💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc9322.txt captured on 2023-06-14 at 14:16:30.
⬅️ Previous capture (2023-01-29)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Mizrahi
Request for Comments: 9322 Huawei
Category: Standards Track F. Brockners
ISSN: 2070-1721 Cisco
S. Bhandari
Thoughtspot
B. Gafni
Nvidia
M. Spiegel
Barefoot Networks
November 2022
In Situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM) Loopback and
Active Flags
Abstract
In situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM) collects
operational and telemetry information in packets while they traverse
a path between two points in the network. This document defines two
new flags in the IOAM Trace Option headers, specifically the Loopback
and Active flags.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9322.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Conventions
2.1. Requirements Language
2.2. Terminology
3. New IOAM Trace Option Flags
4. Loopback in IOAM
4.1. Loopback: Encapsulating Node Functionality
4.1.1. Loopback Packet Selection
4.2. Receiving and Processing Loopback
4.3. Loopback on the Return Path
4.4. Terminating a Looped-Back Packet
5. Active Measurement with IOAM
6. IANA Considerations
7. Performance Considerations
8. Security Considerations
9. References
9.1. Normative References
9.2. Informative References
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
IOAM [RFC9197] is used for monitoring traffic in the network by
incorporating IOAM data fields into in-flight data packets.
IOAM data may be represented in one of four possible IOAM options:
Pre-allocated Trace, Incremental Trace, Proof of Transit (POT), and
Edge-to-Edge. This document defines two new flags in the Pre-
allocated and Incremental Trace options: the Loopback and Active
flags.
The Loopback flag is used to request that each transit device along
the path loops back a truncated copy of the data packet to the
sender. The Active flag indicates that a packet is used for active
measurement. The term "active measurement" in the context of this
document is as defined in [RFC7799].
2. Conventions
2.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2.2. Terminology
Abbreviations used in this document:
IOAM: In situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
OAM: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance [RFC6291]
3. New IOAM Trace Option Flags
This document defines two new flags in the Pre-allocated and
Incremental Trace options:
Bit 1 "Loopback" (L-bit): When set, the Loopback flag triggers the
sending of a copy of a packet back towards the source, as further
described in Section 4.
Bit 2 "Active" (A-bit): When set, the Active flag indicates that a
packet is an active measurement packet rather than a data packet,
where "active" is used in the sense defined in [RFC7799]. The
packet may be an IOAM probe packet or a replicated data packet
(the second and third use cases of Section 5).
4. Loopback in IOAM
The Loopback flag is used to request that each transit device along
the path loops back a truncated copy of the data packet to the
sender. Loopback allows an IOAM encapsulating node to trace the path
to a given destination and to receive per-hop data about both the
forward and return paths. Loopback is intended to provide an
accelerated alternative to Traceroute that allows the encapsulating
node to receive responses from multiple transit nodes along the path
in less than one round-trip time (RTT) and by sending a single
packet.
As illustrated in Figure 1, an IOAM encapsulating node can push an
IOAM encapsulation that includes the Loopback flag onto some or all
of the packets it forwards using one of the IOAM encapsulation types,
e.g., [IOAM-NSH] or [IOAM-IPV6-OPTIONS]. The IOAM transit node and
the decapsulating node both create copies of the packet and loop them
back to the encapsulating node. The decapsulating node also
terminates the IOAM encapsulation and then forwards the packet
towards the destination. The two IOAM looped-back copies are
terminated by the encapsulating node.
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| | | IOAM |.....| IOAM |.....| IOAM | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
Source Encapsulating Transit Decapsulating Destination
Node Node Node
<------------ IOAM-Domain ----------->
IOAM encap. with Loopback flag
Data packet ------->============================>----------->
| |
IOAM looped back | |
<=============+ |
IOAM looped back|
<===========================+
Figure 1: Loopback in IOAM
Loopback can be used only if a return path from transit nodes and
destination nodes towards the source (encapsulating node) exists.
Specifically, loopback is only applicable in encapsulations in which
the identity of the encapsulating node is available in the
encapsulation header. If an encapsulating node receives a looped-
back packet that was not originated from the current encapsulating
node, the packet is dropped.
4.1. Loopback: Encapsulating Node Functionality
The encapsulating node either generates synthetic packets with an
IOAM trace option that has the Loopback flag set or sets the Loopback
flag in a subset of the in-transit data packets. Loopback is used
either proactively or on-demand, i.e., when a failure is detected.
The encapsulating node also needs to ensure that sufficient space is
available in the IOAM header for loopback operation, which includes
transit nodes adding trace data on the original path and again on the
return path.
An IOAM trace option that has the Loopback flag set MUST have the
value '1' in the most significant bit of IOAM-Trace-Type and '0' in
the rest of the bits of IOAM-Trace-Type. Thus, every transit node
that processes this trace option only adds a single data field, which
is the Hop_Lim and node_id data field. A transit node that receives
a packet with an IOAM trace option that has the Loopback flag set and
the IOAM-Trace-Type is not equal to '1' in the most significant bit
and '0' in the rest of the bits MUST NOT loop back a copy of the
packet. The reason for allowing only a single data field per hop is
to minimize the impact of amplification attacks.
IOAM encapsulating nodes MUST NOT push an IOAM encapsulation with the
Loopback flag onto data packets that already include an IOAM
encapsulation. This requirement is intended to prevent IOAM Loopback
nesting where looped-back packets may be subject to loopback in a
nested IOAM-Domain.
4.1.1. Loopback Packet Selection
If an IOAM encapsulating node incorporates the Loopback flag into all
the traffic it forwards, it may lead to an excessive amount of looped
back packets, which may overload the network and the encapsulating
node. Therefore, an IOAM encapsulating node that supports the
Loopback flag MUST support the ability to incorporate the Loopback
flag selectively into a subset of the packets that are forwarded by
it.
Various methods of packet selection and sampling have been previously
defined, such as [RFC7014] and [RFC5475]. Similar techniques can be
applied by an IOAM encapsulating node to apply loopback to a subset
of the forwarded traffic.
The subset of traffic that is forwarded or transmitted with a
Loopback flag SHOULD NOT exceed 1/N of the interface capacity on any
of the IOAM encapsulating node's interfaces. This requirement
applies to the total traffic that incorporates a Loopback flag,
including traffic that is forwarded by the IOAM encapsulating node
and probe packets that are generated by the IOAM encapsulating node.
In this context, N is a parameter that can be configurable by network
operators. If there is an upper bound, M, on the number of IOAM
transit nodes in any path in the network, then configuring N such
that N >> M (i.e., N is much greater than M) is RECOMMENDED. The
rationale is that a packet that includes the Loopback flag triggers a
looped-back packet from each IOAM transit node along the path for a
total of M looped-back packets. Thus, if N >> M, then the number of
looped-back packets is significantly lower than the number of data
packets forwarded by the IOAM encapsulating node. It is RECOMMENDED
that the default value of N satisfies N>100 to be used in the absence
of explicit operator configuration or if there is no prior knowledge
about the network topology or size.
An IOAM-Domain in which the Loopback flag is used MUST be configured
such that there is expected to be a return path from each of the IOAM
transit and IOAM decapsulating nodes; if this expectation does not
apply, or if the encapsulating node's identity is not available in
the encapsulation header, then configuration MUST NOT enable the
Loopback flag to be set.
4.2. Receiving and Processing Loopback
A Loopback flag that is set indicates to the transit nodes processing
this option that they are to create a copy of the received packet and
send the copy back to the source of the packet. In this context, the
source is the IOAM encapsulating node and it is assumed that the
source address is available in the encapsulation header. Thus, the
source address of the original packet is used as the destination
address in the copied packet. If IOAM is used over an encapsulation
that does not include the address of the encapsulating node, then the
transit/decapsulating node does not loop back a copy of the original
packet. The address of the node performing the copy operation is
used as the source address; the specific method of source address
assignment is encapsulation specific, e.g., if an IPv6 encapsulation
is used, then the source address can be assigned as specified in
[RFC6724]. The copy is also truncated, i.e., any payload that
resides after the IOAM option(s) is removed before transmitting the
looped-back packet back towards the encapsulating node. Creating the
copy that is looped back, and specifically the truncation, may
require some encapsulation-specific updates in the encapsulation
header. The original packet continues towards its destination. The
L-bit MUST be cleared in the copy of the packet that a node sends
back towards the source.
An IOAM node that supports the reception and processing of the
Loopback flag MUST support the ability to limit the rate of the
looped-back packets. The rate of looped-back packets SHOULD be
limited so that the number of looped-back packets is significantly
lower than the number of packets that are forwarded by the device.
The looped-back data rate SHOULD NOT exceed 1/N of the interface
capacity on any of the IOAM node's interfaces. Using N>100 is
RECOMMENDED. Depending on the IOAM node's architecture
considerations, the loopback response rate may be limited to a lower
number in order to avoid overloading the IOAM node.
4.3. Loopback on the Return Path
On its way back towards the source, the copied packet is processed
like any other packet with IOAM information, including adding
requested data at each transit node (assuming there is sufficient
space).
4.4. Terminating a Looped-Back Packet
Once the return packet reaches the IOAM-Domain boundary, IOAM
decapsulation occurs as with any other packet containing IOAM
information. Note that the looped-back packet does not have the
L-bit set. The IOAM encapsulating node that initiated the original
loopback packet recognizes a received packet as an IOAM looped-back
packet by checking the Node ID in the Hop_Lim/node_id field that
corresponds to the first hop. If the Node ID and IOAM-Namespace
match the current IOAM node, it indicates that this is a looped-back
packet that was initiated by the current IOAM node and processed
accordingly. If there is no match in the Node ID, the packet is
processed like a conventional IOAM-encapsulated packet.
Note that an IOAM encapsulating node may be either an endpoint (such
as an IPv6 host) or a switch/router that pushes a tunnel
encapsulation onto data packets. In both cases, the functionality
that was described above avoids IOAM data leaks from the IOAM-Domain.
Specifically, if an IOAM looped-back packet reaches an IOAM boundary
node that is not the IOAM node that initiated the loopback, the node
does not process the packet as a loopback; the IOAM encapsulation is
removed, preventing IOAM information from leaking out from the IOAM-
Domain. Since the packet does not have any payload, it is
terminated.
5. Active Measurement with IOAM
Active measurement methods [RFC7799] make use of synthetically
generated packets in order to facilitate measurement. This section
presents use cases of active measurement using the IOAM Active flag.
The Active flag indicates that a packet is used for active
measurement. An IOAM decapsulating node that receives a packet with
the Active flag set in one of its Trace options must terminate the
packet. The Active flag is intended to simplify the implementation
of decapsulating nodes by indicating that the packet should not be
forwarded further. It is not intended as a replacement for existing
active OAM protocols, which may run in higher layers and make use of
the Active flag.
An example of an IOAM deployment scenario is illustrated in Figure 2.
The figure depicts two endpoints: a source and a destination. The
data traffic from the source to the destination is forwarded through
a set of network devices, including an IOAM encapsulating node (which
incorporates one or more IOAM options), a decapsulating node (which
removes the IOAM options), and optionally one or more transit nodes.
The IOAM options are encapsulated in one of the IOAM encapsulation
types, e.g., [IOAM-NSH] or [IOAM-IPV6-OPTIONS].
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| | | IOAM |.....| IOAM |.....| IOAM | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |<===>| L2/L3 |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
Source Encapsulating Transit Decapsulating Destination
Node Node Node
<------------ IOAM-Domain ----------->
Figure 2: Network Using IOAM
This document focuses on three possible use cases of active
measurement using IOAM. These use cases are described using the
example of Figure 2.
Endpoint active measurement:
synthetic probe packets are sent between the source and
destination, traversing the IOAM-Domain. Since the probe packets
are sent between the endpoints, these packets are treated as data
packets by the IOAM-Domain and do not require special treatment at
the IOAM layer. Specifically, the Active flag is not used in this
case and the IOAM layer does not need to be aware that an active
measurement mechanism is used at a higher layer.
IOAM active measurement using probe packets within the IOAM-
Domain:
probe packets are generated and transmitted by the IOAM
encapsulating node and are expected to be terminated by the
decapsulating node. IOAM data related to probe packets may be
exported by one or more nodes along its path by an exporting
protocol that is outside the scope of this document (e.g.,
[IOAM-RAWEXPORT]). Probe packets include a Trace Option that has
its Active flag set, indicating that the decapsulating node must
terminate them. The specification of these probe packets and the
processing of these packets by the encapsulating and decapsulating
nodes is outside the scope of this document.
IOAM active measurement using replicated data packets:
probe packets are created by the encapsulating node by selecting
some or all of the en route data packets and replicating them. A
selected data packet and its (possibly truncated) copy is
forwarded with one or more IOAM options while the original packet
is forwarded normally without IOAM options. To the extent
possible, the original data packet and its replica are forwarded
through the same path. The replica includes a Trace Option that
has its Active flag set, indicating that the decapsulating node
should terminate it. The current document defines the role of the
Active flag in allowing the decapsulating node to terminate the
packet, but the replication functionality and the functionality of
the decapsulating node in this context is outside the scope of
this document.
If the volume of traffic that incorporates the Active flag is large,
it may overload the network and the IOAM node(s) that process the
active measurement packet. Thus, the rate of the traffic that
includes the Active flag SHOULD NOT exceed 1/N of the interface
capacity on any of the IOAM node's interfaces. Using N>100 is
RECOMMENDED. Depending on the IOAM node's architecture
considerations, the rate of Active-enabled IOAM packets may be
limited to a lower number in order to avoid overloading the IOAM
node.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA has allocated the following bits in the "IOAM Trace-Flags"
registry as follows:
Bit 1 "Loopback" (L-bit)
Bit 2 "Active" (A-bit)
This document is specified as the "Reference" in the registry for
both bits.
Note that bit 0 is the most significant bit in the "IOAM Trace-Flags"
registry. This bit was allocated by [RFC9197] as the 'Overflow' bit.
7. Performance Considerations
Each of the flags that are defined in this document may have
performance implications. When using the loopback mechanism, a copy
of the data packet is sent back to the sender (thus, generating more
traffic than originally sent by the endpoints). Using active
measurement with the Active flag requires the use of synthetic
(overhead) traffic.
Each of the mechanisms that use the flags above has a cost in terms
of the network bandwidth and may potentially load the node that
analyzes the data. Therefore, it MUST be possible to use each of the
mechanisms on a subset of the data traffic; an encapsulating node
needs to be able to set the Loopback and Active flags selectively in
a way that considers the effect on the network performance, as
further discussed in Sections 4.1.1 and 5.
Transit and decapsulating nodes that support loopback need to be able
to limit the looped-back packets (as discussed in Section 4.2) so as
to ensure that the mechanisms are used at a rate that does not
significantly affect the network bandwidth and does not overload the
source node in the case of loopback.
8. Security Considerations
The security considerations of IOAM in general are discussed in
[RFC9197]. Specifically, an attacker may try to use the
functionality that is defined in this document to attack the network.
IOAM is assumed to be deployed in a restricted administrative domain,
thus limiting the scope of the threats above and their effect. This
is a fundamental assumption with respect to the security aspects of
IOAM as further discussed in [RFC9197]. However, even given this
limited scope, security threats should still be considered and
mitigated. Specifically, an attacker may attempt to overload network
devices by injecting synthetic packets that include an IOAM Trace
Option with one or more of the flags defined in this document.
Similarly, an on-path attacker may maliciously set one or more of the
flags of transit packets.
Loopback flag:
an attacker that sets this flag, either in synthetic packets or
transit packets, can potentially cause an amplification since each
device along the path creates a copy of the data packet and sends
it back to the source. The attacker can potentially leverage the
Loopback flag for a DDoS attack as multiple devices send looped-
back copies of a packet to a single victim.
Active flag:
the impact of synthetic packets with the Active flag is no worse
than synthetic data packets in which the Active flag is not set.
By setting the Active flag in en route packets, an attacker can
prevent these packets from reaching their destination since the
packet is terminated by the decapsulating device. However, note
that an on-path attacker may achieve the same goal by changing the
destination address of a packet. Another potential threat is
amplification; if an attacker causes transit switches to replicate
more packets than they are intended to replicate (either by
setting the Active flag or by sending synthetic packets), then
traffic is amplified, causing bandwidth degradation. As mentioned
in Section 5, the specification of the replication mechanism is
not within the scope of this document. A specification that
defines the replication functionality should also address the
security aspects of this mechanism.
Some of the security threats that were discussed in this document may
be worse in a wide area network in which there are nested IOAM-
Domains. For example, if there are two nested IOAM-Domains that use
loopback, then a looped-back copy in the outer IOAM-Domain may be
forwarded through another (inner) IOAM-Domain and may be subject to
loopback in that (inner) IOAM-Domain, causing the amplification to be
worse than in the conventional case.
In order to mitigate the performance-related attacks described in
Section 7, it should be possible for IOAM-enabled devices to
selectively apply the mechanisms that use the flags defined in this
document to a subset of the traffic and to limit the performance of
synthetically generated packets to a configurable rate.
Specifically, IOAM nodes should be able to:
* Limit the rate of IOAM packets with the Loopback flag (IOAM
encapsulating nodes) as discussed in Section 4.1.1.
* Limit the rate of looped back packets (IOAM transit and
decapsulating nodes) as discussed in Section 4.2.
* Limit the rate of IOAM packets with the Active flag (IOAM
encapsulating nodes) as discussed in Section 5.
As defined in Section 4, transit nodes that process a packet with the
Loopback flag only add a single data field and truncate any payload
that follows the IOAM option(s), thus significantly limiting the
possible impact of an amplification attack.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC9197] Brockners, F., Ed., Bhandari, S., Ed., and T. Mizrahi,
Ed., "Data Fields for In Situ Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (IOAM)", RFC 9197, DOI 10.17487/RFC9197,
May 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9197>.
9.2. Informative References
[IOAM-IPV6-OPTIONS]
Bhandari, S., Ed. and F. Brockners, Ed., "In-situ OAM IPv6
Options", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
ippm-ioam-ipv6-options-09, 11 October 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-ippm-
ioam-ipv6-options-09>.
[IOAM-NSH] Brockners, F., Ed. and S. Bhandari, Ed., "Network Service
Header (NSH) Encapsulation for In-situ OAM (IOAM) Data",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-sfc-ioam-nsh-
11, 30 September 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sfc-
ioam-nsh-11>.
[IOAM-RAWEXPORT]
Spiegel, M., Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and R.
Sivakolundu, "In-situ OAM raw data export with IPFIX",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-spiegel-ippm-ioam-
rawexport-06, 21 February 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-spiegel-ippm-
ioam-rawexport-06>.
[RFC5475] Zseby, T., Molina, M., Duffield, N., Niccolini, S., and F.
Raspall, "Sampling and Filtering Techniques for IP Packet
Selection", RFC 5475, DOI 10.17487/RFC5475, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5475>.
[RFC6291] Andersson, L., van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu,
D., and S. Mansfield, "Guidelines for the Use of the "OAM"
Acronym in the IETF", BCP 161, RFC 6291,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6291, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6291>.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.
[RFC7014] D'Antonio, S., Zseby, T., Henke, C., and L. Peluso, "Flow
Selection Techniques", RFC 7014, DOI 10.17487/RFC7014,
September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7014>.
[RFC7799] Morton, A., "Active and Passive Metrics and Methods (with
Hybrid Types In-Between)", RFC 7799, DOI 10.17487/RFC7799,
May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7799>.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Martin Duke, Tommy Pauly, Donald Eastlake, Paul
Kyzivat, Bernard Aboba, Greg Mirsky, and other members of the IPPM
working group for many helpful comments.
Contributors
The Editors would like to recognize the contributions of the
following individuals to this document.
Ramesh Sivakolundu
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Dr.
San Jose, CA 95134
United States of America
Email: sramesh@cisco.com
Carlos Pignataro
Cisco Systems, Inc.
7200-11 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
United States of America
Email: cpignata@cisco.com
Aviv Kfir
Nvidia
Email: avivk@nvidia.com
Jennifer Lemon
Broadcom
270 Innovation Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
United States of America
Email: jennifer.lemon@broadcom.com
Authors' Addresses
Tal Mizrahi
Huawei
Israel
Email: tal.mizrahi.phd@gmail.com
Frank Brockners
Cisco Systems, Inc.
3rd Floor
Hansaallee 249
40549 Duesseldorf
Germany
Email: fbrockne@cisco.com
Shwetha Bhandari
Thoughtspot
3rd Floor
Indiqube Orion
Garden Layout
HSR Layout
24th Main Rd
Bangalore 560 102
Karnataka
India
Email: shwetha.bhandari@thoughtspot.com
Barak Gafni
Nvidia
Suite 100
350 Oakmead Parkway
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
United States of America
Email: gbarak@nvidia.com
Mickey Spiegel
Barefoot Networks, an Intel company
4750 Patrick Henry Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95054
United States of America
Email: mickey.spiegel@intel.com