."
The PAD will respond with: "PAR<PARM>:<VALUE>,<PARM>:<VALUE>,..."
To modify parameter(s): "SET? 0:33,<PARM>:<VALUE>,<PARM>:<VALUE>,..."
The PAD will respond with: "PAR0:33,<PARM>:<VALUE>,..."
Part XI: Disconnect Code Sequence
---------------------------------
When disconnected off of any host on SprintNet, a disconnect coding
sequence with a string of data will be sent to your terminal. The
following is a translation format for the disconnect coding.
<NUA> DISCONNECTED AA BB TT:TT:TT:TT CCC DD
Where:
<NUA> is the NUA of the given host system.
AA is the clearing code.
BB is the diagnositc code.
TT:TT:TT:TT is the time spent on the host.
CCC is the number of frames received.
DD is the number of frames sent.
Part XII: Misc Network Notes
----------------------------
Just a few things one might want to know when using PSNs:
1) When using/abusing a private PAD, try to use it after business
hours, as the operators will not tend to discover your presence
as quickly.
2) When hacking or abusing ANY system on ANY PSN, if anything seems
different or suspicious, logoff, disconnect, or HANG-UP
IMMEDIATELY! Much better SAFE than SORRY!
3) For a complete and updated list of POTS dialin/ports, dial the
IN-WATS number at 1-800-546-1000 or 1-800-546-2000, type "MAIL,"
and for user name and password, enter "PHONES." You will be
diverted to the SprintNet dialing directory & a menu. From then on
you will have plenty of info about POTS dialins and port numbers.
4) For international information concerning SprintNet and other PSNs,
get to a SprintNet "@" prompt and type "MAIL." Then, for the user
name, enter "INTL/ASSOCIATES." For the password, type "INTL," and
you will be diverted to the international information menu.
5) For even more info on SprintNet and PCP, the NUA for the PCP
support BBS is 311090900631 (909631 domestic).
6) Some 2400 bps and 2400+ bps PADs have problems recognizing 8,N,1
connections. Sometimes they only allow E,7,1 transmissions.
Experimentation or inquiry may yeild results. SprintNet's customer
information line is at 1-800-336-0437, overseas is 1-703-689-6400.
7) PCP outdials and other outdial systems are abundant on the PSNs
throughout the world. If you have any NUAs to these or find any,
they utilize the typical Hayes AT command set, so they should be
easy to figure out. MOST of the time, they ONLY allow dialing of
local (to the oudial's area code) numbers, but some have been known
to allow interstate and even international calls. Experimentation,
again, is always necessary.
8) Domestically, the "AAA" (Area Code) portion of the NUA is usually
the same as the area code (NPA) of the same calling area. However,
some area codes are shared on the network and some non-existant
area codes such as 909, 223, 224 and others contain hosts.
9) On any PAD, the data transmission rates may be slowed, due to the
assembley/disassembley time, called packet delay. Depending on which
system, baud, and transfer protocol used, pad delay can differ from
almost none to noticable fractions of seconds. PCP oudials are
notorious for LLOONNGG pad delays....
Part XIII: Appendix
-------------------
Appendix A: Hunt/Confirm Sequence Codes
=======================================
Bits Stop Parity Modem Baud Duplex Sequence
---- ---- ------ ---------- ------ --------
7 1 EVEN 300-1200 FULL <CR><CR>
7 1 EVEN 300-1200 HALF <CR>;<CR>
7 1 EVEN 2400 FULL @<CR>
7 1 EVEN 2400 HALF @;<CR>
8 1 NONE 300-1200 FULL <CR>D<CR>
8 1 NONE 300-1200 HALF <CR>H<CR>
8 1 NONE 2400 FULL @D<CR>
8 1 NONE 2400 HALF @H<CR>
At BPS speeds 2400+, wait 1/2 a second BEFORE and AFTER the
"@" sign in the sequence above.
Appendix B: PAD Command Summary
===============================
The following is a list of commands usable from the "@" prompt on the
SprintNet PSN.
Command Description
----------- -------------------------------------------------------------
<NUA> Connects to the host specified by that NUA.
C <NUA> Connects to the host specified by that NUA.
STAT Displays the network port address (NUA of the port).
FULL Sets duplex to full.
HALF Sets duplex to half.
DTAPE Prepares the PSN for bulk file transfers.
CONT Continues the current connected session/connect attempt.
BYE Aborts connect attempt/disconnects from current session.
D Aborts connect attempt/disconnects from current session.
HANGUP Logs you off from the SprintNet PAD.
TERM <TERM> Changes the terminal specification to that of <TERM>.
MAIL Request connection to SprintNet Telemail.
TELEMAIL Request connection to SprintNet Telemail.
ID ;<ID> Enter NUI, <ID> is your ID. This is followed by a PASSWORD
prompt. Password will not be echoed.
TEST CHAR Test if you are receiving garbled output. If so, adjust
parity or data bits, and then try again. If errors persist,
be sure to complain to SprintNet customer service!
TEST ECHO Test if your input is being garbled by Telenet. Similar
otherwise as TEST CHAR.
Appendix C: ITI/X.3 Parameter Summaries
=======================================
Para- Para-
meter Description (Default Value) meter Description (Default Value)
----- --------------------------- ----- ---------------------------
1 Line feed Insertion (0) 31+ Interrupt Character (0)
2 Network Message Display (0) 32 Automatic Hang-up (0)
3 Echo (1) 33+ Flush Output (0)
4 Echo Mask (163) 34 Transmit on Timers (1)
5 Transmit Mask (2) 35 Idle Timer (80)
6* Buffer Size (0) 36 Interval Timer (0)
7* Command Mask (127) 37 Network Usage Display (0)
8* Command Mask (3) 38 Carriage Return PAD (Variable)
9 Carriage Return PAD (Fixed) 39 Padding Options (1)
10 Linefeed Padding 40 Insert on Break (0)
11 Tab Padding 41 PAD-Terminal Flow Control (0)
12 Line Width 42 PAD-Terminal XON Character (17)
13 Page Length (0) 43 PAD-Terminal XOFF Character (19)
14 Line Folding (1) 44* Generate Break (INV)
15 Page Wait (0) 45* APP on Break (0)
16 Interrupt on Break (0) 46 Input Unlock Option (0)
17 Break Code (0) 47 Input Unlock Timer (0)
18 NVT Options (0) 48 Input Unlock Character (0)
19 Initial Keyboard State (0) 49 Output Lock Option (2)
20 Half/Full Duplex 50 Output Lock Timer (10)
21 Real Character Code 51 Output Lock Option (0)
22 Printer Style 53* Break Options (0)
23 Terminal Type 54 Terminal-PAD Flow Control (0)
24 Permanent Terminal (0) 55 Terminal-PAD XON Character (17)
25 Manual or Auto Connect (0) 56 Terminal-PAD XOFF Character (19)
26 Rate 57 Connection Mode (2)
27 Delete Character (127) 58 Escape to Command Mode (1)
28 Cancel Character (24) 59* Flush Output on Break (0)
29 Display Character (18) 60 Delayed Echo
30+ Abort Output Character (0) 63 Eight-bit Transparency (1)
64+ Early ACK (0)
65 More-Data Bit Generation (3)
66 Defer Processing of User (0)
67 ESP Packetizing Option (0)
68 Escape Sequence Timer (0)
69 Escape Sequence Maximum Length (0)
70 Escape Sequence Initiator (0)
71 Parameter Reset on Disconnect (0)
Note: - All Telenet Parameters must follow the National Option Marker
(Parameter 0, value '21' Hex) in PAD Messages.
- Parameters marked with "*" should not be used.
- Parameters marked with "+" should be used with caution.
Appendix D: International DNIC/PSN List
=======================================
Note: This is not a complete list!
COUNTRY NETWORK DNIC
------- ------- ----
ALASKA ALASCOM 3135
ANTIGUA ANTIGUA 3443
ARGENTINA ARPAC 7220
ARGENTINA ARPAC 7222
AUSTRIA DATEX-P 2322
AUSTRIA RA 2329
AUSTRALIA AUSPAC 5052
AUSTRALIA MIDAS 5053
BAHAMAS BATELCO 3640
BAHRAIN IDAS 4263
BARBADOS IDAS 3423
BELGIUM DCS 2062
BELGIUM DCS-TELEX 2068
BELGIUM DCS-PSTN 2069
BERMUDA IPSD 3503
BRAZIL INTERDATA 7240
BRAZIL RENPAC 7241
BRAZIL RENPAC 7249
BRAZIL RENPAC 7248
CAMEROON CAMPAC 6242
CANADA DATAPAC 3020
CANADA GLOBEDAT 3025
CANADA CNCP 3028
CANADA TYMNET CANADA 3106
CAYMAN ISLANDS IDAS 3463
CHILE ENTEL 7302
CHILE ENTEL 3104
CHINA PTELCOM 4600
COLUMBIA DAPAQ 3107
COSTA RICA RACSADATOS 7120
COSTA RICA RACSAPAC 7122
COSTA RICA RACSAPAC 7128
COSTA RICA RACSAPAC 7129
COTE D'IVOIRE SYTRANPAC 6122
DENMARK DATAPAK 2382
DEMMARK DATAPAK 2383
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC UDTS 3700
EGYPT ARENTO 6020
FINLAND FINNPAK 2442
FRANCE TRANSPAC 2080
FRANCE N.T.I. 2081
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9330
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9331
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9332
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9333
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9334
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9335
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9336
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9337
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9338
FRANCE TRANSPAC 9339
FRENCH ANTILLES DOMPAC 3400
FRENCH GUYANA DOMPAC 7420
GABON GABONPAC 6282
GERMANY DATEX-P 2624
GREECE HELPAK 2022
GREENLAND DATAPAK 2901
GUAM LSDS-RCA 5350
GUATEMALA GUATEL 7040
HONDURAS HONDUTEL 7080
HONG KONG IDAS 4542
HONG KONG DATAPAK 4545
HUNGARY DATEXL 2160
HUNGARY DATEXL 2161
ICELAND ICEPAC 2740
INDONESIA SKDP 5101
IRELAND IPSS (EIRE) 2721
IRELAND EIREPAC 2724
ISRAEL ISRANET 4251
ITALY DARDO 2222
ITALY ITAPAC 2227
IVORY COAST SYTRANPAC 6122
JAMAICA JAMINTEL 3380
JAPAN DDX-P 4401
JAPAN VENUS-P 4408
JAPAN NISNET 4406
JAPAN NI+CI 4410
KUWAIT 4263
LEBANON SODETEL 4155
LUXEMBOURG LUXPAC 2704
LUXEMBOURG PSTN 2709
MALAYSIA MAYPAC 5021
MAURITIUS MAURIDATA 6170
MEXICO TELEPAC 3340
NETHERLANDS DATANET-1 2040
NETHERLANDS DATANET-1 2041
NETHERLANDS DABAS 2044
NETHERLANDS DATANET 2049
NETHERLANDS/ANTILLES UDTS ITT 3620
NETHERLANDS/MARIANAS PCINET 5351
NEW CALEDONIA TOMPAC NC 5460
NEW ZEALAND PACNET 5301
NORWAY DATAPAK 2422
PANAMA INTELPAQ 7141
PANAMA INTELPAQ 7142
PHILIPPINES CAPWIRE 5151
PHILIPPINES PHILCOM RCA 5152
PHILIPPINES GMCR 5154
PHILIPPINES ETPI-2 5156
POLYNESIA TOMPAC 5470
PORTUGAL TELEPAC 2680
PORTUGAL SABD 2682
PUERTO RICO UDTS- PDIA 3301
PUERTO RICO UDTS- I 3300
QATAR DOHPAC 4271
REUNION ISLAND DOMPAC 6470
SAN MARINO X-NET 2922
SAUDI ARABIA BAHNET 4263
SINGAPORE TELEPAC 5252
SINGAPORE TELEPAC 5258
SOUTH AFRICA SAPONET 6550
SOUTH AFRICA SAPONET 6559
SOUTH KOREA DACOM-NET 4501
SOUTH KOREA DNS 4503
SPAIN TIDA 2141
SPAIN IBERPAK 2145
SWEDEN TELEPAK 2405
SWEDEN DATAPAK 2402
SWITZERLAND TELEPAC 2284
SWITZERLAND DATALINK 2289
TAHITI TOMPAC 5470
TAIWAN UDAS 4877
TAIWAN PACNET 4872
THAILAND IDAR 5200
TORTOLA 3483
TRINIDAD TEXTET 3740
TRINIDAD DATANETT 3745
TUNISIA RED25 6050
TURKEY TURPAC 2862
TURKS BWI 3763
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES EMDAN 4241
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES TELEX 4243
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES TEDAS 4310
UNITED KINGDOM IPSS 2341
UNITED KINGDOM PSS 2342
UNITED KINGDOM MPDS MERCURY 2350
UNITED KINGDOM PSS MERCURY 2352
U.S.S.R. IASNET 2502
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TELENET 3110
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TYMNET 3106
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS UDTS-PDIA 3300
URUGUAY 7482
ZIMBABWE ZIMNET 6482
Appendix E: Overseas PSNs Which Accept Collect Calls
====================================================
COUNTRY NETWORK
------- -------
ALASKA ALASCOM
CANADA DATAPAC
CHILE ECOM
COSTA RICA RACSA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC CODETEL
HAWAII TELENET
ISRAEL ISRANET
MEXICO TELEPAC-SCT
PANAMA INTEL
PHILIPPINES ETPI
PUERTO RICO PRTC
Appendix F: Network Protocol List
=================================
Protocol Speed/bps Type
-------- --------- ------------
V.21 300 Asynchronous
V.22 1200 Asynchronous
V.23 1200/75 Asynchronous
V.xx 2400 Asynchronous
X.25 300-48000 Synchronous
X.28 300-19200 Asynchronous
X.29 300-19200 Synchronous
X.3 300-19200 Synchronous
X.32 24000 Synchronous
X.75 300-19200 Synchronous
Telex 50 Asynchronous
Appendix G: Glossary
====================
The following is a list of acronyms and terms which are often refered
to in this document and others dealing with this subject.
ACP - Adapter/Concentrator of Packets.
Area Code - The first three digits following the DNIC of any given NUA.
For example, the NUA 311031200324 has an area code of 312. Domestically,
the area code of the NUA may or may not correspond to the same NPA of
the area code, but this is not always the case.
Close User Group - A type of high security NUI in use on several PSNs
throughout the world. CUG users can access optional parameters
and NUAs blocked out by security.
CUG - Close User Group.
Data Country Code - The first three digits in the four digits of any
given DNIC.
Data Network Identifier Code - The four digits which come before the
area code/address/port address of any given NUA. The DNIC shows
which PSN any given host is based upon. The DNIC can also be broken
down into two parts, the DCC and the NC. For more information, see
part VIII.
DCC - Data Country Code.
Destination Paid Call - A collect call to a NUA which accepts collect charges.
DNIC - Data Network Identifier Code.
DTE - Data Terminal Equipment.
DTE Address - The five digits following the area code of the host on any
given NUA. For example, the NUA 234112345678 has a DTE address of
45678.
Gateway - A host on a given PSN which is connecte both the the originating
PSN and one or more different or same PSNs. Gateways also allow one user
on one PSN the ability to move to another PSN and operate on the second
as if the first was not interfering.
Host - Any system accessible by NUA on the PSN.
Hunt/Confirm Sequence - String of charachters sent to the SprintNet POTS
dialin/port which allows SprintNet to determine the speed and data type
to translate to on its PAD.
ITI Parameters - Online PAD parameters (X.3 or ITI) which allow the user
to modify existing physical measurements of packet length and otherwise.
LAN - Local Area Network.
Local Area Network - A data network which operates within the confines
of an office building or other physical structure where several
computers are linked together into a network in order to share data,
hardware, resources, etc. These may or may not own a host address on
any data network, and if so, may be accessed via NUA; otherwise
direct dialin is the only alternative.
NC - Network Code.
NCP - Nodes of Communication of Packets.
Network Code - The fourth digit of any given PSN's DNIC.
Network Protcol - The hardware protocol which allows the host systems to
communicate efficiently with the PSN it is connected to. Generally,
synchronous protcols (X.??) are used within the network and
asynchronous protcols (V.??) are used to access the network, but
asynchronous protcools within the network and/or synchronous dialin
points are not unheard of. The standard protocol for packet transfer
today is the X.25 synchronous data protcol. For detailed information,
please see part V and appendix F.
Network User Address - The address of any given host system on any
PSN. This address is thought of as a "phone number" which is dialed
to access the desired host. For detailed information on the X.121
format for the NUA, see part VIII.
Network User Identifier - The ID and password which allow the user
which has logged onto the PSN's PAD to originate calls to host systems
which do not accept collect calls. it is often thought of as a "k0de"
or a calling card which will be billed for at the end of every month.
NUA - Network User Address.
NUI - Network User Identifier.
Outdial - Any system which allows local, national, or international
dialing from the host system. PC-Pursuit can be defined as a local
outdial system. Most outdials operate using the Hayes AT command set
and others may be menu oriented.
Packet Assembler/Disassembler - The device/host which translates the
actual input/output between the host and the user. The PAD often
translates between baud rates, parities, data bits, stop bits,
hardware protocols, and other hardware dependant data which reduces
the hassle of continual modification of terminal and hardware
parameters local to the originating terminal.
Packet Switched Network - A network based upon the principle of packet
switching, which is the input/output of packets to and from the PAD
which translates input and output between the user and the host.
For detailed information, please see part IV.
Packet Switched System - Another name for the PSN.
Packet SwitchStream - The PSN used by British Telecom.
PAD Delay - The extra time that is used to translate incomming and
outgoing packets of data which is composed of a continous stream of
clear-to-send and ready-to-send signals. PAD delay can vary depending
on the type of network protocol and network/port speed is being
used.
PAD - Packet Assembler/Disassembler (technical), Public Access Device
(customer service description).
PDN - Public Data Network or Private Data Network.
Port Address - The two optional digits at the end of any given NUA which
allow the PAD/PSN to access a given port. For example, 031102129922255
would reach the nua 311021299222.55, .55 being the port address.
Private Data Network - Any network (LAN/WAN/PSN) which is owned and
operated by a private company. Private networks are usually smaller
than public networks and may host a myriad of features such as
gateways to other public/private networks, servers, or outdials.
PSN - Packet Switched Network.
PSS - Packet SwitchStream or Packet Switched System.
Public Data Network - Another name for the PSN.
Server - A type of network which is connected to a host system which can
be reached either via NUA or direct dial which provides the "brain"
for a LAN or WAN.
SprintNet - The new name for Telenet. A PSN which is based in the United
States and allows destination paid calls to originate from an un-
identified customer. The DNIC for SprintNet is 3110.
Telenet - The old name for SprintNet. This name change occured in 1990.
V.?? - Asynchronous network protocol.
WAN - Wide Area Network.
Wide Area Network - A data network which operates on a continuous link
basis as opposed to the packet switched basis. These do not operate
on the X.25 protocol and may only be accessed via direct-dial or
a host on a PSN which is linked with the WAN.
X.?? - Generally symbolizes some type of synchronous network protocol.
X.121 - International Host Address Format for PSNs. See Part VIII for
detailed information.
X.25 - By far the most widely used and standardized network/data protcol
used within the PSN system to connect hosts to the PSN.
Zero Handler - The preceding zero before any given international NUA
when "dialed" from within SprintNet. For example, the NUA 262412345678
would be typed as "0262412345678" from the SprintNet PAD. Most PAD
systems around the world do not require this handler.
Part XIV: Conclusion And Closing Comments
-----------------------------------------
Well, enough typing at last. I hope you enjoyed the file, since it
appears to cover most areas of the PSN domain sans private networks
to a full extent. Hopefully, this file has opened or helped you understand
the packet switched networks in today's telecommunication world and
will aid you in your quest for knowledge etc etc....
Doctor Dissector - PHA
% X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X %
X**=======================================================================**X
%!! (c)Copyright 1990, By Doctor Dissector & Phreakers/Hackers/Anarchists !!%
X**=======================================================================**X
% X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X % X %
--
--
=-GRAHAM-JOHN BULLERS=-=AB756@FREENET.TORONTO.ON.CA=-=ALT.2600.MODERATED-=
Lord grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change.The courage
to change the things I can.And the wisdom to hide the bodies of the people
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=I had to kill because they pissed me off=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=