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Network Working Group S. Casner
Request for Comments: 4855 Packet Design
Obsoletes: 3555 February 2007
Category: Standards Track
Media Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
This document specifies the procedure to register RTP payload formats
as audio, video, or other media subtype names. This is useful in a
text-based format description or control protocol to identify the
type of an RTP transmission.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Terminology ................................................2
2. Procedure For Registering Media Types for RTP Payload Types .....2
2.1. Example Media Type Registration ............................4
2.2. Restrictions on Sharing a Subtype Name .....................5
3. Mapping to SDP Parameters .......................................6
4. Changes from RFC 3555 ...........................................7
5. Security Considerations .........................................8
6. IANA Considerations .............................................9
7. References .....................................................10
7.1. Normative References ......................................10
7.2. Informative References ....................................10
Casner Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
1. Introduction
RFC 4288 [1] defines media type specification and registration
procedures that use the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) as
a central registry. That document covers general requirements
independent of particular application environments and transport
modes. This document defines the specific requirements for
registration of media types for use with the Real-time Transport
Protocol (RTP), RFC 3550 [2], to identify RTP payload formats.
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [3] and
indicate requirement levels for implementations compliant with this
specification.
2. Procedure For Registering Media Types for RTP Payload Types
Registering an RTP payload type as a media type follows the same
procedures as described in RFC 4288 [1] and uses the registration
template shown in Section 10 of that RFC. To specify how the
particular payload format is transported over RTP, some additional
information is required in the following sections of that template:
Required parameters:
If the payload format does not have a fixed RTP timestamp
clock rate, then a "rate" parameter is required to specify the
RTP timestamp clock rate. A particular payload format may
have additional required parameters.
Optional parameters:
Most audio payload formats can have an optional "channels"
parameter to specify the number of audio channels included in
the transmission. The default channel order is as specified
in RFC 3551 [4]. Any payload format, but most likely audio
formats, may also include the optional parameters "ptime" to
specify the recommended length of time in milliseconds
represented by the media in a packet, and/or "maxptime" to
specify the maximum amount of media that can be encapsulated
in each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds. The
"ptime" and "maxptime" parameters are defined in the Session
Description Protocol (SDP) [5].
A particular payload format may have additional optional
parameters. As allowed in Section 4.3 of [1], new parameters
MAY be added to RTP media types that have been previously
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RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
defined, but the new parameters MUST NOT change existing
functionality and it MUST be possible for existing
implementations to ignore the additional parameters without
impairing operation.
Encoding considerations:
Most RTP payload formats include binary or framed data as
described in Section 4.8 of [1]. The appropriate encoding
considerations MUST be noted.
Published specification:
A description of the media encoding and a specification of the
payload format must be provided, usually by reference to an
RTP payload format specification RFC. That RFC may be
separate, or the media type registration may be incorporated
into the payload format specification RFC. The payload format
specification MUST include the RTP timestamp clock rate (or
multiple rates for audio encodings with multiple sampling
rates).
A reference to a further description of the data compression
format itself should be provided, if available.
Restrictions on usage:
The fact that the media type is defined for transfer via RTP
MUST be noted, in particular, if the transfer depends on RTP
framing and hence the media type is only defined for transfer
via RTP.
Depending on whether or not the type has already been registered for
transfer with a non-RTP protocol (e.g., MIME mail or http), several
different cases can occur:
a) Not yet registered as a media type
A new registration should be constructed using the media type
registration template. The registration may specify transfer
via other means in addition to RTP if that is feasible and
desired. The appropriate encoding considerations must be
specified, and the restrictions on usage must specify whether
the type is only defined for transfer via RTP or via other
modes as well.
Optional parameters may be defined as needed, and it must be
clearly stated to which mode(s) of transfer the parameters
apply.
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RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
b) Media type exists for a non-RTP protocol
The restrictions on usage of the existing type should be
changed, if present, or added, if not, to indicate that the
type can also be transferred via RTP.
RTP-specific parameters may be added, and it must be clearly
stated that these are only to be used when the media type is
transmitted via RTP transport.
c) Update an existing media type for RTP to be used for a non-RTP
protocol
The restrictions on usage of the existing type should be
changed to indicate that the type can also be transferred via a
non-RTP protocol (e.g., SMTP, HTTP).
Non-RTP-specific parameters can be added, and it must be
clearly stated that these are only to be used when the media
type is transmitted via a non-RTP transport.
2.1. Example Media Type Registration
The following sample registration of a fake media type audio/example
provides examples for some of the required text. References to RFC
nnnn would be replaced by references to the RFC that contains the
payload format specification and the media type registration.
Type name: audio
Subtype name: example
Required parameters:
rate: RTP timestamp clock rate, which is equal to the sampling
rate. The typical rate is 8000; other rates may be specified.
Optional parameters:
channels: number of interleaved audio streams, either 1 for
mono or 2 for stereo, and defaults to 1 if omitted.
Interleaving takes place between on a frame-by-frame basis,
with the left channel followed by the right channel.
ptime: recommended length of time in milliseconds represented
by the media in a packet (see RFC 4566).
maxptime: maximum amount of media that can be encapsulated in
each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds (see RFC 4566).
Casner Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see RFC 4288, Section
4.8).
Security considerations: See Section n of RFC nnnn
Interoperability considerations:
Some receivers may only be capable of receiving single-channel
audio.
Published specification: RFC nnnn
Applications that use this media type:
Audio and video streaming and conferencing tools.
Additional information: none
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Fred Audio <fred@example.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
This media type depends on RTP framing, and hence is only
defined for transfer via RTP (RFC 3550). Transfer within
other framing protocols is not defined at this time.
Author:
Fred Audio
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the
IESG.
2.2. Restrictions on Sharing a Subtype Name
The same media subtype name MUST NOT be shared for RTP and non-RTP
(file-based) transfer methods unless the data format is the same for
both methods. The data format is considered to be the same if the
file format is equivalent to a concatenated sequence of payloads from
RTP packets not including the RTP header or any RTP payload-format
header.
The file format MAY include a magic number or other header at the
start of the file that is not included when the data is transferred
via RTP.
Casner Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
A second requirement for sharing a media subtype name is that the
sets of required parameters must be the same for both methods.
For cases where the data format or required parameters cannot be the
same for RTP and non-RTP transfer methods, the data formats MUST be
registered as separate types. It is RECOMMENDED that the subtype
names be related, such as by using a common root plus a suffix. For
those cases where a suffix is applied in the subtype name for the RTP
transfer method, the suffix "+rtp" is suggested.
3. Mapping to SDP Parameters
The representation of a media type is specified in the syntax of the
Content-Type header field in RFC 2045 [6] as follows:
type "/" subtype *(";" parameter)
Parameters may be required for a particular type or subtype or they
may be optional. For media types that represent RTP payload formats,
the parameters "rate", "channels", "ptime", and "maxptime" have
general definitions (given above) that may apply across types and
subtypes. The format for a parameter is specified in RFC 2045 as
attribute "=" value
where attribute is the parameter name and the permissible values are
specified for each parameter. RFC 2045 specifies that a value MUST
be present and that the value MUST be a quoted string if it contains
any of the special characters listed in that RFC.
The information carried in the media type string has a specific
mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [5],
which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. The mapping is as
follows:
o The media type (e.g., audio) goes in SDP "m=" as the media
name.
o The media subtype (payload format) goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as
the encoding name.
o The general (possibly optional) parameters "rate" and
"channels" also go in "a=rtpmap" as clock rate and encoding
parameters, respectively.
o The general (and optional) parameters "ptime" and "maxptime" go
in the SDP "a=ptime" and "a=maxptime" attributes, respectively.
Casner Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
o Any payload-format-specific parameters go in the SDP "a=fmtp"
attribute. The set of allowed parameters is defined by the RFC
that specifies the payload format and MUST NOT be extended by
the media type registration without a corresponding revision of
the payload format specification. The format and syntax of
these parameters may also be defined by the payload format
specification, but it is suggested that the parameters be
copied directly from the media type string as a semicolon
separated list of parameter=value pairs. For payload formats
that specify some other syntax for the fmtp parameters, the
registration of that payload format as a media type must
specify what the parameters are in MIME format and how to map
them to the "a=fmtp" attribute.
An example mapping is as follows:
audio/L16; rate=48000; channels=2; ptime=5; emphasis=50-15
m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 97
a=rtpmap:97 L16/48000/2
a=fmtp:97 emphasis=50-15
a=ptime:5
Note that the payload format (encoding) names defined in the RTP
Profile [4] are commonly shown in upper case. Media subtype names
are commonly shown in lower case. These names are case-insensitive
in both places. Similarly, parameter names are case-insensitive both
in media type strings and in the default mapping to the SDP a=fmtp
attribute.
4. Changes from RFC 3555
This document updates RFC 3555 to conform to the revised media type
registration procedures in RFC 4288 [1]. Whereas RFC 3555 required
the encoding considerations to specify transfer via RTP, that is now
specified under restrictions on usage. This document also specifies
the conditions under which new optional parameters may be added to a
previously defined RTP media type and adds a new Section 2.2 to
clarify the requirements for sharing a media type among RTP and non-
RTP transfer methods.
RFC 3555 included media type registrations for the RTP payload
formats defined in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences,
RFC 3551 [4]. Those media type registrations have been removed from
this document. Some of them have been assembled into a separate
companion RFC 4856 [8], leaving out those that have been, or are
intended to be, registered in revisions of their own payload format
specification RFCs.
Casner Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
Philipp Hoschka is a co-author of RFC 3555; his contributions to the
foundation of this document are appreciated.
5. Security Considerations
The media type registration procedure specified in this memo does not
impose any security considerations on its own. Also, registrations
conforming to this procedure do not themselves impose security risks.
However, use of the media type being registered could very well
impose security risks:
o Any media type that contains "active content" imposes the risk
of malicious side-effects unless execution of that content is
adequately constrained.
o Several audio and video encodings are perfect for hiding data
using steganography.
o The RTP specification, RFC 3550, provides security
considerations for the transport of audio and video data over
RTP, including the use of encryption where confidentiality is
required.
Therefore, each media type registration is required to state any
security considerations that apply to the use of that type. The
remainder of this section is copied from RFC 4288 [1], which
specifies media type registration procedures in general.
An analysis of security issues MUST be done for all types registered
in the standards tree. A similar analysis for media types registered
in the vendor or personal trees is encouraged but not required.
However, regardless of what security analysis has or has not been
done, all descriptions of security issues MUST be as accurate as
possible regardless of registration tree. In particular, a statement
that there are "no security issues associated with this type" MUST
NOT be confused with "the security issues associated with this type
have not been assessed".
There is absolutely no requirement that media types registered in any
tree be secure or completely free from risks. Nevertheless, all
known security risks MUST be identified in the registration of a
media type, again regardless of registration tree.
The security considerations section of all registrations is subject
to continuing evaluation and modification, and in particular MAY be
extended by use of the "comments on media types" mechanism described
in RFC 4288, Section 6.
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RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
Some of the issues that should be looked at in a security analysis of
a media type are:
o Complex media types may include provisions for directives that
institute actions on a recipient's files or other resources.
In many cases, provision is made for originators to specify
arbitrary actions in an unrestricted fashion that may then have
devastating effects. See the registration of the
application/postscript media type in RFC 2046 [7] for an
example of such directives and how they should be described in
a media type registration.
o All registrations MUST state whether or not they employ such
"active content", and if they do, they MUST state what steps
have been taken to protect users of the media type from harm.
o Complex media types may include provisions for directives that
institute actions that, while not directly harmful to the
recipient, may result in disclosure of information that either
facilitates a subsequent attack or else violates a recipient's
privacy in some way. Again, the registration of the
application/postscript media type illustrates how such
directives can be handled.
o A media type that employs compression may provide an
opportunity for sending a small amount of data that, when
received and evaluated, expands enormously to consume all of
the recipient's resources. All media types SHOULD state
whether or not they employ compression, and if they do they
should discuss what steps need to be taken to avoid such
attacks.
o A media type might be targeted for applications that require
some sort of security assurance but not provide the necessary
security mechanisms themselves. For example, a media type
could be defined for storage of confidential medical
information that in turn requires an external confidentiality
service or is designed for use only within a secure
environment.
6. IANA Considerations
The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements and
procedures for registering RTP payload formats in the IANA media type
registry. No registrations are defined here.
Casner Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[1] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 4288, December, 2005.
[2] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson, "RTP:
A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July
2003.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[4] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video
Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 3551, July 2003.
[5] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
[6] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
RFC 2045, November 1996.
[7] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November
1996.
7.2. Informative References
[8] Casner, S., "Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the
RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences", RFC 4856, February
2007.
Author's Address
Stephen L. Casner
Packet Design
3400 Hillview Avenue, Building 3
Palo Alto, CA 94304
United States
Phone: +1 650 739-1843
EMail: casner@acm.org
Casner Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 4855 Media Type Reg. of RTP Payload Formats February 2007
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Casner Standards Track [Page 11]