💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc8274.txt captured on 2023-04-26 at 13:56:48.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-11-30)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Kampanakis
Request for Comments: 8274 Cisco Systems
Category: Informational M. Suzuki
ISSN: 2070-1721 NICT
November 2017
Incident Object Description Exchange Format Usage Guidance
Abstract
The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) v2 (RFC 7970)
defines a data representation that provides a framework for sharing
information about computer security incidents commonly exchanged by
Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs). Since the IODEF
model includes a wealth of available options that can be used to
describe a security incident or issue, it can be challenging for
security practitioners to develop tools that leverage IODEF for
incident sharing. This document provides guidelines for IODEF
implementers. It addresses how common security indicators can be
represented in IODEF and provides use cases of how IODEF is being
used. This document aims to make IODEF's adoption by vendors easier
and to encourage faster and wider adoption of the model by CSIRTs
around the world.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8274.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 1]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Implementation and Use Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Minimal IODEF Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2. Information Represented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. IODEF Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. IODEF Usage Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. External References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Indicator Predicate Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Disclosure Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. IODEF Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise . . . . . . . 8
5.3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix A. Indicator Predicate Logic Examples . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix B. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise Examples 16
B.1. Malware Delivery URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B.2. DDoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B.3. Spear Phishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B.4. Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
B.5. IoT Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 2]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
1. Introduction
The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) v2 [RFC7970]
defines a data representation that provides a framework for sharing
computer security incident information commonly exchanged by Computer
Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs). The IODEF data model
consists of multiple classes and data types that are defined in the
IODEF XML schema.
The IODEF schema was designed to describe all the possible fields
needed in a security incident exchange. Thus, IODEF contains a
plethora of data constructs that could make it hard for IODEF
implementers to decide which are important. Additionally, in the
IODEF schema, there exist multiple fields and classes that do not
necessarily need to be used in every possible data exchange.
Moreover, some IODEF classes are useful only in rare circumstances.
This document tries to address these concerns. It also presents how
common security indicators can be represented in IODEF, it points out
the most important IODEF classes for an implementer and describes
other ones that are not as important, and it presents some common
pitfalls for IODEF implementers and how to address them. The end
goal of this document is to make IODEF's use by vendors easier and to
encourage wider adoption of the model by CSIRTs around the world.
Section 3 discusses the recommended classes and how an IODEF
implementer should choose the classes to implement. Section 4
presents common considerations a practitioner will come across and
how to address them. Section 5 goes over some common uses of IODEF.
2. Terminology
The terminology used in this document is defined in [RFC7970].
3. Implementation and Use Strategy
It is important for IODEF implementers to distinguish how the IODEF
classes will be used in incident information exchanges. It is also
important to understand the most common IODEF classes that describe
common security incidents or indicators. This section describes the
most important classes and factors an IODEF practitioner should take
into consideration before using IODEF or designing an implementation.
3.1. Minimal IODEF Document
An IODEF document must include at least an Incident class, an
xml:lang attribute that defines the supported language, and the IODEF
version attribute. An Incident must contain a purpose attribute and
three mandatory-to-implement elements. These elements are
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 3]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
GenerationTime class (which describes the time of the incident), an
IncidentID class, and at least one Contact class. The structure of
the minimal IODEF-Document class is shown in Figure 1.
+---------------+ +--------------+
|IODEF-Document | | Incident |
+---------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+
|STRING version |<>--{1..*}--| ENUM purpose |<>---------| IncidentID |
|ENUM xml:lang | | | +--------------+
| | | | | STRING name |
+---------------+ | | +--------------+
| |
| |<>---------[GenerationTime]
| |
| | +--------------+
| |<>-{1..*}--[ Contact |
+--------------+ +--------------+
| ENUM role |
| ENUM type |
+--------------+
Figure 1: Minimal IODEF-Document Class
The IncidentID class must contain at least a name attribute.
In turn, the Contact class requires the type and role attributes, but
no elements are required by the IODEF v2 specification.
Nevertheless, at least one of the elements in the Contact class, such
as an Email class, should be implemented so that the IODEF document
is useful.
Section 7.1 of [RFC7970] presents a minimal IODEF document with only
the mandatory classes and attributes. Implementers can also refer to
Section 7 of [RFC7970] and Appendix B of this document for examples
of documents that are IODEF v2.
3.2. Information Represented
There is no need for a practitioner to use or implement IODEF classes
and fields other than the minimal ones (see Section 3.1) and the ones
necessary for her use cases. The implementer should carefully look
into the schema and decide which classes to implement (or not).
For example, if we have Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) as a
potential use case, then the Flow class and its included information
are the most important classes to use. The Flow class describes
information related to the attacker and victim hosts, which could
help automated filtering or sinkhole operations.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 4]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Another potential use case is malware command and control (C2).
After modern malware infects a device, it usually proceeds to connect
to one or more C2 servers to receive instructions from its master and
potentially exfiltrate information. To protect against such
activity, it is important to interrupt the C2 communication by
filtering the activity. IODEF can describe C2 activities using the
Flow and the ServiceName classes.
For use cases where indicators need to be described, the
IndicatorData class will be implemented instead of the EventData
class.
In summary, an implementer should identify the use cases and find the
classes that are necessary to support in IODEF v2. Implementing and
parsing all IODEF classes can be cumbersome, in some occasions, and
unnecessary. Other external schemata can also be used in IODEF to
describe incidents or indicators. External schemata should be parsed
accordingly only if the implementer's IODEF use cases require
external schema information. But even when an IODEF implementation
cannot parse an external schema, the IODEF report can still be
valuable to an incident response team. The information can also be
useful when shared further with content consumers that are able to
parse this information.
IODEF supports multiple language translations of free-form, ML_STRING
text in all classes [RFC7970]. That way, text in Description
elements can be translated to different languages by using a
translation identifier in the class. Implementers should be able to
parse iodef:MLStringType classes and extract only the information
relevant to languages of interest.
3.3. IODEF Classes
[RFC7970] contains classes that can describe attack Methods, Events,
Incidents, Indicators, how they were discovered, and the Assessment
of the repercussions for the victim. It is important for IODEF users
to know the distinction between these classes in order to decide
which ones fulfill their use cases.
An IndicatorData class depicts a threat indicator or observable that
describe a threat that resulted in an attempted attack. For example,
we could see an attack happening (described in the IndicatorData),
but it might have been prevented and not have resulted in an incident
or security event. On the other hand, an EventData class usually
describes a security event and can be considered a report of
something that took place.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 5]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Classes like Discovery, Assessment, Method, and RecoveryTime are used
in conjunction with EventData as they relate to the incident report
described in the EventData. The RelatedActivity class can reference
an incident, an indicator, or other related threat activity.
While deciding what classes are important for the needed use cases,
IODEF users should carefully evaluate the necessary classes and how
these are used in order to avoid unnecessary work. For example, if
we want to only describe indicators in IODEF, the implementation of
Method or Assessment might not be important.
4. IODEF Usage Considerations
Implementers need to consider some common, standardized options for
their IODEF use strategy.
4.1. External References
The IODEF format includes the Reference class used for externally
defined information, such as a vulnerability, Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) alert, malware sample, advisory, or attack technique.
To facilitate the exchange of information, the Reference class was
extended to the enumeration reference format [RFC7495]. The
enumeration reference format specifies a means to use external
enumeration specifications (e.g., Common Vulnerabilities and
Exposures (CVE)) that could define an enumeration format, specific
enumeration values, or both. As external enumerations can vary
greatly, implementers should only support the ones expected to
describe their specific use cases.
4.2. Extensions
The IODEF data model [RFC7970] is extensible. Many attributes with
enumerated values can be extended using the "ext-*" prefix.
Additional classes can also be defined by using the AdditionalData
and RecordItem classes. An extension to the AdditionalData class for
reporting phishing emails is defined in [RFC5901]. Information about
extending IODEF class attributes and enumerated values can be found
in Section 5 of [RFC7970].
Additionally, IODEF can import existing schemata by using an
extension framework defined in [RFC7203]. The framework enables
IODEF users to embed XML data inside an IODEF document using external
schemata or structures defined by external specifications. Examples
include CVE, Common Vulnerability Reporting Framework (CVRF), and
Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL). [RFC7203]
enhances the IODEF capabilities without further extending the data
model.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 6]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
IODEF implementers should not use their own IODEF extensions unless
data cannot be represented using existing standards or unless
importing them in an IODEF document as defined in [RFC7203] is not a
suitable option.
4.3. Indicator Predicate Logic
An IODEF document [RFC7970] can describe incident reports and
indicators. The Indicator class can include references to other
indicators, observables, and more classes that contain details about
the indicator. When describing security indicators, it is often
common to need to group them together in order to form a group of
indicators that constitute a security threat. For example, a botnet
might have multiple command and control servers. For that reason,
IODEF v2 introduced the IndicatorExpression class, which is used to
add the indicator predicate logic when grouping more than one
indicator or observable.
Implementations must be able to parse and apply the Boolean logic
offered by an IndicatorExpression in order to evaluate the existence
of an indicator. As explained in Section 3.29.5 of [RFC7970], the
IndicatorExpression element operator defines the operator applied to
all the child elements of the IndicatorExpression. If no operator is
defined, "and" should be assumed. IndicatorExpressions can also be
nested together. Child IndicatorExpressions should be treated as
child elements of their parent, and they should be evaluated first
before being evaluated with the operator of their parent.
Users can refer to Appendix A for example uses of the
IndicatorExpressions in an IODEF v2.
4.4. Disclosure Level
Access to information in IODEF documents should be tightly locked
since the content may be confidential. IODEF has a common attribute,
called "restriction", which indicates the disclosure guideline to
which the sender expects the recipient to adhere to for the
information represented in the class and its children. That way, the
sender can express the level of disclosure for each component of an
IODEF document. Appropriate external measures could be implemented
based on the restriction level. One example is when Real-time Inter-
network Defense (RID) [RFC6545] is used to transfer the IODEF
documents, it can provide policy guidelines for handling IODEF
documents by using the RIDPolicy class.
The enforcement of the disclosure guidelines is out of scope for
IODEF. The recipient of the IODEF document needs to follow the
guidelines, but these guidelines themselves do not provide any
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 7]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
enforcement measures. For that purpose, implementers should consider
appropriate privacy control measures, technical or operational, for
their implementation.
5. IODEF Uses
IODEF is currently used by various organizations in order to
represent security incidents and share incident and threat
information between security operations organizations.
5.1. Implementations
In order to use IODEF, tools like IODEF parsers are necessary.
[RFC8134] describes a set of IODEF implementations and uses by
various vendors and Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT)
organizations. The document does not specify any particular
mandatory-to-implement (MTI) IODEF classes but provides a list of
real-world uses. Perl and Python modules (XML::IODEF, Iodef::Pb,
iodeflib) are some examples. Moreover, implementers are encouraged
to refer to Section 7 of [RFC8134] for practical IODEF usage
guidelines. On the other hand, [IODEF_IMP] includes various vendor
incident reporting products that can consume and export in IODEF
format.
5.2. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise
As an interoperability exercise, a limited number of vendors
organized and executed exchanges of threat indicators in IODEF in
2013. The transport protocol used was RID. The threat information
shared included indicators from DDoS attacks as well as malware
incidents and spear phishing that targets specific individuals after
harvesting information about them. The results served as proof-of-
concept (PoC) about how seemingly competing entities could use IODEF
to exchange sanitized security information. As this was a PoC
exercise, only example information (no real threats) was shared as
part of the exchanges.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 8]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
____________ ____________
| Vendor X | | Vendor Y |
| RID Agent |_______-------------________| RID Agent |
|___________| | Internet | |___________|
-------------
---- RID Report message --->
-- carrying IODEF example ->
--------- over TLS -------->
<----- RID Ack message -----
<--- in case of failure ----
Figure 2: PoC Peering Topology
Figure 2 shows how RID interactions took place during the PoC.
Participating organizations were running RID Agent software on
premises. The RID Agents formed peering relationships with other
participating organizations. When Entity X had a new incident to
exchange, it would package it in IODEF and send it to Entity Y over
Transport Layer Security (TLS) in a RID Report message. In case
there was an issue with the message, Entity Y would send a RID
Acknowledgement message back to Entity X, which included an
application-level message to describe the issue. Interoperability
between RID Agents implementing [RFC6545] and [RFC6546] was also
confirmed.
The first use case included sharing of malware data related to an
Incident between CSIRTs. After Entity X detected an incident, Entity
X would put data about malware found during the incident in a backend
system. Entity X then decided to share the incident information with
Entity Y about the malware discovered. This could be a human
decision or part of an automated process.
Below are the steps followed for the malware information exchange
that was taking place:
(1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y and has already
been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent.
(2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and
mutual authentication occurs using PKI digital certificates.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 9]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
(3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message, which contains
information about N pieces of discovered malware. IODEF is used
in RID to describe the
(a) hash of malware files;
(b) registry settings changed by the malware; and
(c) C2 information for the malware.
(4) Entity Y receives a RID Report message and sends a RID
Acknowledgement message.
(5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for
the backend to know which source the data came from.
Another use case was sharing a DDoS attack as explained in the
following scenario: Entity X, a Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resource (CIKR) company, detects that their internet connection is
saturated with an abnormal amount of traffic. Further investigation
determines that this is an actual DDoS attack. Entity X's CSIRT
contacts their ISP, Entity Y, and shares information with them about
the attack traffic characteristics. Entity X's ISP is being
overwhelmed by the amount of traffic, so it shares attack signatures
and IP addresses of the most prolific hosts with its adjacent ISPs.
Below are the steps followed for a DDoS information exchange:
(1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y and has already
been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent.
(2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and
mutual authentication occurs using PKI digital certificates.
(3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message, which contains
information about the DDoS attack. IODEF is used in RID to
describe the following:
(a) Start and Detect dates and times;
(b) IP addresses of nodes sending DDoS traffic;
(c) sharing and use restrictions;
(d) traffic characteristics (protocols and ports);
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 10]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
(e) HTTP user agents used; and
(f) IP addresses of C2 for a botnet.
(4) Entity Y receives a RID Report message and sends a RID
Acknowledgement message.
(5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for
the backend to know which source the data came from.
(6) Entity Y shares information with other ISP entities it has an
established relationship with.
One more use case was sharing spear-phishing email information as
explained in the following scenario: the board members of several
defense contractors receive a targeted email inviting them to attend
a conference in San Francisco. The board members are asked to
provide their personally identifiable information such as their home
address, phone number, corporate email, etc., in an attached document
that came with the email. The board members are also asked to click
on a URL that would allow them to reach the sign-up page for the
conference. One of the recipients believes the email to be a
phishing attempt and forwards the email to their corporate CSIRT for
analysis. The CSIRT identifies the email as an attempted spear-
phishing incident and distributes the indicators to their sharing
partners.
Below are the steps followed for a spear-phishing information
exchange between CSIRTs that were part of this PoC.
(1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y and has already
been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent.
(2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and
mutual authentication occurs using PKI digital certificates.
(3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message that contains
information about the spear-phishing email. IODEF is used in
RID to describe the following:
(a) attachment details (file Name, hash, size, malware family);
(b) target description (IP, domain, NSLookup);
(c) email information (From, Subject, header information, date/
time, digital signature); and
(d) confidence score.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 11]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
(4) Entity Y receives a RID Report message and sends a RID
Acknowledgement message.
(5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for
the backend to know which source the data came from.
Appendix B includes some of the IODEF example information that was
exchanged by the organizations' RID Agents as part of this PoC.
5.3. Use Cases
Other use cases of IODEF, aside from the ones described above, could
be as follows:
(1) ISP notifying a national CERT or organization when it identifies
and acts upon an incident, and CERTs notifying ISPs when they
are aware of incidents.
(2) Suspected phishing emails could be shared amongst organizations
and national agencies. Automation could validate web content
that the suspicious emails are pointing to. Identified
malicious content linked in a phishing email could then be
shared using IODEF. Phishing campaigns could thus be subverted
much faster by automating information sharing using IODEF.
(3) When finding a certificate that should be revoked, a third party
would forward an automated IODEF message to the Certification
Authority (CA) with the full context of the certificate, and the
CA could act accordingly after checking its validity.
Alternatively, in the event of a compromise of the private key
of a certificate, a third party could alert the certificate
owner about the compromise using IODEF.
6. IANA Considerations
This memo does not require any IANA actions.
7. Security Considerations
This document does not incur any new security issues, because it only
talks about the usage of IODEFv2 defined in RFC 7970. Nevertheless,
readers of this document should refer to the Security Considerations
section of [RFC7970].
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 12]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC5901] Cain, P. and D. Jevans, "Extensions to the IODEF-Document
Class for Reporting Phishing", RFC 5901,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5901, July 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5901>.
[RFC6545] Moriarty, K., "Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID)",
RFC 6545, DOI 10.17487/RFC6545, April 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6545>.
[RFC7203] Takahashi, T., Landfield, K., and Y. Kadobayashi, "An
Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF)
Extension for Structured Cybersecurity Information",
RFC 7203, DOI 10.17487/RFC7203, April 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7203>.
[RFC7495] Montville, A. and D. Black, "Enumeration Reference Format
for the Incident Object Description Exchange Format
(IODEF)", RFC 7495, DOI 10.17487/RFC7495, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7495>.
[RFC7970] Danyliw, R., "The Incident Object Description Exchange
Format Version 2", RFC 7970, DOI 10.17487/RFC7970,
November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7970>.
8.2. Informative References
[IODEF_IMP]
"Implementations on Incident Object Description Exchange
Format", <http://siis.realmv6.org/implementations/>.
[RFC6546] Trammell, B., "Transport of Real-time Inter-network
Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS", RFC 6546,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6546, April 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6546>.
[RFC8134] Inacio, C. and D. Miyamoto, "Management Incident
Lightweight Exchange (MILE) Implementation Report",
RFC 8134, DOI 10.17487/RFC8134, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8134>.
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 13]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Appendix A. Indicator Predicate Logic Examples
In the following example, the EventData class evaluates as a Flow of
one System with source address 192.0.2.104 OR 192.0.2.106 AND target
address 198.51.100.1.
<!-- ...XML code omitted... -->
<IndicatorData>
<Indicator>
<IndicatorID name="csirt.example.com" version="1">
G90823490
</IndicatorID>
<Description>C2 domains</Description>
<IndicatorExpression operator="and">
<IndicatorExpression operator="or">
<Observable>
<System category="source" spoofed="no">
<Node>
<Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.104
</Address>
</Node>
</System>
</Observable>
<Observable>
<System category="source" spoofed="no">
<Node>
<Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.106
</Address>
</Node>
</System>
</Observable>
</IndicatorExpression>
<Observable>
<System category="target" spoofed="no">
<Node>
<Address category="ipv4-addr">
198.51.100.1
</Address>
</Node>
</System>
</Observable>
</IndicatorExpression>
</Indicator>
</IndicatorData>
<!-- ...XML code omitted... -->
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 14]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Similarly, the FileData Class can be an observable in an
IndicatorExpression. The hash values of two files can be used to
match against an indicator using Boolean "or" logic. In the
following example, the indicator consists of either of the two files
with two different hashes.
<!-- ...XML code omitted... -->
<IndicatorData>
<Indicator>
<IndicatorID name="csirt.example.com" version="1">
A4399IWQ
</IndicatorID>
<Description>File hash watchlist</Description>
<IndicatorExpression operator="or">
<Observable>
<FileData>
<File>
<FileName>dummy.txt</FileName>
<HashData scope="file-contents">
<Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d
08f9086040815300b7fe75c184
</ds:DigestValue>
</Hash>
</HashData>
</File>
</FileData>
</Observable>
<Observable>
<FileData>
<File>
<FileName>dummy2.txt</FileName>
<HashData scope="file-contents">
<Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d
08f9086040815300b7fe75c184
</ds:DigestValue>
</Hash>
</HashData>
</File>
</FileData>
</Observable>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 15]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</IndicatorExpression>
</Indicator>
</IndicatorData>
<!-- ...XML code omitted... -->
Appendix B. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise Examples
Below, some of the IODEF example information that was exchanged by
the vendors as part of this proof-of-concept, inter-vendor and
service provider exercise.
B.1. Malware Delivery URL
This example indicates malware and a related URL for file delivery.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<IODEF-Document version="2.00"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<iodef:Incident purpose="reporting">
<iodef:IncidentID name="csirt.example.com">
189801
</iodef:IncidentID>
<iodef:ReportTime>2012-12-05T12:20:00+00:00</iodef:ReportTime>
<iodef:GenerationTime>2012-12-05T12:20:00+00:00
</iodef:GenerationTime>
<iodef:Description>Malware and related indicators
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Assessment occurrence="potential">
<iodef:SystemImpact severity="medium" type="breach-privacy">
<iodef:Description>Malware with C2
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:SystemImpact>
</iodef:Assessment>
<iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
<iodef:ContactName>example.com CSIRT
</iodef:ContactName>
<iodef:Email>
<iodef:EmailTo>contact@csirt.example.com
</iodef:EmailTo>
</iodef:Email>
</iodef:Contact>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">192.0.2.200
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 16]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="site-uri">
/log-bin/lunch_install.php?aff_id=1&lunch_id=1&
maddr=&action=install
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="www"/>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
</iodef:EventData>
</iodef:Incident>
</IODEF-Document>
B.2. DDoS
The DDoS test exchanged information that described a DDoS, including
protocols and ports, bad IP addresses, and HTTP user agent fields.
The IODEF version used for the data representation was based on
[RFC7970].
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<IODEF-Document version="2.00"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<iodef:Incident purpose="reporting" restriction="default">
<iodef:IncidentID name="csirt.example.com">
189701
</iodef:IncidentID>
<iodef:DetectTime>2013-02-05T01:15:45+00:00</iodef:DetectTime>
<iodef:StartTime>2013-02-05T00:34:45+00:00</iodef:StartTime>
<iodef:ReportTime>2013-02-05T01:34:45+00:00</iodef:ReportTime>
<iodef:GenerationTime>2013-02-05T01:15:45+00:00
</iodef:GenerationTime>
<iodef:Description>DDoS Traffic Seen</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Assessment occurrence="actual">
<iodef:SystemImpact severity="medium" type="availability-system">
<iodef:Description>DDoS Traffic
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:SystemImpact>
<iodef:Confidence rating="high"/>
</iodef:Assessment>
<iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
<iodef:ContactName>Dummy Test</iodef:ContactName>
<iodef:Email>
<iodef:EmailTo>contact@dummytest.com
</iodef:EmailTo>
</iodef:Email>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 17]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:Contact>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Description>
Dummy Test sharing with ISP1
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Method>
<iodef:Reference>
<iodef:URL>
http://blog.spiderlabs.com/2011/01/loic-ddos-
analysis-and-detection.html
</iodef:URL>
<iodef:URL>
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Orbit_Ion_Cannon
</iodef:URL>
<iodef:Description>
Low Orbit Ion Cannon User Agent
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:Reference>
</iodef:Method>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source" spoofed="no">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.104
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>1337</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="source" spoofed="no">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.106
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>1337</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="source" spoofed="yes">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-net">
198.51.100.0/24
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>1337</iodef:Port>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 18]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="source" spoofed="yes">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv6-addr">
2001:db8:dead:beef::1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>1337</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="target">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
203.0.113.1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>80</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="sensor">
<iodef:Node>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:Description>
Information provided in Flow class instance is from
Inspection of traffic from network tap
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:Expectation action="other"/>
</iodef:EventData>
<iodef:IndicatorData>
<iodef:Indicator>
<iodef:IndicatorID name="csirt.example.com" version="1">
G83345941
</iodef:IndicatorID>
<iodef:Description>
User-Agent string
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:BulkObservable type="http-user-agent">
<iodef:BulkObservableList>
user-agent="Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U;
Intel Mac OS X 10.5; en-US; rv:1.9.2.12)
Gecko/20101026 Firefox/3.6.12">
</iodef:BulkObservableList>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 19]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:BulkObservable>
</iodef:Observable>
</iodef:Indicator>
</iodef:IndicatorData>
</iodef:Incident>
</IODEF-Document>
B.3. Spear Phishing
The spear-phishing test exchanged information that described a spear-
phishing email, including DNS records and addresses about the sender,
malicious attached file information, and email data. The IODEF
version used for the data representation was based on [RFC7970].
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<IODEF-Document version="2.00"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<iodef:Incident purpose="reporting">
<iodef:IncidentID name="csirt.example.com">
189601
</iodef:IncidentID>
<iodef:DetectTime>2013-01-04T08:06:12+00:00</iodef:DetectTime>
<iodef:StartTime>2013-01-04T08:01:34+00:00</iodef:StartTime>
<iodef:EndTime>2013-01-04T08:31:27+00:00</iodef:EndTime>
<iodef:ReportTime>2013-01-04T09:15:45+00:00</iodef:ReportTime>
<iodef:GenerationTime>2013-01-04T09:15:45+00:00
</iodef:GenerationTime>
<iodef:Description>
Zeus Spear Phishing E-mail with Malware Attachment
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Assessment occurrence="potential">
<iodef:SystemImpact severity="medium" type="takeover-system">
<iodef:Description>
Malware with Command and Control Server and System Changes
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:SystemImpact>
</iodef:Assessment>
<iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
<iodef:ContactName>example.com CSIRT</iodef:ContactName>
<iodef:Email>
<iodef:EmailTo>contact@csirt.example.com</iodef:EmailTo>
</iodef:Email>
</iodef:Contact>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Description>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 20]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Targeting Defense Contractors,
specifically board members attending Dummy Con
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Method>
<iodef:Reference observable-id="ref-1234">
<iodef:Description>Zeus</iodef:Description>
</iodef:Reference>
</iodef:Method>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="site-uri">
http://www.zeusevil.example.com
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.166
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="asn">
65535
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="ext-value"
ext-category="as-name">
EXAMPLE-AS - University of Example
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="ext-value"
ext-category="as-prefix">
192.0.2.0/24
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="malware-distribution"/>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:DomainData>
<Name>mail1.evildave.example.com</Name>
</iodef:DomainData>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
198.51.100.6
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="asn">
65534
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="ext-value"
ext-category="as-name">
EXAMPLE-AS - University of Example
</iodef:Address>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 21]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<iodef:DomainData>
<iodef:Name>evildave.example.com</iodef:Name>
<iodef:DateDomainWasChecked>2013-01-04T09:10:24+00:00
</iodef:DateDomainWasChecked>
<!-- <iodef:RelatedDNS RecordType="MX"> -->
<iodef:RelatedDNS dtype="string">
evildave.example.com MX preference = 10, mail exchanger
= mail1.evildave.example.com
</iodef:RelatedDNS>
<iodef:RelatedDNS dtype="string">
mail1.evildave.example.com
internet address = 198.51.100.6
</iodef:RelatedDNS>
<iodef:RelatedDNS dtype="string">
zuesevil.example.com. IN TXT \"v=spf1 a mx -all\"
</iodef:RelatedDNS>
</iodef:DomainData>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="mail">
<iodef:Description>
Sending phishing mails
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:NodeRole>
<iodef:Service>
<iodef:EmailData>
<iodef:EmailFrom>
emaildave@evildave.example.com
</iodef:EmailFrom>
<iodef:EmailSubject>
Join us at Dummy Con
</iodef:EmailSubject>
<iodef:EmailX-Mailer>
StormRider 4.0
</iodef:EmailX-Mailer>
</iodef:EmailData>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
<iodef:System category="target">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
203.0.113.2
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:Expectation action="other"/>
<iodef:Record>
<iodef:RecordData>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 22]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<iodef:FileData observable-id="fd-1234">
<iodef:File>
<iodef:FileName>
Dummy Con Sign Up Sheet.txt
</iodef:FileName>
<iodef:FileSize>
152
</iodef:FileSize>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d
08f9086040815300b7fe75c184
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
</iodef:FileData>
</iodef:RecordData>
<iodef:RecordData>
<iodef:CertificateData>
<iodef:Certificate>
<ds:X509Data>
<ds:X509IssuerSerial>
<ds:X509IssuerName>FakeCA
</ds:X509IssuerName>
<ds:X509SerialNumber>
57482937101
</ds:X509SerialNumber>
</ds:X509IssuerSerial>
<ds:X509SubjectName>EvilDaveExample
</ds:X509SubjectName>
</ds:X509Data>
</iodef:Certificate>
</iodef:CertificateData>
</iodef:RecordData>
</iodef:Record>
</iodef:EventData>
</iodef:Incident>
</IODEF-Document>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 23]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
B.4. Malware
In this test, malware information was exchanged using RID and IODEF.
The information included file hashes, registry setting changes, and
the C2 servers the malware uses.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<IODEF-Document version="2.00"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<iodef:Incident purpose="reporting">
<iodef:IncidentID name="csirt.example.com">
189234
</iodef:IncidentID>
<iodef:ReportTime>2013-03-07T16:14:56.757+05:30</iodef:ReportTime>
<iodef:GenerationTime>2013-03-07T16:14:56.757+05:30
</iodef:GenerationTime>
<iodef:Description>
Malware and related indicators identified
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Assessment occurrence="potential">
<iodef:SystemImpact severity="medium" type="breach-proprietary">
<iodef:Description>
Malware with Command and Control Server and System Changes
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:SystemImpact>
</iodef:Assessment>
<iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
<iodef:ContactName>example.com CSIRT</iodef:ContactName>
<iodef:Email>
<iodef:EmailTo>contact@csirt.example.com</iodef:EmailTo>
</iodef:Email>
</iodef:Contact>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Method>
<iodef:Reference>
<iodef:URL>
http://www.threatexpert.example.com/report.aspx?
md5=e2710ceb088dacdcb03678db250742b7
</iodef:URL>
<iodef:Description>Zeus</iodef:Description>
</iodef:Reference>
</iodef:Method>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 24]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr"
observable-id="addr-c2-91011-001">
203.0.113.200
</iodef:Address>
<iodef:Address category="site-uri"
observable-id="addr-c2-91011-002">
http://zeus.556677889900.example.com/log-bin/
lunch_install.php?aff_id=1&
lunch_id=1&maddr=&
action=install
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="c2-server"/>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:Record>
<iodef:RecordData>
<iodef:FileData observable-id="file-91011-001">
<iodef:File>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha1"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
MHg2NzUxQTI1MzQ4M0E2N0Q4NkUwRjg0NzYwRjYxRjEwQkJDQzJF
REZG
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
<iodef:File>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#md5"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
MHgyRTg4ODA5ODBENjI0NDdFOTc5MEFGQTg5NTEzRjBBNA==
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
</iodef:FileData>
<iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified observable-id=
"regkey-91011-001">
<iodef:Key registryaction="add-value">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Run\tamg
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 25]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>
?\?\?%System%\wins\mc.exe\?\??
</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
<iodef:Key registryaction="modify-value">
<iodef:KeyName>HKLM\Software\Microsoft\
Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\dqo
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>"\"\"%Windir%\Resources\
Themes\Luna\km.exe\?\?"
</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
</iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified>
</iodef:RecordData>
</iodef:Record>
</iodef:EventData>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Method>
<iodef:Reference>
<iodef:URL>
http://www.threatexpert.example.com/report.aspx?
md5=c3c528c939f9b176c883ae0ce5df0001
</iodef:URL>
<iodef:Description>Cridex</iodef:Description>
</iodef:Reference>
</iodef:Method>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr"
observable-id="addr-c2-91011-003">
203.0.113.100
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="c2-server"/>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>8080</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:Record>
<iodef:RecordData>
<iodef:FileData observable-id="file-91011-002">
<iodef:File>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 26]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha1"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
MHg3MjYzRkUwRDNBMDk1RDU5QzhFMEM4OTVBOUM
1ODVFMzQzRTcxNDFD
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
</iodef:FileData>
<iodef:FileData observable-id="file-91011-003">
<iodef:File>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#md5"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
MHg0M0NEODUwRkNEQURFNDMzMEE1QkVBNkYxNkVFOTcxQw==
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
</iodef:FileData>
<iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified observable-id=
"regkey-91011-002">
<iodef:Key registryaction="add-value">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Run\KB00121600.exe
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>
\?\?%AppData%\KB00121600.exe\?\?
</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
</iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified>
</iodef:RecordData>
</iodef:Record>
</iodef:EventData>
<iodef:IndicatorData>
<iodef:Indicator>
<iodef:IndicatorID name="csirt.example.com" version="1">
ind-91011
</iodef:IndicatorID>
<iodef:Description>
evil c2 server, file hash, and registry key
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="or">
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="or">
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 27]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Address category="site-uri"
observable-id="addr-qrst">
http://foo.example.com:12345/evil/cc.php
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr"
observable-id="addr-stuv">
192.0.2.1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr"
observable-id="addr-tuvw">
198.51.100.1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Address category="ipv6-addr"
observable-id="addr-uvwx">
2001:db8:dead:beef::1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Observable>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="addr-c2-91011-001"/>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="addr-c2-91011-002"/>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="addr-c2-91011-003"/>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="and">
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:FileData observable-id="file-91011-000">
<iodef:File>
<iodef:HashData scope="file-contents">
<iodef:Hash>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256"/>
<ds:DigestValue>
141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d08f
9086040815300b7fe75c184
</ds:DigestValue>
</iodef:Hash>
</iodef:HashData>
</iodef:File>
</iodef:FileData>
</iodef:Observable>
<iodef:Observable>
<iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified observable-id=
"regkey-91011-000">
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 28]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
<iodef:Key registryaction="add-key"
observable-id="regkey-vwxy">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\
Services\.Net CLR
</iodef:KeyName>
</iodef:Key>
<iodef:Key registryaction="add-key"
observable-id="regkey-wxyz">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\
Services\.Net CLR\Parameters
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>
\"\"%AppData%\KB00121600.exe\"\"
</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
<iodef:Key registryaction="add-value"
observable-id="regkey-xyza">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\
.Net CLR\Parameters\ServiceDll
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>C:\bad.exe</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
<iodef:Key registryaction="modify-value"
observable-id="regkey-zabc">
<iodef:KeyName>
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\
Services\.Net CLR\Parameters\Bar
</iodef:KeyName>
<iodef:Value>Baz</iodef:Value>
</iodef:Key>
</iodef:WindowsRegistryKeysModified>
</iodef:Observable>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="or">
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="and">
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="file-91011-001"/>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="regkey-91011-001"/>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="and">
<iodef:IndicatorExpression operator="or">
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="file-91011-002"/>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="file-91011-003"/>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
<iodef:ObservableReference uid-ref="regkey-91011-002"/>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 29]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
</iodef:IndicatorExpression>
</iodef:Indicator>
</iodef:IndicatorData>
</iodef:Incident>
</IODEF-Document>
B.5. IoT Malware
The Internet of Things (IoT) malware test exchanged information that
described a bad IP address of IoT malware and its scanned ports.
This example information is extracted from alert messages of a
darknet monitoring system referred to in [RFC8134]. The IODEF
version used for the data representation was based on [RFC7970].
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<IODEF-Document version="2.00"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-2.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<iodef:Incident purpose="reporting">
<iodef:IncidentID name="csirt.example.com">
189802
</iodef:IncidentID>
<iodef:ReportTime>2017-03-01T01:15:00+09:00</iodef:ReportTime>
<iodef:GenerationTime>2017-03-01T01:15:00+09:00
</iodef:GenerationTime>
<iodef:Description>IoT Malware and related indicators
</iodef:Description>
<iodef:Assessment occurrence="potential">
<iodef:SystemImpact severity="medium" type="takeover-system">
<iodef:Description>IoT Malware is scanning other hosts
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:SystemImpact>
</iodef:Assessment>
<iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
<iodef:ContactName>example.com CSIRT
</iodef:ContactName>
<iodef:Email>
<iodef:EmailTo>contact@csirt.example.com
</iodef:EmailTo>
</iodef:Email>
</iodef:Contact>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Discovery source="nidps">
<iodef:Description>
Detected by darknet monitoring
</iodef:Description>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 30]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:Discovery>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="source">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
192.0.2.210
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="camera"/>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>23</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
<iodef:OperatingSystem>
<iodef:Description>
Example Surveillance Camera OS 2.1.1
</iodef:Description>
</iodef:OperatingSystem>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="target">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
198.51.100.1
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="honeypot"/>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>23</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
</iodef:EventData>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="target">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
198.51.100.94
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="honeypot"/>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>23</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 31]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
</iodef:EventData>
<iodef:EventData>
<iodef:Flow>
<iodef:System category="target">
<iodef:Node>
<iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
198.51.100.237
</iodef:Address>
</iodef:Node>
<iodef:NodeRole category="honeypot"/>
<iodef:Service ip-protocol="6">
<iodef:Port>2323</iodef:Port>
</iodef:Service>
</iodef:System>
</iodef:Flow>
</iodef:EventData>
</iodef:EventData>
</iodef:Incident>
</IODEF-Document>
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 32]
RFC 8274 IODEF Guidance November 2017
Authors' Addresses
Panos Kampanakis
Cisco Systems
Email: pkampana@cisco.com
Mio Suzuki
NICT
4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi
Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795
Japan
Email: mio@nict.go.jp
Kampanakis & Suzuki Informational [Page 33]