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Network Working Group K. Scott
Request for Comments: 5050 The MITRE Corporation
Category: Experimental S. Burleigh
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
November 2007
Bundle Protocol Specification
Status of This Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
IESG Note
This RFC is not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard. The
IETF disclaims any knowledge of the fitness of this RFC for any
purpose and in particular notes that the decision to publish is not
based on IETF review for such things as security, congestion control,
or inappropriate interaction with deployed protocols. The RFC Editor
has chosen to publish this document at its discretion. Readers of
this document should exercise caution in evaluating its value for
implementation and deployment. See RFC 3932 for more information.
Abstract
This document describes the end-to-end protocol, block formats, and
abstract service description for the exchange of messages (bundles)
in Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN).
This document was produced within the IRTF's Delay Tolerant
Networking Research Group (DTNRG) and represents the consensus of all
of the active contributors to this group. See http://www.dtnrg.org
for more information.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Implementation Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Services Offered by Bundle Protocol Agents . . . . . . . . 11
4. Bundle Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1. Self-Delimiting Numeric Values (SDNVs) . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2. Bundle Processing Control Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3. Block Processing Control Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4. Endpoint IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5. Formats of Bundle Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5.1. Primary Bundle Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.2. Canonical Bundle Block Format . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5.3. Bundle Payload Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6. Extension Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.7. Dictionary Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. Bundle Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1. Generation of Administrative Records . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2. Bundle Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3. Bundle Dispatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.4. Bundle Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4.1. Forwarding Contraindicated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.4.2. Forwarding Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.5. Bundle Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.6. Bundle Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.7. Local Bundle Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.8. Bundle Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.9. Application Data Unit Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.10. Custody Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.10.1. Custody Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.10.2. Custody Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.11. Custody Transfer Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.12. Custody Transfer Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.13. Bundle Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.14. Discarding a Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.15. Canceling a Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.16. Polling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6. Administrative Record Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1. Administrative Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1.1. Bundle Status Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.1.2. Custody Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.2. Generation of Administrative Records . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.3. Reception of Custody Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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7. Services Required of the Convergence Layer . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.1. The Convergence Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2. Summary of Convergence Layer Services . . . . . . . . . . 45
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Appendix A. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Appendix B. Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1. Introduction
This document describes version 6 of the Delay Tolerant Networking
(DTN) "bundle" protocol (BP). Delay Tolerant Networking is an end-
to-end architecture providing communications in and/or through highly
stressed environments. Stressed networking environments include
those with intermittent connectivity, large and/or variable delays,
and high bit error rates. To provide its services, BP sits at the
application layer of some number of constituent internets, forming a
store-and-forward overlay network. Key capabilities of BP include:
o Custody-based retransmission
o Ability to cope with intermittent connectivity
o Ability to take advantage of scheduled, predicted, and
opportunistic connectivity (in addition to continuous
connectivity)
o Late binding of overlay network endpoint identifiers to
constituent internet addresses
For descriptions of these capabilities and the rationale for the DTN
architecture, see [ARCH] and [SIGC]. [TUT] contains a tutorial-level
overview of DTN concepts.
This is an experimental protocol, produced within the IRTF's Delay
Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG) and represents the
consensus of all of the active contributors to this group. If this
protocol is used on the Internet, IETF standard protocols for
security and congestion control should be used.
BP's location within the standard protocol stack is as shown in
Figure 1. BP uses the "native" internet protocols for communications
within a given internet. Note that "internet" in the preceding is
used in a general sense and does not necessarily refer to TCP/IP.
The interface between the common bundle protocol and a specific
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internetwork protocol suite is termed a "convergence layer adapter".
Figure 1 shows three distinct transport and network protocols
(denoted T1/N1, T2/N2, and T3/N3).
+-----------+ +-----------+
| BP app | | BP app |
+---------v-| +->>>>>>>>>>v-+ +->>>>>>>>>>v-+ +-^---------+
| BP v | | ^ BP v | | ^ BP v | | ^ BP |
+---------v-+ +-^---------v-+ +-^---------v-+ +-^---------+
| Trans1 v | + ^ T1/T2 v | + ^ T2/T3 v | | ^ Trans3 |
+---------v-+ +-^---------v-+ +-^---------v + +-^---------+
| Net1 v | | ^ N1/N2 v | | ^ N2/N3 v | | ^ Net3 |
+---------v-+ +-^---------v + +-^---------v-+ +-^---------+
| >>>>>>>>^ >>>>>>>>>>^ >>>>>>>>^ |
+-----------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-----------+
| | | |
|<--- An internet --->| |<--- An internet --->|
| | | |
Figure 1: The Bundle Protocol Sits at
the Application Layer of the Internet Model
This document describes the format of the protocol data units (called
bundles) passed between entities participating in BP communications.
The entities are referred to as "bundle nodes". This document does
not address:
o Operations in the convergence layer adapters that bundle nodes use
to transport data through specific types of internets. (However,
the document does discuss the services that must be provided by
each adapter at the convergence layer.)
o The bundle routing algorithm.
o Mechanisms for populating the routing or forwarding information
bases of bundle nodes.
2. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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3. Service Description
3.1. Definitions
Bundle - A bundle is a protocol data unit of the DTN bundle
protocol. Each bundle comprises a sequence of two or more
"blocks" of protocol data, which serve various purposes. Multiple
instances of the same bundle (the same unit of DTN protocol data)
might exist concurrently in different parts of a network --
possibly in different representations -- in the memory local to
one or more bundle nodes and/or in transit between nodes. In the
context of the operation of a bundle node, a bundle is an instance
of some bundle in the network that is in that node's local memory.
Bundle payload - A bundle payload (or simply "payload") is the
application data whose conveyance to the bundle's destination is
the purpose for the transmission of a given bundle. The terms
"bundle content", "bundle payload", and "payload" are used
interchangeably in this document. The "nominal" payload for a
bundle forwarded in response to a bundle transmission request is
the application data unit whose location is provided as a
parameter to that request. The nominal payload for a bundle
forwarded in response to reception of that bundle is the payload
of the received bundle.
Fragment - A fragment is a bundle whose payload block contains a
fragmentary payload. A fragmentary payload is either the first N
bytes or the last N bytes of some other payload -- either a
nominal payload or a fragmentary payload -- of length M, such that
0 < N < M.
Bundle node - A bundle node (or, in the context of this document,
simply a "node") is any entity that can send and/or receive
bundles. In the most familiar case, a bundle node is instantiated
as a single process running on a general-purpose computer, but in
general the definition is meant to be broader: a bundle node might
alternatively be a thread, an object in an object-oriented
operating system, a special-purpose hardware device, etc. Each
bundle node has three conceptual components, defined below: a
"bundle protocol agent", a set of zero or more "convergence layer
adapters", and an "application agent".
Bundle protocol agent - The bundle protocol agent (BPA) of a node is
the node component that offers the BP services and executes the
procedures of the bundle protocol. The manner in which it does so
is wholly an implementation matter. For example, BPA
functionality might be coded into each node individually; it might
be implemented as a shared library that is used in common by any
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number of bundle nodes on a single computer; it might be
implemented as a daemon whose services are invoked via inter-
process or network communication by any number of bundle nodes on
one or more computers; it might be implemented in hardware.
Convergence layer adapters - A convergence layer adapter (CLA) sends
and receives bundles on behalf of the BPA, utilizing the services
of some 'native' internet protocol that is supported in one of the
internets within which the node is functionally located. The
manner in which a CLA sends and receives bundles is wholly an
implementation matter, exactly as described for the BPA.
Application agent - The application agent (AA) of a node is the node
component that utilizes the BP services to effect communication
for some purpose. The application agent in turn has two elements,
an administrative element and an application-specific element.
The application-specific element of an AA constructs, requests
transmission of, accepts delivery of, and processes application-
specific application data units; the only interface between the
BPA and the application-specific element of the AA is the BP
service interface. The administrative element of an AA constructs
and requests transmission of administrative records (status
reports and custody signals), and it accepts delivery of and
processes any custody signals that the node receives. In addition
to the BP service interface, there is a (conceptual) private
control interface between the BPA and the administrative element
of the AA that enables each to direct the other to take action
under specific circumstances. In the case of a node that serves
simply as a "router" in the overlay network, the AA may have no
application-specific element at all. The application-specific
elements of other nodes' AAs may perform arbitrarily complex
application functions, perhaps even offering multiplexed DTN
communication services to a number of other applications. As with
the BPA, the manner in which the AA performs its functions is
wholly an implementation matter; in particular, the administrative
element of an AA might be built into the library or daemon or
hardware that implements the BPA, and the application-specific
element of an AA might be implemented either in software or in
hardware.
Bundle endpoint - A bundle endpoint (or simply "endpoint") is a set
of zero or more bundle nodes that all identify themselves for BP
purposes by some single text string, called a "bundle endpoint ID"
(or, in this document, simply "endpoint ID"; endpoint IDs are
described in detail in Section 4.4 below). The special case of an
endpoint that never contains more than one node is termed a
"singleton" endpoint; every bundle node must be a member of at
least one singleton endpoint. Singletons are the most familiar
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sort of endpoint, but in general the endpoint notion is meant to
be broader. For example, the nodes in a sensor network might
constitute a set of bundle nodes that identify themselves by a
single common endpoint ID and thus form a single bundle endpoint.
*Note* too that a given bundle node might identify itself by
multiple endpoint IDs and thus be a member of multiple bundle
endpoints.
Forwarding - When the bundle protocol agent of a node determines
that a bundle must be "forwarded" to an endpoint, it causes the
bundle to be sent to all of the nodes that the bundle protocol
agent currently believes are in the "minimum reception group" of
that endpoint. The minimum reception group of an endpoint may be
any one of the following: (a) ALL of the nodes registered in an
endpoint that is permitted to contain multiple nodes (in which
case forwarding to the endpoint is functionally similar to
"multicast" operations in the Internet, though possibly very
different in implementation); (b) ANY N of the nodes registered in
an endpoint that is permitted to contain multiple nodes, where N
is in the range from zero to the cardinality of the endpoint (in
which case forwarding to the endpoint is functionally similar to
"anycast" operations in the Internet); or (c) THE SOLE NODE
registered in a singleton endpoint (in which case forwarding to
the endpoint is functionally similar to "unicast" operations in
the Internet). The nature of the minimum reception group for a
given endpoint can be determined from the endpoint's ID (again,
see Section 4.4 below): for some endpoint ID "schemes", the nature
of the minimum reception group is fixed - in a manner that is
defined by the scheme - for all endpoints identified under the
scheme; for other schemes, the nature of the minimum reception
group is indicated by some lexical feature of the "scheme-specific
part" of the endpoint ID, in a manner that is defined by the
scheme.
Registration - A registration is the state machine characterizing a
given node's membership in a given endpoint. Any number of
registrations may be concurrently associated with a given
endpoint, and any number of registrations may be concurrently
associated with a given node. Any single registration must at any
time be in one of two states: Active or Passive. A registration
always has an associated "delivery failure action", the action
that is to be taken when a bundle that is "deliverable" (see
below) subject to that registration is received at a time when the
registration is in the Passive state. Delivery failure action
must be one of the following:
* defer "delivery" (see below) of the bundle subject to this
registration until (a) this bundle is the least recently
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received of all bundles currently deliverable subject to this
registration and (b) either the registration is polled or else
the registration is in the Active state; or
* "abandon" (see below) delivery of the bundle subject to this
registration.
An additional implementation-specific delivery deferral procedure
may optionally be associated with the registration. While the
state of a registration is Active, reception of a bundle that is
deliverable subject to this registration must cause the bundle to
be delivered automatically as soon as it is the least recently
received bundle that is currently deliverable subject to the
registration. While the state of a registration is Passive,
reception of a bundle that is deliverable subject to this
registration must cause delivery of the bundle to be abandoned or
deferred as mandated by the registration's current delivery
failure action; in the latter case, any additional delivery
deferral procedure associated with the registration must also be
performed.
Delivery - Upon reception, the processing of a bundle that has been
sent to a given node depends on whether or not the receiving node
is registered in the bundle's destination endpoint. If it is, and
if the payload of the bundle is non-fragmentary (possibly as a
result of successful payload reassembly from fragmentary payloads,
including the original payload of the received bundle), then the
bundle is normally "delivered" to the node's application agent
subject to the registration characterizing the node's membership
in the destination endpoint. A bundle is considered to have been
delivered at a node subject to a registration as soon as the
application data unit that is the payload of the bundle, together
with the value of the bundle's "Acknowledgement by application is
requested" flag and any other relevant metadata (an implementation
matter), has been presented to the node's application agent in a
manner consistent with the state of that registration and, as
applicable, the registration's delivery failure action.
Deliverability, Abandonment - A bundle is considered "deliverable"
subject to a registration if and only if (a) the bundle's
destination endpoint is the endpoint with which the registration
is associated, (b) the bundle has not yet been delivered subject
to this registration, and (c) delivery of the bundle subject to
this registration has not been abandoned. To "abandon" delivery
of a bundle subject to a registration is simply to declare it no
longer deliverable subject to that registration; normally only
registrations' registered delivery failure actions cause
deliveries to be abandoned.
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Deletion, Discarding - A bundle protocol agent "discards" a bundle
by simply ceasing all operations on the bundle and functionally
erasing all references to it; the specific procedures by which
this is accomplished are an implementation matter. Bundles are
discarded silently; i.e., the discarding of a bundle does not
result in generation of an administrative record. "Retention
constraints" are elements of the bundle state that prevent a
bundle from being discarded; a bundle cannot be discarded while it
has any retention constraints. A bundle protocol agent "deletes"
a bundle in response to some anomalous condition by notifying the
bundle's report-to endpoint of the deletion (provided such
notification is warranted; see Section 5.13 for details) and then
arbitrarily removing all of the bundle's retention constraints,
enabling the bundle to be discarded.
Transmission - A transmission is a sustained effort by a node's
bundle protocol agent to cause a bundle to be sent to all nodes in
the minimum reception group of some endpoint (which may be the
bundle's destination or may be some intermediate forwarding
endpoint) in response to a transmission request issued by the
node's application agent. Any number of transmissions may be
concurrently undertaken by the bundle protocol agent of a given
node.
Custody - To "accept custody" upon forwarding a bundle is to commit
to retaining a copy of the bundle -- possibly re-forwarding the
bundle when necessary -- until custody of that bundle is
"released". Custody of a bundle whose destination is a singleton
endpoint is released when either (a) notification is received that
some other node has accepted custody of the same bundle; (b)
notification is received that the bundle has been delivered at the
(sole) node registered in the bundle's destination endpoint; or
(c) the bundle is explicitly deleted for some reason, such as
lifetime expiration. The condition(s) under which custody of a
bundle whose destination is not a singleton endpoint may be
released are not defined in this specification. To "refuse
custody" of a bundle is to decide not to accept custody of the
bundle. A "custodial node" of a bundle is a node that has
accepted custody of the bundle and has not yet released that
custody. A "custodian" of a bundle is a singleton endpoint whose
sole member is one of the bundle's custodial nodes.
3.2. Implementation Architectures
The above definitions are intended to enable the bundle protocol's
operations to be specified in a manner that minimizes bias toward any
particular implementation architecture. To illustrate the range of
interoperable implementation models that might conform to this
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specification, four example architectures are briefly described
below.
1. Bundle protocol application server
A single bundle protocol application server, constituting a
single bundle node, runs as a daemon process on each computer.
The daemon's functionality includes all functions of the bundle
protocol agent, all convergence layer adapters, and both the
administrative and application-specific elements of the
application agent. The application-specific element of the
application agent functions as a server, offering bundle protocol
service over a local area network: it responds to remote
procedure calls from application processes (on the same computer
and/or remote computers) that need to communicate via the bundle
protocol. The server supports its clients by creating a new
(conceptual) node for each one and registering each such node in
a client-specified endpoint. The conceptual nodes managed by the
server function as clients' bundle protocol service access
points.
2. Peer application nodes
Any number of bundle protocol application processes, each one
constituting a single bundle node, run in ad-hoc fashion on each
computer. The functionality of the bundle protocol agent, all
convergence layer adapters, and the administrative element of the
application agent is provided by a library to which each node
process is dynamically linked at run time. The application-
specific element of each node's application agent is node-
specific application code.
3. Sensor network nodes
Each node of the sensor network is the self-contained
implementation of a single bundle node. All functions of the
bundle protocol agent, all convergence layer adapters, and the
administrative element of the application agent are implemented
in simplified form in Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
(ASICs), while the application-specific element of each node's
application agent is implemented in a programmable
microcontroller. Forwarding is rudimentary: all bundles are
forwarded on a hard-coded default route.
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4. Dedicated bundle router
Each computer constitutes a single bundle node that functions
solely as a high-performance bundle forwarder. Many standard
functions of the bundle protocol agent, the convergence layer
adapters, and the administrative element of the application agent
are implemented in ASICs, but some functions are implemented in a
high-speed processor to enable reprogramming as necessary. The
node's application agent has no application-specific element.
Substantial non-volatile storage resources are provided, and
arbitrarily complex forwarding algorithms are supported.
3.3. Services Offered by Bundle Protocol Agents
The bundle protocol agent of each node is expected to provide the
following services to the node's application agent:
o commencing a registration (registering a node in an endpoint);
o terminating a registration;
o switching a registration between Active and Passive states;
o transmitting a bundle to an identified bundle endpoint;
o canceling a transmission;
o polling a registration that is in the passive state;
o delivering a received bundle.
4. Bundle Format
Each bundle shall be a concatenated sequence of at least two block
structures. The first block in the sequence must be a primary bundle
block, and no bundle may have more than one primary bundle block.
Additional bundle protocol blocks of other types may follow the
primary block to support extensions to the bundle protocol, such as
the Bundle Security Protocol [BSP]. At most one of the blocks in the
sequence may be a payload block. The last block in the sequence must
have the "last block" flag (in its block processing control flags)
set to 1; for every other block in the bundle after the primary
block, this flag must be set to zero.
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4.1. Self-Delimiting Numeric Values (SDNVs)
The design of the bundle protocol attempts to reconcile minimal
consumption of transmission bandwidth with:
o extensibility to address requirements not yet identified, and
o scalability across a wide range of network scales and payload
sizes.
A key strategic element in the design is the use of self-delimiting
numeric values (SDNVs). The SDNV encoding scheme is closely adapted
from the Abstract Syntax Notation One Basic Encoding Rules for
subidentifiers within an object identifier value [ASN1]. An SDNV is
a numeric value encoded in N octets, the last of which has its most
significant bit (MSB) set to zero; the MSB of every other octet in
the SDNV must be set to 1. The value encoded in an SDNV is the
unsigned binary number obtained by concatenating into a single bit
string the 7 least significant bits of each octet of the SDNV.
The following examples illustrate the encoding scheme for various
hexadecimal values.
0xABC : 1010 1011 1100
is encoded as
{1 00 10101} {0 0111100}
= 10010101 00111100
0x1234 : 0001 0010 0011 0100
= 1 0010 0011 0100
is encoded as
{1 0 100100} {0 0110100}
= 10100100 00110100
0x4234 : 0100 0010 0011 0100
= 100 0010 0011 0100
is encoded as
{1 000000 1} {1 0000100} {0 0110100}
= 10000001 10000100 00110100
0x7F : 0111 1111
= 111 1111
is encoded as
{0 1111111}
= 01111111
Figure 2: SDNV Example
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Note: Care must be taken to make sure that the value to be encoded is
(in concept) padded with high-order zero bits to make its bitwise
length a multiple of 7 before encoding. Also note that, while there
is no theoretical limit on the size of an SDNV field, the overhead of
the SDNV scheme is 1:7, i.e., one bit of overhead for every 7 bits of
actual data to be encoded. Thus, a 7-octet value (a 56-bit quantity
with no leading zeroes) would be encoded in an 8-octet SDNV; an
8-octet value (a 64-bit quantity with no leading zeroes) would be
encoded in a 10-octet SDNV (one octet containing the high-order bit
of the value padded with six leading zero bits, followed by nine
octets containing the remaining 63 bits of the value). 148 bits of
overhead would be consumed in encoding a 1024-bit RSA encryption key
directly in an SDNV. In general, an N-bit quantity with no leading
zeroes is encoded in an SDNV occupying ceil(N/7) octets, where ceil
is the integer ceiling function.
Implementations of the bundle protocol may handle as an invalid
numeric value any SDNV that encodes an integer that is larger than
(2^64 - 1).
An SDNV can be used to represent both very large and very small
integer values. However, SDNV is clearly not the best way to
represent every numeric value. For example, an SDNV is a poor way to
represent an integer whose value typically falls in the range 128 to
255. In general, though, we believe that SDNV representation of
numeric values in bundle blocks yields the smallest block sizes
without sacrificing scalability.
4.2. Bundle Processing Control Flags
The bundle processing control flags field in the primary bundle block
of each bundle is an SDNV; the value encoded in this SDNV is a string
of bits used to invoke selected bundle processing control features.
The significance of the value in each currently defined position of
this bit string is described here. Note that in the figure and
descriptions, the bit label numbers denote position (from least
significant ('0') to most significant) within the decoded bit string,
and not within the representation of the bits on the wire. This is
why the descriptions in this section and the next do not follow
standard RFC conventions with bit 0 on the left; if fields are added
in the future, the SDNV will grow to the left, and using this
representation allows the references here to remain valid.
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2 1 0
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Status Report|Class of Svc.| General |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Bundle Processing Control Flags Bit Layout
The bits in positions 0 through 6 are flags that characterize the
bundle as follows:
0 -- Bundle is a fragment.
1 -- Application data unit is an administrative record.
2 -- Bundle must not be fragmented.
3 -- Custody transfer is requested.
4 -- Destination endpoint is a singleton.
5 -- Acknowledgement by application is requested.
6 -- Reserved for future use.
The bits in positions 7 through 13 are used to indicate the bundle's
class of service. The bits in positions 8 and 7 constitute a two-bit
priority field indicating the bundle's priority, with higher values
being of higher priority: 00 = bulk, 01 = normal, 10 = expedited, 11
is reserved for future use. Within this field, bit 8 is the most
significant bit. The bits in positions 9 through 13 are reserved for
future use.
The bits in positions 14 through 20 are status report request flags.
These flags are used to request status reports as follows:
14 -- Request reporting of bundle reception.
15 -- Request reporting of custody acceptance.
16 -- Request reporting of bundle forwarding.
17 -- Request reporting of bundle delivery.
18 -- Request reporting of bundle deletion.
19 -- Reserved for future use.
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20 -- Reserved for future use.
If the bundle processing control flags indicate that the bundle's
application data unit is an administrative record, then the custody
transfer requested flag must be zero and all status report request
flags must be zero. If the custody transfer requested flag is 1,
then the sending node requests that the receiving node accept custody
of the bundle. If the bundle's source endpoint ID is "dtn:none" (see
below), then the bundle is not uniquely identifiable and all bundle
protocol features that rely on bundle identity must therefore be
disabled: the bundle's custody transfer requested flag must be zero,
the "Bundle must not be fragmented" flag must be 1, and all status
report request flags must be zero.
4.3. Block Processing Control Flags
The block processing control flags field in every block other than
the primary bundle block is an SDNV; the value encoded in this SDNV
is a string of bits used to invoke selected block processing control
features. The significance of the values in all currently defined
positions of this bit string, in order from least significant
position in the decoded bit string (labeled '0') to most significant
(labeled '6'), is described here.
0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Flags |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: Block Processing Control Flags Bit Layout
0 - Block must be replicated in every fragment.
1 - Transmit status report if block can't be processed.
2 - Delete bundle if block can't be processed.
3 - Last block.
4 - Discard block if it can't be processed.
5 - Block was forwarded without being processed.
6 - Block contains an EID-reference field.
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For each bundle whose primary block's bundle processing control flags
(see above) indicate that the bundle's application data unit is an
administrative record, the "Transmit status report if block can't be
processed" flag in the block processing flags field of every other
block in the bundle must be zero.
The 'Block must be replicated in every fragment' bit in the block
processing flags must be set to zero on all blocks that follow the
payload block.
4.4. Endpoint IDs
The destinations of bundles are bundle endpoints, identified by text
strings termed "endpoint IDs" (see Section 3.1). Each endpoint ID
conveyed in any bundle block takes the form of a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI; [URI]). As such, each endpoint ID can be
characterized as having this general structure:
< scheme name > : < scheme-specific part, or "SSP" >
As used for the purposes of the bundle protocol, neither the length
of a scheme name nor the length of an SSP may exceed 1023 bytes.
Bundle blocks cite a number of endpoint IDs for various purposes of
the bundle protocol. Many, though not necessarily all, of the
endpoint IDs referred to in the blocks of a given bundle are conveyed
in the "dictionary" byte array in the bundle's primary block. This
array is simply the concatenation of any number of null-terminated
scheme names and SSPs.
"Endpoint ID references" are used to cite endpoint IDs that are
contained in the dictionary; all endpoint ID citations in the primary
bundle block are endpoint ID references, and other bundle blocks may
contain endpoint ID references as well. Each endpoint ID reference
is an ordered pair of SDNVs:
o The first SDNV contains the offset within the dictionary of the
first character of the referenced endpoint ID's scheme name.
o The second SDNV contains the offset within the dictionary of the
first character of the referenced endpoint ID's SSP.
This encoding enables a degree of block compression: when the source
and report-to of a bundle are the same endpoint, for example, the
text of that endpoint's ID may be cited twice yet appear only once in
the dictionary.
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The scheme identified by the < scheme name > in an endpoint ID is a
set of syntactic and semantic rules that fully explain how to parse
and interpret the SSP. The set of allowable schemes is effectively
unlimited. Any scheme conforming to [URIREG] may be used in a bundle
protocol endpoint ID. In addition, a single additional scheme is
defined by the present document:
o The "dtn" scheme, which is used at minimum in the representation
of the null endpoint ID "dtn:none". The forwarding of a bundle to
the null endpoint is never contraindicated, and the minimum
reception group for the null endpoint is the empty set.
Note that, although the endpoint IDs conveyed in bundle blocks are
expressed as URIs, implementations of the BP service interface may
support expression of endpoint IDs in some internationalized manner
(e.g., Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs); see [RFC3987]).
4.5. Formats of Bundle Blocks
This section describes the formats of the primary block and payload
block. Rules for processing these blocks appear in Section 5 of this
document.
Note that supplementary DTN protocol specifications (including, but
not restricted to, the Bundle Security Protocol [BSP]) may require
that BP implementations conforming to those protocols construct and
process additional blocks.
The format of the two basic BP blocks is shown in Figure 5 below.
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Primary Bundle Block
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Version | Proc. Flags (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Block length (*) |
+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| Destination scheme offset (*) | Destination SSP offset (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Source scheme offset (*) | Source SSP offset (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Report-to scheme offset (*) | Report-to SSP offset (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Custodian scheme offset (*) | Custodian SSP offset (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Creation Timestamp time (*) |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Creation Timestamp sequence number (*) |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Lifetime (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Dictionary length (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Dictionary byte array (variable) |
+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| [Fragment offset (*)] |
+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| [Total application data unit length (*)] |
+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
Bundle Payload Block
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Block type | Proc. Flags (*)| Block length(*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
/ Bundle Payload (variable) /
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 5: Bundle Block Formats
(*) Notes:
The bundle processing control ("Proc.") flags field in the Primary
Bundle Block is an SDNV and is therefore variable length. A three-
octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in representation.
The block length field of the Primary Bundle Block is an SDNV and is
therefore variable length. A four-octet SDNV is shown here for
convenience in representation.
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Each of the eight offset fields in the Primary Bundle Block is an
SDNV and is therefore variable length. Two-octet SDNVs are shown
here for convenience in representation.
The Creation Timestamp time field in the Primary Bundle Block is an
SDNV and is therefore variable length. A four-octet SDNV is shown
here for convenience in representation.
The Creation Timestamp sequence number field in the Primary Bundle
Block is an SDNV and is therefore variable length. A four-octet SDNV
is shown here for convenience in representation.
The Lifetime field in the Primary Bundle Block is an SDNV and is
therefore variable length. A four-octet SDNV is shown here for
convenience in representation.
The dictionary length field of the Primary Bundle Block is an SDNV
and is therefore variable length. A four-octet SDNV is shown here
for convenience in representation.
The fragment offset field of the Primary Bundle Block is present only
if the Fragment flag in the block's processing flags byte is set to
1. It is an SDNV and is therefore variable length; a four-octet SDNV
is shown here for convenience in representation.
The total application data unit length field of the Primary Bundle
Block is present only if the Fragment flag in the block's processing
flags byte is set to 1. It is an SDNV and is therefore variable
length; a four-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The block processing control ("Proc.") flags field of the Payload
Block is an SDNV and is therefore variable length. A one-octet SDNV
is shown here for convenience in representation.
The block length field of the Payload Block is an SDNV and is
therefore variable length. A two-octet SDNV is shown here for
convenience in representation.
4.5.1. Primary Bundle Block
The primary bundle block contains the basic information needed to
route bundles to their destinations. The fields of the primary
bundle block are:
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Version: A 1-byte field indicating the version of the bundle
protocol that constructed this block. The present document
describes version 0x06 of the bundle protocol.
Bundle Processing Control Flags: The Bundle Processing Control
Flags field is an SDNV that contains the bundle processing control
flags discussed in Section 4.2 above.
Block Length: The Block Length field is an SDNV that contains the
aggregate length of all remaining fields of the block.
Destination Scheme Offset: The Destination Scheme Offset field
contains the offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme
name of the endpoint ID of the bundle's destination, i.e., the
endpoint containing the node(s) at which the bundle is to be
delivered.
Destination SSP Offset: The Destination SSP Offset field contains
the offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme-specific
part of the endpoint ID of the bundle's destination.
Source Scheme Offset: The Source Scheme Offset field contains the
offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme name of the
endpoint ID of the bundle's nominal source, i.e., the endpoint
nominally containing the node from which the bundle was initially
transmitted.
Source SSP Offset: The Source SSP Offset field contains the offset
within the dictionary byte array of the scheme-specific part of
the endpoint ID of the bundle's nominal source.
Report-to Scheme Offset: The Report-to Scheme Offset field contains
the offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme name of
the ID of the endpoint to which status reports pertaining to the
forwarding and delivery of this bundle are to be transmitted.
Report-to SSP Offset: The Report-to SSP Offset field contains the
offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme-specific
part of the ID of the endpoint to which status reports pertaining
to the forwarding and delivery of this bundle are to be
transmitted.
Custodian Scheme Offset: The "current custodian endpoint ID" of a
primary bundle block identifies an endpoint whose membership
includes the node that most recently accepted custody of the
bundle upon forwarding this bundle. The Custodian Scheme Offset
field contains the offset within the dictionary byte array of the
scheme name of the current custodian endpoint ID.
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Custodian SSP Offset: The Custodian SSP Offset field contains the
offset within the dictionary byte array of the scheme-specific
part of the current custodian endpoint ID.
Creation Timestamp: The creation timestamp is a pair of SDNVs that,
together with the source endpoint ID and (if the bundle is a
fragment) the fragment offset and payload length, serve to
identify the bundle. The first SDNV of the timestamp is the
bundle's creation time, while the second is the bundle's creation
timestamp sequence number. Bundle creation time is the time --
expressed in seconds since the start of the year 2000, on the
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale [UTC] -- at which the
transmission request was received that resulted in the creation of
the bundle. Sequence count is the latest value (as of the time at
which that transmission request was received) of a monotonically
increasing positive integer counter managed by the source node's
bundle protocol agent that may be reset to zero whenever the
current time advances by one second. A source Bundle Protocol
Agent must never create two distinct bundles with the same source
endpoint ID and bundle creation timestamp. The combination of
source endpoint ID and bundle creation timestamp therefore serves
to identify a single transmission request, enabling it to be
acknowledged by the receiving application (provided the source
endpoint ID is not "dtn:none").
Lifetime: The lifetime field is an SDNV that indicates the time at
which the bundle's payload will no longer be useful, encoded as a
number of seconds past the creation time. When the current time
is greater than the creation time plus the lifetime, bundle nodes
need no longer retain or forward the bundle; the bundle may be
deleted from the network.
Dictionary Length: The Dictionary Length field is an SDNV that
contains the length of the dictionary byte array.
Dictionary: The Dictionary field is an array of bytes formed by
concatenating the null-terminated scheme names and SSPs of all
endpoint IDs referenced by any fields in this Primary Block
together with, potentially, other endpoint IDs referenced by
fields in other TBD DTN protocol blocks. Its length is given by
the value of the Dictionary Length field.
Fragment Offset: If the Bundle Processing Control Flags of this
Primary block indicate that the bundle is a fragment, then the
Fragment Offset field is an SDNV indicating the offset from the
start of the original application data unit at which the bytes
comprising the payload of this bundle were located. If not, then
the Fragment Offset field is omitted from the block.
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Total Application Data Unit Length: If the Bundle Processing
Control Flags of this Primary block indicate that the bundle is a
fragment, then the Total Application Data Unit Length field is an
SDNV indicating the total length of the original application data
unit of which this bundle's payload is a part. If not, then the
Total Application Data Unit Length field is omitted from the
block.
4.5.2. Canonical Bundle Block Format
Every bundle block of every type other than the primary bundle block
comprises the following fields, in this order:
o Block type code, expressed as an 8-bit unsigned binary integer.
Bundle block type code 1 indicates that the block is a bundle
payload block. Block type codes 192 through 255 are not defined
in this specification and are available for private and/or
experimental use. All other values of the block type code are
reserved for future use.
o Block processing control flags, an unsigned integer expressed as
an SDNV. The individual bits of this integer are used to invoke
selected block processing control features.
o Block EID reference count and EID references (optional). If and
only if the block references EID elements in the primary block's
dictionary, the 'block contains an EID-reference field' flag in
the block processing control flags is set to 1 and the block
includes an EID reference field consisting of a count of EID
references expressed as an SDNV followed by the EID references
themselves. Each EID reference is a pair of SDNVs. The first
SDNV of each EID reference contains the offset of a scheme name in
the primary block's dictionary, and the second SDNV of each
reference contains the offset of a scheme-specific part in the
dictionary.
o Block data length, an unsigned integer expressed as an SDNV. The
Block data length field contains the aggregate length of all
remaining fields of the block, i.e., the block-type-specific data
fields.
o Block-type-specific data fields, whose format and order are type-
specific and whose aggregate length in octets is the value of the
block data length field. All multi-byte block-type-specific data
fields are represented in network byte order.
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+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|Block type | Block processing ctrl flags (SDNV)|
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Block length (SDNV) |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
/ Block body data (variable) /
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Figure 6: Block Layout without EID Reference List
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|Block Type | Block processing ctrl flags (SDNV)|
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| EID Reference Count (SDNV) |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Ref_scheme_1 (SDNV) | Ref_ssp_1 (SDNV) |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Ref_scheme_2 (SDNV) | Ref_ssp_2 (SDNV) |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Block length (SDNV) |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
/ Block body data (variable) /
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Figure 7: Block Layout Showing Two EID References
4.5.3. Bundle Payload Block
The fields of the bundle payload block are:
Block Type: The Block Type field is a 1-byte field that indicates
the type of the block. For the bundle payload block, this field
contains the value 1.
Block Processing Control Flags: The Block Processing Control Flags
field is an SDNV that contains the block processing control flags
discussed in Section 4.3 above.
Block Length: The Block Length field is an SDNV that contains the
aggregate length of all remaining fields of the block - which is
to say, the length of the bundle's payload.
Payload: The Payload field contains the application data carried by
this bundle.
That is, bundle payload blocks follow the canonical format of the
previous section with the restriction that the 'block contains an
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EID-reference field' bit of the block processing control flags is
never set. The block body data for payload blocks is the application
data carried by the bundle.
4.6. Extension Blocks
"Extension blocks" are all blocks other than the primary and payload
blocks. Because extension blocks are not defined in the Bundle
Protocol specification (the present document), not all nodes
conforming to this specification will necessarily instantiate Bundle
Protocol implementations that include procedures for processing (that
is, recognizing, parsing, acting on, and/or producing) all extension
blocks. It is therefore possible for a node to receive a bundle that
includes extension blocks that the node cannot process.
Whenever a bundle is forwarded that contains one or more extension
blocks that could not be processed, the "Block was forwarded without
being processed" flag must be set to 1 within the block processing
flags of each such block. For each block flagged in this way, the
flag may optionally be cleared (i.e., set to zero) by another node
that subsequently receives the bundle and is able to process that
block; the specifications defining the various extension blocks are
expected to define the circumstances under which this flag may be
cleared, if any.
4.7. Dictionary Revision
Any strings (scheme names and SSPs) in a bundle's dictionary that are
referenced neither from the bundle's primary block nor from the block
EID reference field of any extension block may be removed from the
dictionary at the time the bundle is forwarded.
Whenever removal of a string from the dictionary causes the offsets
(within the dictionary byte array) of any other strings to change,
all endpoint ID references that refer to those strings must be
adjusted at the same time. Note that these references may be in the
primary block and/or in the block EID reference fields of extension
blocks.
5. Bundle Processing
The bundle processing procedures mandated in this section and in
Section 6 govern the operation of the Bundle Protocol Agent and the
Application Agent administrative element of each bundle node. They
are neither exhaustive nor exclusive. That is, supplementary DTN
protocol specifications (including, but not restricted to, the Bundle
Security Protocol [BSP]) may require that additional measures be
taken at specified junctures in these procedures. Such additional
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measures shall not override or supersede the mandated bundle protocol
procedures, except that they may in some cases make these procedures
moot by requiring, for example, that implementations conforming to
the supplementary protocol terminate the processing of a given
incoming or outgoing bundle due to a fault condition recognized by
that protocol.
5.1. Generation of Administrative Records
All initial transmission of bundles is in response to bundle
transmission requests presented by nodes' application agents. When
required to "generate" an administrative record (a bundle status
report or a custody signal), the bundle protocol agent itself is
responsible for causing a new bundle to be transmitted, conveying
that record. In concept, the bundle protocol agent discharges this
responsibility by directing the administrative element of the node's
application agent to construct the record and request its
transmission as detailed in Section 6 below. In practice, the manner
in which administrative record generation is accomplished is an
implementation matter, provided the constraints noted in Section 6
are observed.
Under some circumstances, the requesting of status reports could
result in an unacceptable increase in the bundle traffic in the
network. For this reason, the generation of status reports is
mandatory only in one case, the deletion of a bundle for which
custody transfer is requested. In all other cases, the decision on
whether or not to generate a requested status report is left to the
discretion of the bundle protocol agent. Mechanisms that could
assist in making such decisions, such as pre-placed agreements
authorizing the generation of status reports under specified
circumstances, are beyond the scope of this specification.
Notes on administrative record terminology:
o A "bundle reception status report" is a bundle status report with
the "reporting node received bundle" flag set to 1.
o A "custody acceptance status report" is a bundle status report
with the "reporting node accepted custody of bundle" flag set to
1.
o A "bundle forwarding status report" is a bundle status report with
the "reporting node forwarded the bundle" flag set to 1.
o A "bundle delivery status report" is a bundle status report with
the "reporting node delivered the bundle" flag set to 1.
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o A "bundle deletion status report" is a bundle status report with
the "reporting node deleted the bundle" flag set to 1.
o A "Succeeded" custody signal is a custody signal with the "custody
transfer succeeded" flag set to 1.
o A "Failed" custody signal is a custody signal with the "custody
transfer succeeded" flag set to zero.
o The "current custodian" of a bundle is the endpoint identified by
the current custodian endpoint ID in the bundle's primary block.
5.2. Bundle Transmission
The steps in processing a bundle transmission request are:
Step 1: If custody transfer is requested for this bundle
transmission and, moreover, custody acceptance by the source node
is required, then either the bundle protocol agent must commit to
accepting custody of the bundle -- in which case processing
proceeds from Step 2 -- or the request cannot be honored and all
remaining steps of this procedure must be skipped. The bundle
protocol agent must not commit to accepting custody of a bundle if
the conditions under which custody of the bundle may be accepted
are not satisfied. The conditions under which a node may accept
custody of a bundle whose destination is not a singleton endpoint
are not defined in this specification.
Step 2: Transmission of the bundle is initiated. An outbound
bundle must be created per the parameters of the bundle
transmission request, with current custodian endpoint ID set to
the null endpoint ID "dtn:none" and with the retention constraint
"Dispatch pending". The source endpoint ID of the bundle must be
either the ID of an endpoint of which the node is a member or the
null endpoint ID "dtn:none".
Step 3: Processing proceeds from Step 1 of Section 5.4.
5.3. Bundle Dispatching
The steps in dispatching a bundle are:
Step 1: If the bundle's destination endpoint is an endpoint of
which the node is a member, the bundle delivery procedure defined
in Section 5.7 must be followed.
Step 2: Processing proceeds from Step 1 of Section 5.4.
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5.4. Bundle Forwarding
The steps in forwarding a bundle are:
Step 1: The retention constraint "Forward pending" must be added to
the bundle, and the bundle's "Dispatch pending" retention
constraint must be removed.
Step 2: The bundle protocol agent must determine whether or not
forwarding is contraindicated for any of the reasons listed in
Figure 12. In particular:
* The bundle protocol agent must determine which endpoint(s) to
forward the bundle to. The bundle protocol agent may choose
either to forward the bundle directly to its destination
endpoint (if possible) or to forward the bundle to some other
endpoint(s) for further forwarding. The manner in which this
decision is made may depend on the scheme name in the
destination endpoint ID but in any case is beyond the scope of
this document. If the agent finds it impossible to select any
endpoint(s) to forward the bundle to, then forwarding is
contraindicated.
* Provided the bundle protocol agent succeeded in selecting the
endpoint(s) to forward the bundle to, the bundle protocol agent
must select the convergence layer adapter(s) whose services
will enable the node to send the bundle to the nodes of the
minimum reception group of each selected endpoint. The manner
in which the appropriate convergence layer adapters are
selected may depend on the scheme name in the destination
endpoint ID but in any case is beyond the scope of this
document. If the agent finds it impossible to select
convergence layer adapters to use in forwarding this bundle,
then forwarding is contraindicated.
Step 3: If forwarding of the bundle is determined to be
contraindicated for any of the reasons listed in Figure 12, then
the Forwarding Contraindicated procedure defined in Section 5.4.1
must be followed; the remaining steps of Section 5 are skipped at
this time.
Step 4: If the bundle's custody transfer requested flag (in the
bundle processing flags field) is set to 1, then the custody
transfer procedure defined in Section 5.10.2 must be followed.
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Step 5: For each endpoint selected for forwarding, the bundle
protocol agent must invoke the services of the selected
convergence layer adapter(s) in order to effect the sending of the
bundle to the nodes constituting the minimum reception group of
that endpoint. Determining the time at which the bundle is to be
sent by each convergence layer adapter is an implementation
matter.
To keep from possibly invalidating bundle security, the sequencing
of the blocks in a forwarded bundle must not be changed as it
transits a node; received blocks must be transmitted in the same
relative order as that in which they were received. While blocks
may be added to bundles as they transit intermediate nodes,
removal of blocks that do not have their 'Discard block if it
can't be processed' flag in the block processing control flags set
to 1 may cause security to fail.
Step 6: When all selected convergence layer adapters have informed
the bundle protocol agent that they have concluded their data
sending procedures with regard to this bundle:
* If the "request reporting of bundle forwarding" flag in the
bundle's status report request field is set to 1, then a bundle
forwarding status report should be generated, destined for the
bundle's report-to endpoint ID. If the bundle has the
retention constraint "custody accepted" and all of the nodes in
the minimum reception group of the endpoint selected for
forwarding are known to be unable to send bundles back to this
node, then the reason code on this bundle forwarding status
report must be "forwarded over unidirectional link"; otherwise,
the reason code must be "no additional information".
* The bundle's "Forward pending" retention constraint must be
removed.
5.4.1. Forwarding Contraindicated
The steps in responding to contraindication of forwarding for some
reason are:
Step 1: The bundle protocol agent must determine whether or not to
declare failure in forwarding the bundle for this reason. Note:
this decision is likely to be influenced by the reason for which
forwarding is contraindicated.
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Step 2: If forwarding failure is declared, then the Forwarding
Failed procedure defined in Section 5.4.2 must be followed.
Otherwise, (a) if the bundle's custody transfer requested flag (in
the bundle processing flags field) is set to 1, then the custody
transfer procedure defined in Section 5.10 must be followed; (b)
when -- at some future time - the forwarding of this bundle ceases
to be contraindicated, processing proceeds from Step 5 of
Section 5.4.
5.4.2. Forwarding Failed
The steps in responding to a declaration of forwarding failure for
some reason are:
Step 1: If the bundle's custody transfer requested flag (in the
bundle processing flags field) is set to 1, custody transfer
failure must be handled. Procedures for handling failure of
custody transfer for a bundle whose destination is not a singleton
endpoint are not defined in this specification. For a bundle
whose destination is a singleton endpoint, the bundle protocol
agent must handle the custody transfer failure by generating a
"Failed" custody signal for the bundle, destined for the bundle's
current custodian; the custody signal must contain a reason code
corresponding to the reason for which forwarding was determined to
be contraindicated. (Note that discarding the bundle will not
delete it from the network, since the current custodian still has
a copy.)
Step 2: If the bundle's destination endpoint is an endpoint of
which the node is a member, then the bundle's "Forward pending"
retention constraint must be removed. Otherwise, the bundle must
be deleted: the bundle deletion procedure defined in Section 5.13
must be followed, citing the reason for which forwarding was
determined to be contraindicated.
5.5. Bundle Expiration
A bundle expires when the current time is greater than the bundle's
creation time plus its lifetime as specified in the primary bundle
block. Bundle expiration may occur at any point in the processing of
a bundle. When a bundle expires, the bundle protocol agent must
delete the bundle for the reason "lifetime expired": the bundle
deletion procedure defined in Section 5.13 must be followed.
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5.6. Bundle Reception
The steps in processing a bundle received from another node are:
Step 1: The retention constraint "Dispatch pending" must be added
to the bundle.
Step 2: If the "request reporting of bundle reception" flag in the
bundle's status report request field is set to 1, then a bundle
reception status report with reason code "No additional
information" should be generated, destined for the bundle's
report-to endpoint ID.
Step 3: For each block in the bundle that is an extension block
that the bundle protocol agent cannot process:
* If the block processing flags in that block indicate that a
status report is requested in this event, then a bundle
reception status report with reason code "Block unintelligible"
should be generated, destined for the bundle's report-to
endpoint ID.
* If the block processing flags in that block indicate that the
bundle must be deleted in this event, then the bundle protocol
agent must delete the bundle for the reason "Block
unintelligible"; the bundle deletion procedure defined in
Section 5.13 must be followed and all remaining steps of the
bundle reception procedure must be skipped.
* If the block processing flags in that block do NOT indicate
that the bundle must be deleted in this event but do indicate
that the block must be discarded, then the bundle protocol
agent must remove this block from the bundle.
* If the block processing flags in that block indicate NEITHER
that the bundle must be deleted NOR that the block must be
discarded, then the bundle protocol agent must set to 1 the
"Block was forwarded without being processed" flag in the block
processing flags of the block.
Step 4: If the bundle's custody transfer requested flag (in the
bundle processing flags field) is set to 1 and the bundle has the
same source endpoint ID, creation timestamp, and (if the bundle is
a fragment) fragment offset and payload length as another bundle
that (a) has not been discarded and (b) currently has the
retention constraint "Custody accepted", custody transfer
redundancy must be handled. Otherwise, processing proceeds from
Step 5. Procedures for handling redundancy in custody transfer
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for a bundle whose destination is not a singleton endpoint are not
defined in this specification. For a bundle whose destination is
a singleton endpoint, the bundle protocol agent must handle
custody transfer redundancy by generating a "Failed" custody
signal for this bundle with reason code "Redundant reception",
destined for this bundle's current custodian, and removing this
bundle's "Dispatch pending" retention constraint.
Step 5: Processing proceeds from Step 1 of Section 5.3.
5.7. Local Bundle Delivery
The steps in processing a bundle that is destined for an endpoint of
which this node is a member are:
Step 1: If the received bundle is a fragment, the application data
unit reassembly procedure described in Section 5.9 must be
followed. If this procedure results in reassembly of the entire
original application data unit, processing of this bundle (whose
fragmentary payload has been replaced by the reassembled
application data unit) proceeds from Step 2; otherwise, the
retention constraint "Reassembly pending" must be added to the
bundle and all remaining steps of this procedure are skipped.
Step 2: Delivery depends on the state of the registration whose
endpoint ID matches that of the destination of the bundle:
* If the registration is in the Active state, then the bundle
must be delivered subject to this registration (see Section 3.1
above) as soon as all previously received bundles that are
deliverable subject to this registration have been delivered.
* If the registration is in the Passive state, then the
registration's delivery failure action must be taken (see
Section 3.1 above).
Step 3: As soon as the bundle has been delivered:
* If the "request reporting of bundle delivery" flag in the
bundle's status report request field is set to 1, then a bundle
delivery status report should be generated, destined for the
bundle's report-to endpoint ID. Note that this status report
only states that the payload has been delivered to the
application agent, not that the application agent has processed
that payload.
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* If the bundle's custody transfer requested flag (in the bundle
processing flags field) is set to 1, custodial delivery must be
reported. Procedures for reporting custodial delivery for a
bundle whose destination is not a singleton endpoint are not
defined in this specification. For a bundle whose destination
is a singleton endpoint, the bundle protocol agent must report
custodial delivery by generating a "Succeeded" custody signal
for the bundle, destined for the bundle's current custodian.
5.8. Bundle Fragmentation
It may at times be necessary for bundle protocol agents to reduce the
sizes of bundles in order to forward them. This might be the case,
for example, if the endpoint to which a bundle is to be forwarded is
accessible only via intermittent contacts and no upcoming contact is
long enough to enable the forwarding of the entire bundle.
The size of a bundle can be reduced by "fragmenting" the bundle. To
fragment a bundle whose payload is of size M is to replace it with
two "fragments" -- new bundles with the same source endpoint ID and
creation timestamp as the original bundle -- whose payloads are the
first N and the last (M - N) bytes of the original bundle's payload,
where 0 < N < M. Note that fragments may themselves be fragmented,
so fragmentation may in effect replace the original bundle with more
than two fragments. (However, there is only one 'level' of
fragmentation, as in IP fragmentation.)
Any bundle whose primary block's bundle processing flags do NOT
indicate that it must not be fragmented may be fragmented at any
time, for any purpose, at the discretion of the bundle protocol
agent.
Fragmentation shall be constrained as follows:
o The concatenation of the payloads of all fragments produced by
fragmentation must always be identical to the payload of the
bundle that was fragmented. Note that the payloads of fragments
resulting from different fragmentation episodes, in different
parts of the network, may be overlapping subsets of the original
bundle's payload.
o The bundle processing flags in the primary block of each fragment
must be modified to indicate that the bundle is a fragment, and
both fragment offset and total application data unit length must
be provided at the end of each fragment's primary bundle block.
o The primary blocks of the fragments will differ from that of the
fragmented bundle as noted above.
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o The payload blocks of fragments will differ from that of the
fragmented bundle as noted above.
o All blocks that precede the payload block at the time of
fragmentation must be replicated in the fragment with the lowest
offset.
o All blocks that follow the payload block at the time of
fragmentation must be replicated in the fragment with the highest
offset.
o If the 'Block must be replicated in every fragment' bit is set to
1, then the block must be replicated in every fragment.
o If the 'Block must be replicated in every fragment' bit is set to
zero, the block should be replicated in only one fragment.
o The relative order of all blocks that are present in a fragment
must be the same as in the bundle prior to fragmentation.
5.9. Application Data Unit Reassembly
If the concatenation -- as informed by fragment offsets and payload
lengths -- of the payloads of all previously received fragments with
the same source endpoint ID and creation timestamp as this fragment,
together with the payload of this fragment, forms a byte array whose
length is equal to the total application data unit length in the
fragment's primary block, then:
o This byte array -- the reassembled application data unit -- must
replace the payload of this fragment.
o The "Reassembly pending" retention constraint must be removed from
every other fragment whose payload is a subset of the reassembled
application data unit.
Note: reassembly of application data units from fragments occurs at
destination endpoints as necessary; an application data unit may also
be reassembled at some other endpoint on the route to the
destination.
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5.10. Custody Transfer
The conditions under which a node may accept custody of a bundle
whose destination is not a singleton endpoint are not defined in this
specification.
The decision as to whether or not to accept custody of a bundle whose
destination is a singleton endpoint is an implementation matter that
may involve both resource and policy considerations; however, if the
bundle protocol agent has committed to accepting custody of the
bundle (as described in Step 1 of Section 5.2), then custody must be
accepted.
If the bundle protocol agent elects to accept custody of the bundle,
then it must follow the custody acceptance procedure defined in
Section 5.10.1.
5.10.1. Custody Acceptance
Procedures for acceptance of custody of a bundle whose destination is
not a singleton endpoint are not defined in this specification.
Procedures for acceptance of custody of a bundle whose destination is
a singleton endpoint are defined as follows.
The retention constraint "Custody accepted" must be added to the
bundle.
If the "request reporting of custody acceptance" flag in the bundle's
status report request field is set to 1, a custody acceptance status
report should be generated, destined for the report-to endpoint ID of
the bundle. However, if a bundle reception status report was
generated for this bundle (Step 1 of Section 5.6), then this report
should be generated by simply turning on the "Reporting node accepted
custody of bundle" flag in that earlier report's status flags byte.
The bundle protocol agent must generate a "Succeeded" custody signal
for the bundle, destined for the bundle's current custodian.
The bundle protocol agent must assert the new current custodian for
the bundle. It does so by changing the current custodian endpoint ID
in the bundle's primary block to the endpoint ID of one of the
singleton endpoints in which the node is registered. This may entail
appending that endpoint ID's null-terminated scheme name and SSP to
the dictionary byte array in the bundle's primary block, and in some
case it may also enable the (optional) removal of the current
custodian endpoint ID's scheme name and/or SSP from the dictionary.
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The bundle protocol agent may set a custody transfer countdown timer
for this bundle; upon expiration of this timer prior to expiration of
the bundle itself and prior to custody transfer success for this
bundle, the custody transfer failure procedure detailed in
Section 5.12 must be followed. The manner in which the countdown
interval for such a timer is determined is an implementation matter.
The bundle should be retained in persistent storage if possible.
5.10.2. Custody Release
Procedures for release of custody of a bundle whose destination is
not a singleton endpoint are not defined in this specification.
When custody of a bundle is released, where the destination of the
bundle is a singleton endpoint, the "Custody accepted" retention
constraint must be removed from the bundle and any custody transfer
timer that has been established for this bundle must be destroyed.
5.11. Custody Transfer Success
Procedures for determining custody transfer success for a bundle
whose destination is not a singleton endpoint are not defined in this
specification.
Upon receipt of a "Succeeded" custody signal at a node that is a
custodial node of the bundle identified in the custody signal, where
the destination of the bundle is a singleton endpoint, custody of the
bundle must be released as described in Section 5.10.2.
5.12. Custody Transfer Failure
Procedures for determining custody transfer failure for a bundle
whose destination is not a singleton endpoint are not defined in this
specification. Custody transfer for a bundle whose destination is a
singleton endpoint is determined to have failed at a custodial node
for that bundle when either (a) that node's custody transfer timer
for that bundle (if any) expires or (b) a "Failed" custody signal for
that bundle is received at that node.
Upon determination of custody transfer failure, the action taken by
the bundle protocol agent is implementation-specific and may depend
on the nature of the failure. For example, if custody transfer
failure was inferred from expiration of a custody transfer timer or
was asserted by a "Failed" custody signal with the "Depleted storage"
reason code, the bundle protocol agent might choose to re-forward the
bundle, possibly on a different route (Section 5.4). Receipt of a
"Failed" custody signal with the "Redundant reception" reason code,
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on the other hand, might cause the bundle protocol agent to release
custody of the bundle and to revise its algorithm for computing
countdown intervals for custody transfer timers.
5.13. Bundle Deletion
The steps in deleting a bundle are:
Step 1: If the retention constraint "Custody accepted" currently
prevents this bundle from being discarded, and the destination of
the bundle is a singleton endpoint, then:
* Custody of the node is released as described in Section 5.10.2.
* A bundle deletion status report citing the reason for deletion
must be generated, destined for the bundle's report-to endpoint
ID.
Otherwise, if the "request reporting of bundle deletion" flag in
the bundle's status report request field is set to 1, then a
bundle deletion status report citing the reason for deletion
should be generated, destined for the bundle's report-to endpoint
ID.
Step 2: All of the bundle's retention constraints must be removed.
5.14. Discarding a Bundle
As soon as a bundle has no remaining retention constraints it may be
discarded.
5.15. Canceling a Transmission
When requested to cancel a specified transmission, where the bundle
created upon initiation of the indicated transmission has not yet
been discarded, the bundle protocol agent must delete that bundle for
the reason "transmission cancelled". For this purpose, the procedure
defined in Section 5.13 must be followed.
5.16. Polling
When requested to poll a specified registration that is in the
Passive state, the bundle protocol agent must immediately deliver the
least recently received bundle that is deliverable subject to the
indicated registration, if any.
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6. Administrative Record Processing
6.1. Administrative Records
Administrative records are standard application data units that are
used in providing some of the features of the Bundle Protocol. Two
types of administrative records have been defined to date: bundle
status reports and custody signals.
Every administrative record consists of a four-bit record type code
followed by four bits of administrative record flags, followed by
record content in type-specific format. Record type codes are
defined as follows:
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| Value | Meaning |
+=========+============================================+
| 0001 | Bundle status report. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0010 | Custody signal. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| (other) | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
Figure 8: Administrative Record Type Codes
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| Value | Meaning |
+=========+============================================+
| 0001 | Record is for a fragment; fragment |
| | offset and length fields are present. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| (other) | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
Figure 9: Administrative Record Flags
All time values in administrative records are UTC times expressed in
"DTN time" representation. A DTN time consists of an SDNV indicating
the number of seconds since the start of the year 2000, followed by
an SDNV indicating the number of nanoseconds since the start of the
indicated second.
The contents of the various types of administrative records are
described below.
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6.1.1. Bundle Status Reports
The transmission of 'bundle status reports' under specified
conditions is an option that can be invoked when transmission of a
bundle is requested. These reports are intended to provide
information about how bundles are progressing through the system,
including notices of receipt, custody transfer, forwarding, final
delivery, and deletion. They are transmitted to the Report-to
endpoints of bundles.
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Status Flags | Reason code | Fragment offset (*) (if
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
present) | Fragment length (*) (if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of receipt of bundle X (a DTN time, if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of custody acceptance of bundle X (a DTN time, if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of forwarding of bundle X (a DTN time, if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of delivery of bundle X (a DTN time, if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of deletion of bundle X (a DTN time, if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Copy of bundle X's Creation Timestamp time (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Copy of bundle X's Creation Timestamp sequence number (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Length of X's source endpoint ID (*) | Source
+----------------+---------------------------------+ +
endpoint ID of bundle X (variable) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
Figure 10: Bundle Status Report Format
(*) Notes:
The Fragment Offset field, if present, is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A three-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The Fragment Length field, if present, is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A three-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
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The Creation Timestamp fields replicate the Creation Timestamp fields
in the primary block of the subject bundle. As such they are SDNVs
(see Section 4.5.1 above) and are therefore variable length. Four-
octet SDNVs are shown here for convenience in representation.
The source endpoint ID length field is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A three-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The fields in a bundle status report are:
Status Flags: A 1-byte field containing the following flags:
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| Value | Meaning |
+==========+============================================+
| 00000001 | Reporting node received bundle. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 00000010 | Reporting node accepted custody of bundle.|
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 00000100 | Reporting node forwarded the bundle. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 00001000 | Reporting node delivered the bundle. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 00010000 | Reporting node deleted the bundle. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 00100000 | Unused. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 01000000 | Unused. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
| 10000000 | Unused. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------+
Figure 11: Status Flags for Bundle Status Reports
Reason Code: A 1-byte field explaining the value of the flags in
the status flags byte. The list of status report reason codes
provided here is neither exhaustive nor exclusive; supplementary
DTN protocol specifications (including, but not restricted to, the
Bundle Security Protocol [BSP]) may define additional reason
codes. Status report reason codes are defined as follows:
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RFC 5050 Bundle Protocol Specification November 2007
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| Value | Meaning |
+=========+============================================+
| 0x00 | No additional information. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x01 | Lifetime expired. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x02 | Forwarded over unidirectional link. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x03 | Transmission canceled. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x04 | Depleted storage. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x05 | Destination endpoint ID unintelligible. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x06 | No known route to destination from here. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x07 | No timely contact with next node on route.|
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x08 | Block unintelligible. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| (other) | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
Figure 12: Status Report Reason Codes
Fragment Offset: If the bundle fragment bit is set in the status
flags, then the offset (within the original application data unit)
of the payload of the bundle that caused the status report to be
generated is included here.
Fragment length: If the bundle fragment bit is set in the status
flags, then the length of the payload of the subject bundle is
included here.
Time of Receipt (if present): If the bundle-received bit is set in
the status flags, then a DTN time indicating the time at which the
bundle was received at the reporting node is included here.
Time of Custody Acceptance (if present): If the custody-accepted
bit is set in the status flags, then a DTN time indicating the
time at which custody was accepted at the reporting node is
included here.
Time of Forward (if present): If the bundle-forwarded bit is set in
the status flags, then a DTN time indicating the time at which the
bundle was first forwarded at the reporting node is included here.
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Time of Delivery (if present): If the bundle-delivered bit is set
in the status flags, then a DTN time indicating the time at which
the bundle was delivered at the reporting node is included here.
Time of Deletion (if present): If the bundle-deleted bit is set in
the status flags, then a DTN time indicating the time at which the
bundle was deleted at the reporting node is included here.
Creation Timestamp of Subject Bundle: A copy of the creation
timestamp of the bundle that caused the status report to be
generated.
Length of Source Endpoint ID: The length in bytes of the source
endpoint ID of the bundle that caused the status report to be
generated.
Source Endpoint ID text: The text of the source endpoint ID of the
bundle that caused the status report to be generated.
6.1.2. Custody Signals
Custody signals are administrative records that effect custody
transfer operations. They are transmitted to the endpoints that are
the current custodians of bundles.
Custody signals have the following format.
Custody signal regarding bundle 'X':
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Status | Fragment offset (*) (if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Fragment length (*) (if present) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Time of signal (a DTN time) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Copy of bundle X's Creation Timestamp time (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Copy of bundle X's Creation Timestamp sequence number (*) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Length of X's source endpoint ID (*) | Source
+----------------+---------------------------------+ +
endpoint ID of bundle X (variable) |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
Figure 13: Custody Signal Format
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(*) Notes:
The Fragment Offset field, if present, is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A three-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The Fragment Length field, if present, is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A four-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The Creation Timestamp fields replicate the Creation Timestamp fields
in the primary block of the subject bundle. As such they are SDNVs
(see Section 4.5.1 above) and are therefore variable length. Four-
octet SDNVs are shown here for convenience in representation.
The source endpoint ID length field is an SDNV and is therefore
variable length. A three-octet SDNV is shown here for convenience in
representation.
The fields in a custody signal are:
Status: A 1-byte field containing a 1-bit "custody transfer
succeeded" flag followed by a 7-bit reason code explaining the
value of that flag. Custody signal reason codes are defined as
follows:
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+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| Value | Meaning |
+=========+============================================+
| 0x00 | No additional information. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x01 | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x02 | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x03 | Redundant reception (reception by a node |
| | that is a custodial node for this bundle).|
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x04 | Depleted storage. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x05 | Destination endpoint ID unintelligible. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x06 | No known route to destination from here. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x07 | No timely contact with next node on route.|
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0x08 | Block unintelligible. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
| (other) | Reserved for future use. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------+
Figure 14: Custody Signal Reason Codes
Fragment offset: If the bundle fragment bit is set in the status
flags, then the offset (within the original application data unit)
of the payload of the bundle that caused the status report to be
generated is included here.
Fragment length: If the bundle fragment bit is set in the status
flags, then the length of the payload of the subject bundle is
included here.
Time of Signal: A DTN time indicating the time at which the signal
was generated.
Creation Timestamp of Subject Bundle: A copy of the creation
timestamp of the bundle to which the signal applies.
Length of Source Endpoint ID: The length in bytes of the source
endpoint ID of the bundle to which the signal applied.
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Source Endpoint ID text: The text of the source endpoint ID of the
bundle to which the signal applies.
6.2. Generation of Administrative Records
Whenever the application agent's administrative element is directed
by the bundle protocol agent to generate an administrative record
with reference to some bundle, the following procedure must be
followed:
Step 1: The administrative record must be constructed. If the
referenced bundle is a fragment, the administrative record must
have the Fragment flag set and must contain the fragment offset
and fragment length fields. The value of the fragment offset
field must be the value of the referenced bundle's fragment
offset, and the value of the fragment length field must be the
length of the referenced bundle's payload.
Step 2: A request for transmission of a bundle whose payload is
this administrative record must be presented to the bundle
protocol agent.
6.3. Reception of Custody Signals
For each received custody signal that has the "custody transfer
succeeded" flag set to 1, the administrative element of the
application agent must direct the bundle protocol agent to follow the
custody transfer success procedure in Section 5.11.
For each received custody signal that has the "custody transfer
succeeded" flag set to 0, the administrative element of the
application agent must direct the bundle protocol agent to follow the
custody transfer failure procedure in Section 5.12.
7. Services Required of the Convergence Layer
7.1. The Convergence Layer
The successful operation of the end-to-end bundle protocol depends on
the operation of underlying protocols at what is termed the
"convergence layer"; these protocols accomplish communication between
nodes. A wide variety of protocols may serve this purpose, so long
as each convergence layer protocol adapter provides a defined minimal
set of services to the bundle protocol agent. This convergence layer
service specification enumerates those services.
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7.2. Summary of Convergence Layer Services
Each convergence layer protocol adapter is expected to provide the
following services to the bundle protocol agent:
o sending a bundle to all bundle nodes in the minimum reception
group of the endpoint identified by a specified endpoint ID that
are reachable via the convergence layer protocol; and
o delivering to the bundle protocol agent a bundle that was sent by
a remote bundle node via the convergence layer protocol.
The convergence layer service interface specified here is neither
exhaustive nor exclusive. That is, supplementary DTN protocol
specifications (including, but not restricted to, the Bundle Security
Protocol [BSP]) may expect convergence layer adapters that serve BP
implementations conforming to those protocols to provide additional
services.
8. Security Considerations
The bundle protocol has taken security into concern from the outset
of its design. It was always assumed that security services would be
needed in the use of the bundle protocol. As a result, the bundle
protocol security architecture and the available security services
are specified in an accompanying document, the Bundle Security
Protocol specification [BSP]; an informative overview of this
architecture is provided in [SECO].
The bundle protocol has been designed with the notion that it will be
run over networks with scarce resources. For example, the networks
might have limited bandwidth, limited connectivity, constrained
storage in relay nodes, etc. Therefore, the bundle protocol must
ensure that only those entities authorized to send bundles over such
constrained environments are actually allowed to do so. All
unauthorized entities should be prevented from consuming valuable
resources.
Likewise, because of the potentially long latencies and delays
involved in the networks that make use of the bundle protocol, data
sources should be concerned with the integrity of the data received
at the intended destination(s) and may also be concerned with
ensuring confidentiality of the data as it traverses the network.
Without integrity, the bundle payload data might be corrupted while
in transit without the destination able to detect it. Similarly, the
data source can be concerned with ensuring that the data can only be
used by those authorized, hence the need for confidentiality.
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Internal to the bundle-aware overlay network, the bundle nodes should
be concerned with the authenticity of other bundle nodes as well as
the preservation of bundle payload data integrity as it is forwarded
between bundle nodes.
As a result, bundle security is concerned with the authenticity,
integrity, and confidentiality of bundles conveyed among bundle
nodes. This is accomplished via the use of three independent
security-specific bundle blocks, which may be used together to
provide multiple bundle security services or independently of one
another, depending on perceived security threats, mandated security
requirements, and security policies that must be enforced.
The Bundle Authentication Block (BAB) ensures the authenticity and
integrity of bundles on a hop-by-hop basis between bundle nodes. The
BAB allows each bundle node to verify a bundle's authenticity before
processing or forwarding the bundle. In this way, entities that are
not authorized to send bundles will have unauthorized transmissions
blocked by security-aware bundle nodes.
Additionally, to provide "security-source" to "security-destination"
bundle authenticity and integrity, the Payload Security Block (PSB)
is used. A "security-source" may not actually be the origination
point of the bundle but instead may be the first point along the path
that is security-aware and is able to apply security services. For
example, an enclave of networked systems may generate bundles but
only their gateway may be required and/or able to apply security
services. The PSB allows any security-enabled entity along the
delivery path, in addition to the "security-destination" (the
recipient counterpart to the "security-source"), to ensure the
bundle's authenticity.
Finally, to provide payload confidentiality, the use of the
Confidentiality Block (CB) is available. The bundle payload may be
encrypted to provide "security-source" to "security-destination"
payload confidentiality/privacy. The CB indicates the cryptographic
algorithm and key IDs that were used to encrypt the payload.
Note that removal of strings from the dictionary at a given point in
a bundle's end-to-end path, and attendant adjustment of endpoint ID
references in the blocks of that bundle, may make it necessary to re-
compute values in one or more of the bundle's security blocks.
Bundle security must not be invalidated by forwarding nodes even
though they themselves might not use the Bundle Security Protocol.
In particular, the sequencing of the blocks in a forwarded bundle
must not be changed as it transits a node; received blocks must be
transmitted in the same relative order as that in which they were
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received. While blocks may be added to bundles as they transit
intermediate nodes, removal of blocks that do not have their 'Discard
block if it can't be processed' flag in the block processing control
flags set to 1 may cause security to fail.
Inclusion of the Bundle Security Protocol in any Bundle Protocol
implementation is RECOMMENDED. Use of the Bundle Security Protocol
in Bundle Protocol operations is OPTIONAL.
9. IANA Considerations
The "dtn:" URI scheme has been provisionally registered by IANA. See
http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html for the latest
details.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[URI] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 3986,
STD 66, January 2005.
[URIREG] Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, "Guidelines and
Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes", RFC 4395,
BCP 115, February 2006.
10.2. Informative References
[ARCH] V. Cerf et. al., "Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture",
RFC 4838, April 2007.
[ASN1] "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), "ASN.1 Encoding
Rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding
Rules (DER)," ITU-T Rec. X.690 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8825-
1:2002", 2003.
[BSP] Symington, S., "Bundle Security Protocol Specification",
Work Progress, October 2007.
[RFC3987] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.
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RFC 5050 Bundle Protocol Specification November 2007
[SECO] Farrell, S., Symington, S., Weiss, H., and P. Lovell,
"Delay-Tolerant Networking Security Overview",
Work Progress, July 2007.
[SIGC] Fall, K., "A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for
Challenged Internets", SIGCOMM 2003 .
[TUT] Warthman, F., "Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs): A
Tutorial", <http://www.dtnrg.org>.
[UTC] Arias, E. and B. Guinot, ""Coordinated universal time UTC:
historical background and perspectives" in Journees
systemes de reference spatio-temporels", 2004.
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Appendix A. Contributors
This was an effort of the Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group.
The following DTNRG participants contributed significant technical
material and/or inputs: Dr. Vinton Cerf of Google, Scott Burleigh,
Adrian Hooke, and Leigh Torgerson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Michael Demmer of the University of California at Berkeley, Robert
Durst, Keith Scott, and Susan Symington of The MITRE Corporation,
Kevin Fall of Intel Research, Stephen Farrell of Trinity College
Dublin, Peter Lovell of SPARTA, Inc., Manikantan Ramadas of Ohio
University (most of Section 4.1), and Howard Weiss of SPARTA, Inc.
(text of Section 8).
Appendix B. Comments
Please refer comments to dtn-interest@mailman.dtnrg.org. The Delay
Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG) Web site is located at
http://www.dtnrg.org.
Authors' Addresses
Keith L. Scott
The MITRE Corporation
7515 Colshire Drive
McLean, VA 21102
US
Phone: +1 703 983 6547
Fax: +1 703 983 7142
EMail: kscott@mitre.org
Scott Burleigh
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Dr.
Pasadena, CA 91109-8099
US
Phone: +1 818 393 3353
Fax: +1 818 354 1075
EMail: Scott.Burleigh@jpl.nasa.gov
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