💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc7012.txt captured on 2023-06-14 at 15:45:05.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-11-30)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Claise, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7012 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Obsoletes: 5102 B. Trammell, Ed.
Category: Standards Track ETH Zurich
ISSN: 2070-1721 September 2013
Information Model for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Abstract
This document defines the data types and management policy for the
information model for the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
protocol. This information model is maintained as the IANA "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry, the initial contents of which were
defined by RFC 5102. This information model is used by the IPFIX
protocol for encoding measured traffic information and information
related to the traffic Observation Point, the traffic Metering
Process, and the Exporting Process. Although this model was
developed for the IPFIX protocol, it is defined in an open way that
allows it to be easily used in other protocols, interfaces, and
applications. This document obsoletes RFC 5102.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7012.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Changes since RFC 5102 .....................................4
1.2. IPFIX Documents Overview ...................................4
2. Properties of IPFIX Protocol Information Elements ...............5
2.1. Information Element Specification Template .................5
2.2. Scope of Information Elements ..............................7
2.3. Naming Conventions for Information Elements ................8
3. Type Space ......................................................9
3.1. Abstract Data Types ........................................9
3.1.1. unsigned8 ...........................................9
3.1.2. unsigned16 ..........................................9
3.1.3. unsigned32 ..........................................9
3.1.4. unsigned64 ..........................................9
3.1.5. signed8 ............................................10
3.1.6. signed16 ...........................................10
3.1.7. signed32 ...........................................10
3.1.8. signed64 ...........................................10
3.1.9. float32 ............................................10
3.1.10. float64 ...........................................10
3.1.11. boolean ...........................................10
3.1.12. macAddress ........................................10
3.1.13. octetArray ........................................10
3.1.14. string ............................................11
3.1.15. dateTimeSeconds ...................................11
3.1.16. dateTimeMilliseconds ..............................11
3.1.17. dateTimeMicroseconds ..............................11
3.1.18. dateTimeNanoseconds ...............................11
3.1.19. ipv4Address .......................................11
3.1.20. ipv6Address .......................................11
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
3.1.21. basicList .........................................11
3.1.22. subTemplateList ...................................11
3.1.23. subTemplateMultiList ..............................12
3.2. Data Type Semantics .......................................12
3.2.1. quantity ...........................................12
3.2.2. totalCounter .......................................12
3.2.3. deltaCounter .......................................12
3.2.4. identifier .........................................13
3.2.5. flags ..............................................13
4. Information Element Identifiers ................................13
5. Information Elements ...........................................14
6. Extending the Information Model ................................15
7. IANA Considerations ............................................15
7.1. IPFIX Information Elements ................................16
7.2. MPLS Label Type Identifier ................................17
7.3. XML Namespace and Schema ..................................17
7.4. Addition, Revision, and Deprecation .......................18
8. Security Considerations ........................................19
9. Acknowledgments ................................................19
10. References ....................................................19
10.1. Normative References .....................................19
10.2. Informative References ...................................20
Contributors ......................................................23
1. Introduction
The IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) protocol serves as a means for
transmitting information related to network traffic measurement. The
IPFIX Protocol Specification [RFC7011] defines how Information
Elements are transmitted and also specifies the encoding of a set of
basic data types for these Information Elements. However, the list
of Information Elements that can be transmitted by the protocol, such
as Flow attributes (source IP address, number of packets, etc.) and
information about the Metering Process and Exporting Process (packet
Observation Point, sampling rate, Flow timeout interval, etc.), is
not specified in [RFC7011].
The IANA "IPFIX Information Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX] is the
current complete reference for IPFIX Information Elements. The
initial values for this registry were provided by [RFC5102].
This document complements the IPFIX Protocol Specification [RFC7011]
by providing an overview of the IPFIX information model and
specifying data types for it. IPFIX-specific terminology used in
this document is defined in Section 2 of [RFC7011]. As in [RFC7011],
these IPFIX-specific terms have the first letter of a word
capitalized when used in this document.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
The use of the term 'information model' is not fully in line with the
definition of this term in [RFC3444], as the IPFIX information model
does not specify relationships between Information Elements, nor does
it specify a concrete encoding of Information Elements. For an
encoding suitable for use with the IPFIX protocol, see [RFC7011].
Besides the encoding used by the IPFIX protocol, other encodings of
IPFIX Information Elements can be applied, for example, XML-based
encodings.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.1. Changes since RFC 5102
This document obsoletes the Proposed Standard revision of the IPFIX
information model specification [RFC5102]. The following changes
have been made to this document with respect to the previous
document:
- At the time of this publication, technical and editorial errata
reported for [RFC5102] have been reviewed and addressed as needed.
- All references to [RFC5101] have been updated to [RFC7011],
reflecting changes to [RFC5101].
- Information Element definitions have been removed, as the reference
for these is now [IANA-IPFIX]; a historical note on categorizations
of Information Elements as defined in [RFC5102] has been retained
in Section 5.
- The process for modifying [IANA-IPFIX] has been improved and is now
described in [RFC7013]; Section 6 has been updated accordingly, and
a new Section 7.3 provides IANA considerations for this process.
- Definitions of timestamp data types have been clarified.
- Appendices A and B have been removed.
1.2. IPFIX Documents Overview
The IPFIX protocol provides network administrators with access to
network flow information. The architecture for the export of
measured flow information out of an IPFIX Exporting Process to a
Collecting Process is defined in [RFC5470], per the requirements
defined in [RFC3917]. The IPFIX Protocol Specification [RFC7011]
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
defines how IPFIX Data Records and templates are carried via a number
of transport protocols from IPFIX Exporting Processes to IPFIX
Collecting Processes.
Four IPFIX optimizations/extensions are currently specified: a
bandwidth-saving method for the IPFIX protocol [RFC5473], an
efficient method for exporting bidirectional flows [RFC5103], a
method for the definition and export of complex data structures
[RFC6313], and the specification of the Protocol on IPFIX Mediators
[IPFIX-MED-PROTO] based on the IPFIX Mediation Framework [RFC6183].
IPFIX has a formal description of IPFIX Information Elements -- their
names, data types, and additional semantic information -- as
specified in this document. The export of the Information Element
types is specified in [RFC5610].
[RFC6728] specifies a data model for configuring and monitoring
devices that are IPFIX and Packet Sampling (PSAMP) compliant using
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), while [RFC6615]
specifies MIB modules for monitoring.
In terms of development, [RFC5153] provides guidelines for the
implementation and use of the IPFIX protocol, while [RFC5471]
provides guidelines for testing.
Finally, [RFC5472] describes what types of applications can use the
IPFIX protocol and how they can use the information provided. It
furthermore shows how the IPFIX framework relates to other
architectures and frameworks.
2. Properties of IPFIX Protocol Information Elements
2.1. Information Element Specification Template
Information in messages of the IPFIX protocol is modeled in terms of
Information Elements of the IPFIX information model. The IPFIX
Information Elements mentioned in Section 5 are specified in
[IANA-IPFIX].
All Information Elements specified for the IPFIX protocol MUST have
the following properties defined:
name - A unique and meaningful name for the Information Element.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
elementId - A numeric identifier of the Information Element. If this
identifier is used without an enterprise identifier (see [RFC7011]
and the definition of enterpriseId listed below), then it is
globally unique, and the list of allowed values is administered by
IANA. It is used for compact identification of an Information
Element when encoding Templates in the protocol.
description - The semantics of this Information Element. Describes
how this Information Element is derived from the Flow or other
information available to the observer. Information Elements of
dataType string or octetArray that have length constraints (fixed
length, minimum and/or maximum length) MUST note these constraints
in their descriptions.
dataType - One of the types listed in Section 3.1 of this document or
registered in the IANA "IPFIX Information Element Data Types"
subregistry. The type space for attributes is constrained to
facilitate implementation. The existing type space encompasses
most primitive types used in modern programming languages, as well
as some derived types (such as ipv4Address) that are common to
this domain.
status - The status of the specification of this Information Element.
Allowed values are 'current' and 'deprecated'. All newly defined
Information Elements have 'current' status. The process for
moving Information Elements to the 'deprecated' status is defined
in Section 5.3 of [RFC7013].
Enterprise-specific Information Elements MUST have the following
property defined:
enterpriseId - Enterprises may wish to define Information Elements
without registering them with IANA, for example, for enterprise-
internal purposes. For such Information Elements, the Information
Element identifier described above is not sufficient when the
Information Element is used outside the enterprise. If
specifications of enterprise-specific Information Elements are
made public and/or if enterprise-specific identifiers are used by
the IPFIX protocol outside the enterprise, then the enterprise-
specific identifier MUST be made globally unique by combining it
with an enterprise identifier. Valid values for the enterpriseId
are defined by IANA as Structure of Management Information (SMI)
network management private enterprise numbers, defined at
[IANA-PEN].
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
All Information Elements specified for the IPFIX protocol either in
this document or by any future extension MAY have the following
properties defined:
dataTypeSemantics - The integral types are qualified by additional
semantic details. Valid values for the data type semantics are
either specified in Section 3.2 of this document or will be
specified in a future extension of the information model.
units - If the Information Element is a measure of some kind, the
units identify what the measure is.
range - Some Information Elements may only be able to take on a
restricted set of values that can be expressed as a range (e.g., 0
through 511, inclusive). If this is the case, the valid inclusive
range SHOULD be specified; values for this Information Element
outside the range are invalid and MUST NOT be exported.
reference - Identifies additional specifications that more precisely
define this item or provide additional context for its use.
The following two Information Element properties are defined to allow
the management of an Information Elements registry with Information
Element definitions that may be updated over time, per the process
defined in Section 5.2 of [RFC7013]:
revision - The revision number of an Information Element, starting at
0 for Information Elements at time of definition and incremented
by one for each revision.
date - The date of the entry of this revision of the Information
Element into the registry.
A template for specifying Information Elements is given in
Section 9.1 of [RFC7013].
2.2. Scope of Information Elements
By default, most Information Elements have a scope specified in their
definitions. Within Data Records defined by Options Templates, the
IPFIX protocol allows further limiting of the Information Element
scope. The new scope is specified by one or more scope fields and
defined as the combination of all specified scope values; see
Section 3.4.2.1 on IPFIX scopes in [RFC7011].
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
2.3. Naming Conventions for Information Elements
The following naming conventions were used for naming Information
Elements in this document. It is recommended that extensions of the
model use the same conventions.
o Names of Information Elements SHOULD be descriptive.
o Names of Information Elements MUST be unique within the "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX]. Enterprise-specific
Information Elements SHOULD be prefixed with a vendor name.
o Names of Information Elements MUST start with lowercase letters.
o Composed names MUST use capital letters for the first letter of
each component (except for the first one). All other letters are
lowercase, even for acronyms. Exceptions are made for acronyms
containing a mixture of lowercase and capital letters, such as
'IPv4' and 'IPv6'. Examples are "sourceMacAddress" and
"destinationIPv4Address".
o Middleboxes [RFC3234] may change Flow properties, such as the
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) value or the source IP
address. If an IPFIX Observation Point is located in the path of
a Flow before one or more middleboxes that potentially modify
packets of the Flow, then it may be desirable to also report Flow
properties after the modification performed by the middleboxes.
An example is an Observation Point before a packet marker changing
a packet's IPv4 Type of Service (TOS) field that is encoded in
Information Element ipClassOfService. Then the value observed and
reported by Information Element ipClassOfService is valid at the
Observation Point but not after the packet passed the packet
marker. For reporting the change value of the TOS field, the
IPFIX information model uses Information Elements that have a name
prefix "post", for example, "postIpClassOfService". Information
Elements with prefix "post" report on Flow properties that are not
necessarily observed at the Observation Point but that are
obtained within the Flow's Observation Domain by other means
considered to be sufficiently reliable, for example, by analyzing
the packet marker's marking tables.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
3. Type Space
This section describes the abstract data types that can be used for
the specification of IPFIX Information Elements in Section 4.
Section 3.1 describes the set of abstract data types.
Abstract data types unsigned8, unsigned16, unsigned32, unsigned64,
signed8, signed16, signed32, and signed64 are integral data types.
As described in Section 3.2, their data type semantics can be further
specified, for example, by 'totalCounter', 'deltaCounter',
'identifier', or 'flags'.
3.1. Abstract Data Types
This section describes the set of valid abstract data types of the
IPFIX information model, independent of encoding. Note that further
abstract data types may be specified by future updates to this
document. Changes to the associated IPFIX "Information Element Data
Types" subregistry [IANA-IPFIX] specified in [RFC5610] require a
Standards Action [RFC5226].
The current encodings of these data types for use with the IPFIX
protocol are defined in [RFC7011]; encodings allowing the use of the
IPFIX Information Elements [IANA-IPFIX] with other protocols may be
defined in the future by referencing this document.
3.1.1. unsigned8
The type "unsigned8" represents a non-negative integer value in the
range of 0 to 255.
3.1.2. unsigned16
The type "unsigned16" represents a non-negative integer value in the
range of 0 to 65535.
3.1.3. unsigned32
The type "unsigned32" represents a non-negative integer value in the
range of 0 to 4294967295.
3.1.4. unsigned64
The type "unsigned64" represents a non-negative integer value in the
range of 0 to 18446744073709551615.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
3.1.5. signed8
The type "signed8" represents an integer value in the range of -128
to 127.
3.1.6. signed16
The type "signed16" represents an integer value in the range of
-32768 to 32767.
3.1.7. signed32
The type "signed32" represents an integer value in the range of
-2147483648 to 2147483647.
3.1.8. signed64
The type "signed64" represents an integer value in the range of
-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807.
3.1.9. float32
The type "float32" corresponds to an IEEE single-precision 32-bit
floating-point type as defined in [IEEE.754.2008].
3.1.10. float64
The type "float64" corresponds to an IEEE double-precision 64-bit
floating-point type as defined in [IEEE.754.2008].
3.1.11. boolean
The type "boolean" represents a binary value. The only allowed
values are "true" and "false".
3.1.12. macAddress
The type "macAddress" represents a MAC-48 address as defined in
[IEEE.802-3.2012].
3.1.13. octetArray
The type "octetArray" represents a finite-length string of octets.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
3.1.14. string
The type "string" represents a finite-length string of valid
characters from the Unicode coded character set [ISO.10646]. Unicode
incorporates ASCII [RFC20] and the characters of many other
international character sets.
3.1.15. dateTimeSeconds
The type "dateTimeSeconds" represents a time value expressed with
second-level precision.
3.1.16. dateTimeMilliseconds
The type "dateTimeMilliseconds" represents a time value expressed
with millisecond-level precision.
3.1.17. dateTimeMicroseconds
The type "dateTimeMicroseconds" represents a time value expressed
with microsecond-level precision.
3.1.18. dateTimeNanoseconds
The type "dateTimeNanoseconds" represents a time value expressed with
nanosecond-level precision.
3.1.19. ipv4Address
The type "ipv4Address" represents an IPv4 address.
3.1.20. ipv6Address
The type "ipv6Address" represents an IPv6 address.
3.1.21. basicList
The type "basicList" supports structured data export as described in
[RFC6313]; see Section 4.5.1 of that document for encoding details.
3.1.22. subTemplateList
The type "subTemplateList" supports structured data export as
described in [RFC6313]; see Section 4.5.2 of that document for
encoding details.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
3.1.23. subTemplateMultiList
The type "subTemplateMultiList" supports structured data export as
described in [RFC6313]; see Section 4.5.3 of that document for
encoding details.
3.2. Data Type Semantics
This section describes the set of valid data type semantics of the
IPFIX information model. A subregistry of data type semantics
[IANA-IPFIX] is established in [RFC5610]; the restrictions on the use
of semantics below are compatible with those specified in
Section 3.10 of that document. These semantics apply only to numeric
types, as noted in the description of each semantic below.
Further data type semantics may be specified by future updates to
this document. Changes to the associated "IPFIX Information Element
Semantics" subregistry [IANA-IPFIX] require a Standards Action
[RFC5226].
3.2.1. quantity
"quantity" is a numeric (integral or floating point) value
representing a measured value pertaining to the record. This is
distinguished from counters that represent an ongoing measured value
whose "odometer" reading is captured as part of a given record. This
is the default semantic type of all numeric data types.
3.2.2. totalCounter
"totalCounter" is an integral value reporting the value of a counter.
Counters are unsigned and wrap back to zero after reaching the limit
of the type. For example, an unsigned64 with counter semantics will
continue to increment until reaching the value of 2**64 - 1. At this
point, the next increment will wrap its value to zero and continue
counting from zero. The semantics of a total counter is similar to
the semantics of counters used in the Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP), such as Counter32 as defined in [RFC2578]. The only
difference between total counters and counters used in SNMP is that
the total counters have an initial value of 0. A total counter
counts independently of the export of its value.
3.2.3. deltaCounter
"deltaCounter" is an integral value reporting the value of a counter.
Counters are unsigned and wrap back to zero after reaching the limit
of the type. For example, an unsigned64 with counter semantics will
continue to increment until reaching the value of 2**64 - 1. At this
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
point, the next increment will wrap its value to zero and continue
counting from zero. The semantics of a delta counter is similar to
the semantics of counters used in SNMP, such as Counter32 as defined
in [RFC2578]. The only difference between delta counters and
counters used in SNMP is that the delta counters have an initial
value of 0. A delta counter is reset to 0 each time it is exported
and/or expires without export.
3.2.4. identifier
"identifier" is an integral value that serves as an identifier.
Specifically, mathematical operations on two identifiers (aside from
the equality operation) are meaningless. For example, Autonomous
System ID 1 * Autonomous System ID 2 is meaningless. Identifiers
MUST be one of the signed or unsigned data types.
3.2.5. flags
"flags" is an integral value that represents a set of bit fields.
Logical operations are appropriate on such values, but other
mathematical operations are not. Flags MUST always be of an unsigned
data type.
4. Information Element Identifiers
All Information Elements defined in the IANA "IPFIX Information
Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX] have their identifiers assigned
by IANA.
The values of these identifiers are in the range of 1-32767. Within
this range, Information Element identifier values in the sub-range of
1-127 are compatible with field types used by NetFlow version 9
[RFC3954] for historical reasons.
In general, IANA will add newly registered Information Elements to
the registry, assigning the lowest available Information Element
identifier in the range of 128-32767.
Enterprise-specific Information Element identifiers have the same
range of 1-32767, but they are coupled with an additional enterprise
identifier. For enterprise-specific Information Elements,
Information Element identifier 0 is also reserved. Enterprise-
specific Information Element identifiers can be chosen by an
enterprise arbitrarily within the range of 1-32767. The same
identifier may be assigned by other enterprises for different
purposes; these Information Elements are distinct because the
Information Element identifier is coupled with an enterprise
identifier.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
Enterprise identifiers are to be registered as SMI network management
private enterprise code numbers with IANA. The registry can be found
at [IANA-PEN].
5. Information Elements
[IANA-IPFIX] is now the normative reference for IPFIX Information
Elements. When [RFC5102] was published, it defined, in its
Section 5, the initial contents of that registry.
As a historical note, Information Elements (IEs) were organized into
categories in [RFC5102] according to their semantics and their
applicability; these categories were not carried forward into
[IANA-IPFIX] as an organizing principle. The categories (with
example IEs) were:
1. Identifiers (e.g., ingressInterface)
2. Metering and Exporting Process Configuration
(e.g., exporterIPv4Address)
3. Metering and Exporting Process Statistics
(e.g., exportedOctetTotalCount)
4. IP Header Fields (e.g., sourceIPv4Address)
5. Transport Header Fields (e.g., sourceTransportPort)
6. Sub-IP Header Fields (e.g., sourceMacAddress)
7. Derived Packet Properties (e.g., bgpSourceAsNumber)
8. Min/Max Flow Properties (e.g., minimumIpTotalLength)
9. Flow Timestamps (e.g., flowStartTimeMilliseconds)
10. Per-Flow Counters (e.g., octetDeltaCount)
11. Miscellaneous Flow Properties (e.g., flowEndReason)
12. Padding (paddingOctets)
Information Elements derived from fields of packets or from Packet
Treatment can typically serve as Flow Keys used for mapping packets
to Flows. These Information Elements were placed in categories 4-7
in the original categorization.
Information Elements not serving as Flow Keys may have different
values for each packet in a Flow. For Information Elements with
values derived from fields of packets or from Packet Treatment, and
for which the value may change from packet to packet within a single
Flow, the exported value of an Information Element is by default
determined by the first packet observed for the corresponding Flow;
the description of the Information Element may, however, explicitly
specify different semantics. This simple rule allows the writing of
all Information Elements related to header fields once, when the
first packet of the Flow is observed. For further observed packets
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
of the same Flow, only Flow properties that depend on more than one
packet need to be updated; these Information Elements were placed in
categories 8-11 in the original categorization.
Information Elements with a name having the "post" prefix (e.g.,
postIpClassOfService) do not necessarily report properties that were
actually observed at the Observation Point but may be retrieved by
other means within the Observation Domain. These Information
Elements can be used if there are middlebox functions within the
Observation Domain changing Flow properties after packets passed the
Observation Point; they may also be reported directly by the
Observation Point if the Observation Point is situated where it can
observe packets on both sides of the middlebox.
6. Extending the Information Model
A key requirement for IPFIX is to allow for extension of the
Information Model via the "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Entities" registry [IANA-IPFIX]. New Information Element definitions
can be added to this registry subject to Expert Review [RFC5226],
with additional process considerations as described in [RFC7013];
that document also provides guidelines for authors and reviewers of
new Information Element definitions.
For new Information Elements, the type space defined in Section 3 can
be used. If required, new abstract data types can be added to the
"IPFIX Information Element Data Types" subregistry [IANA-IPFIX] as
defined in [RFC5610]. New abstract data types and semantics are
subject to Standards Action [RFC5226] and MUST be defined in IETF
Standards Track documents updating this document.
Enterprises may wish to define Information Elements without
registering them with IANA. IPFIX explicitly supports enterprise-
specific Information Elements. Enterprise-specific Information
Elements are described in Sections 2.1 and 4; guidelines for using
them appear in [RFC7013].
7. IANA Considerations
As this document obsoletes [RFC5102], IANA has updated the references
in the "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities" registry
[IANA-IPFIX], the "IPFIX MPLS label type" subregistry of that
registry, the urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ipfix-info XML namespace, and
the urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:ipfix-info XML schema to refer to this
document.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
However, [RFC5102] still provides a historical reference for the
initial entries in the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry.
Therefore, IANA has kept [RFC5102] as the requestor of those
Information Elements in the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry
that list [RFC5102] as their requestor and added the following
explanatory note to the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry:
"RFC 7012 has obsoleted RFC 5102; references to RFC 5102 in this
registry remain as part of the historical record".
The Information Element Specification Template (Section 2.1) requires
two new columns not present in [RFC5102]. IANA has created a new
Revision column in the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry and set
the Revision of existing Information Elements to 0. IANA has also
created a new Date column in that registry and set the Date of all
existing Information Elements to the publication date of this
document.
To identify Information Elements with identifiers 127 or below as
NetFlow version 9 [RFC3954] compatible, IANA has set the Name of all
existing Reserved Information Elements with identifier 127 or less to
"Assigned for NetFlow v9 compatibility" and the Reference of those
Information Elements to [RFC3954].
As IANA now has change control of the schema used for the IANA "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX], IANA has deprecated the
previous XML schema for the description of Information Elements
urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:ipfix-info [IPFIX-XML-SCHEMA].
To support the process described in Section 7.4, IANA has established
a mailing list for communicating with the IE-DOCTORS, named
ie-doctors@ietf.org.
The remaining subsections of this section contain no actions
for IANA.
7.1. IPFIX Information Elements
This document refers to Information Elements, for which the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has created the IPFIX "Information
Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX]. The columns of this registry must,
at minimum, be able to store the information defined in the template
detailed in Section 2.1; it may contain other information as
necessary for the management of the registry.
The process for making additions or other changes to the "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry is given in Section 7.4.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
7.2. MPLS Label Type Identifier
Information Element #46, named mplsTopLabelType, carries MPLS label
types. Values for 5 different types have initially been defined.
For ensuring the extensibility of this information, IANA has created
a new subregistry for MPLS label types and filled it with the initial
list from the description Information Element #46, mplsTopLabelType.
New assignments for MPLS label types are administered by IANA through
Expert Review [RFC5226], i.e., review by one of a group of experts
designated by an IETF Area Director. The group of experts must
double-check the label type definitions with already-defined label
types for completeness, accuracy, and redundancy. The specification
of new MPLS label types MUST be published using a well-established
and persistent publication medium.
7.3. XML Namespace and Schema
The prior version of this document [RFC5102] specified an XML schema
for IPFIX Information Element definitions [IPFIX-XML-SCHEMA] that was
used in the generation of the document text itself. When the IANA
"IPFIX Information Elements" registry [IANA-IPFIX] was created,
change control on the registry and the schema used to validate it
passed to IANA.
The use of a machine-readable syntax for the registry enables the
creation of IPFIX tools that can automatically adapt to extensions to
the information model. It should be noted that the use of XML in
Exporters, Collectors, or other tools is not mandatory for the
deployment of IPFIX. In particular, Exporting Processes do not
produce or consume XML as part of their operation. IPFIX Collectors
MAY take advantage of the machine-readability of the information
model versus hard-coding their behavior or inventing proprietary
means for accommodating extensions. However, in order to avoid
unnecessary load on the IANA infrastructure serving the registry,
Collectors SHOULD NOT poll the IANA registry [IANA-IPFIX] directly at
runtime.
The reference to the current schema is embedded in the registry
[IANA-IPFIX]; this schema may change from time to time as necessary
to support the maintenance of the registry. As such, the schema
urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:ipfix-info [IPFIX-XML-SCHEMA] specified in
[RFC5102] has been deprecated.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
7.4. Addition, Revision, and Deprecation
New assignments for the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry are
administered by IANA through Expert Review [RFC5226]. These experts
are referred to as IE-DOCTORS and are appointed by the IESG. The
process they follow is defined in [RFC7013].
Information Element identifiers in the range of 1-127 are compatible
with field types used by NetFlow version 9 [RFC3954] for historical
reasons and must not be assigned unless the Information Element is
compatible with the NetFlow version 9 protocol, as determined by one
of the IE-DOCTORS designated by the IESG as a NetFlow version 9
expert.
Future assignments added to the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry
that require subregistries for enumerated values (e.g., Section 7.2)
must have those subregistries added simultaneously with the new
assignment; additions to these subregistries must be subject to
Expert Review [RFC5226]. Unless specified at assignment time, the
experts for the subregistry will be the same as for the "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry as a whole.
When IANA receives a request to add, revise, or deprecate an
Information Element in the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry, it
forwards the request to the IE-DOCTORS for review.
When IANA receives an approval for a request to add an Information
Element definition from the IE-DOCTORS, it adds that Information
Element to the registry. The approved request may include changes
made by the requestor and/or reviewers as compared to the original
request.
When IANA receives an approval for a request to revise an Information
Element definition from the IE-DOCTORS, it changes that Information
Element's definition in the registry and updates the Revision and
Date columns as appropriate. The approved request may include
changes from the original request. If the original Information
Element was added to the registry with IETF consensus (i.e., was
defined by an RFC), the revision will require IETF consensus as well.
When IANA receives an approval for a request to deprecate an
Information Element definition from the IE-DOCTORS, it changes that
Information Element's definition in the registry and updates the
Revision and Date columns as appropriate. The approved request may
include changes from the original request. If the original
Information Element was added to the registry with IETF consensus
(i.e., was defined by an RFC), the deprecation will require IETF
consensus as well.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
8. Security Considerations
The IPFIX information model itself does not directly introduce
security issues. Rather, it defines a set of attributes that may,
for privacy or business issues, be considered sensitive information.
For example, exporting values of header fields may make attacks
possible for the receiver of this information; this would otherwise
only be possible for direct observers of the reported Flows along the
data path.
The underlying protocol used to exchange the information described
here must therefore apply appropriate procedures to guarantee the
integrity and confidentiality of the exported information. These
protocols are defined in separate documents, specifically the IPFIX
protocol document [RFC7011].
9. Acknowledgments
This document is substantially based on [RFC5102]. The editors thank
the authors of that document; those authors are listed below as
contributors. Special thanks go to Paul Aitken for the detailed
review. Finally, the authors thank the IPFIX WG chairs: Nevil
Brownlee and Juergen Quittek.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC6313] Claise, B., Dhandapani, G., Aitken, P., and S. Yates,
"Export of Structured Data in IP Flow Information Export
(IPFIX)", RFC 6313, July 2011.
[RFC7011] Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
"Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77,
RFC 7011, September 2013.
[RFC7013] Trammell, B., and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Authors and
Reviewers of IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Information Elements", BCP 184, RFC 7013, September 2013.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
10.2. Informative References
[IANA-IPFIX]
IANA, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix/>.
[IEEE.754.2008]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic", IEEE
Standard 754, August 2008.
[IEEE.802-3.2012]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Standard for Ethernet", IEEE Standard 802.3, 2012.
[IPFIX-MED-PROTO]
Claise, B., Kobayashi, A., and B. Trammell, "Operation of
the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol on IPFIX
Mediators", Work in Progress, July 2013.
[IPFIX-XML-SCHEMA]
IANA, "IETF XML Registry",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/xml-registry/>.
[ISO.10646]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - Universal Coded Character Set
(UCS)", ISO/IEC 10646:2012, November 2012.
[IANA-PEN] IANA, "Private Enterprise Numbers",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers>.
[RFC20] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for Network Interchange", RFC 20,
October 1969.
[RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J.
Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management Information
Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999.
[RFC3234] Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
Issues", RFC 3234, February 2002.
[RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between
Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444,
January 2003.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
[RFC3917] Quittek, J., Zseby, T., Claise, B., and S. Zander,
"Requirements for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)",
RFC 3917, October 2004.
[RFC3954] Claise, B., Ed., "Cisco Systems NetFlow Services Export
Version 9", RFC 3954, October 2004.
[RFC5101] Claise, B., Ed., "Specification of the IP Flow Information
Export (IPFIX) Protocol for the Exchange of IP Traffic
Flow Information", RFC 5101, January 2008.
[RFC5102] Quittek, J., Bryant, S., Claise, B., Aitken, P., and J.
Meyer, "Information Model for IP Flow Information Export",
RFC 5102, January 2008.
[RFC5103] Trammell, B. and E. Boschi, "Bidirectional Flow Export
Using IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 5103,
January 2008.
[RFC5153] Boschi, E., Mark, L., Quittek, J., Stiemerling, M., and P.
Aitken, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Implementation
Guidelines", RFC 5153, April 2008.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5470] Sadasivan, G., Brownlee, N., Claise, B., and J. Quittek,
"Architecture for IP Flow Information Export", RFC 5470,
March 2009.
[RFC5471] Schmoll, C., Aitken, P., and B. Claise, "Guidelines for IP
Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Testing", RFC 5471,
March 2009.
[RFC5472] Zseby, T., Boschi, E., Brownlee, N., and B. Claise, "IP
Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Applicability", RFC 5472,
March 2009.
[RFC5473] Boschi, E., Mark, L., and B. Claise, "Reducing Redundancy
in IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) and Packet Sampling
(PSAMP) Reports", RFC 5473, March 2009.
[RFC5610] Boschi, E., Trammell, B., Mark, L., and T. Zseby,
"Exporting Type Information for IP Flow Information Export
(IPFIX) Information Elements", RFC 5610, July 2009.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
[RFC6183] Kobayashi, A., Claise, B., Muenz, G., and K. Ishibashi,
"IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Mediation: Framework",
RFC 6183, April 2011.
[RFC6615] Dietz, T., Ed., Kobayashi, A., Claise, B., and G. Muenz,
"Definitions of Managed Objects for IP Flow Information
Export", RFC 6615, June 2012.
[RFC6728] Muenz, G., Claise, B., and P. Aitken, "Configuration Data
Model for the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) and
Packet Sampling (PSAMP) Protocols", RFC 6728,
October 2012.
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
Contributors
Juergen Quittek
NEC
Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
Heidelberg 69115
Germany
Phone: +49 6221 90511-15
EMail: quittek@nw.neclab.eu
URI: http://www.neclab.eu/
Stewart Bryant
Cisco Systems, Inc.
10 New Square, Bedfont Lakes
Feltham, Middlesex TW18 8HA
United Kingdom
EMail: stbryant@cisco.com
Paul Aitken
Cisco Systems, Inc.
96 Commercial Quay
Edinburgh EH6 6LX
Scotland
Phone: +44 131 561 3616
EMail: paitken@cisco.com
Jeff Meyer
PayPal
2211 N. First St.
San Jose, CA 95131-2021
US
Phone: +1 408 976-9149
EMail: jemeyer@paypal.com
URI: http://www.paypal.com
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 7012 IPFIX Information Model September 2013
Authors' Addresses
Benoit Claise (editor)
Cisco Systems, Inc.
De Kleetlaan 6a b1
1831 Diegem
Belgium
Phone: +32 2 704 5622
EMail: bclaise@cisco.com
Brian Trammell (editor)
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
Gloriastrasse 35
8092 Zurich
Switzerland
Phone: +41 44 632 70 13
EMail: trammell@tik.ee.ethz.ch
Claise & Trammell Standards Track [Page 24]