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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) E. Ertekin
Request for Comments: 5858 C. Christou
Category: Standards Track Booz Allen Hamilton
ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Bormann
Universitaet Bremen TZI
May 2010
IPsec Extensions to Support Robust Header Compression over IPsec
Abstract
Integrating Robust Header Compression (ROHC) with IPsec (ROHCoIPsec)
offers the combined benefits of IP security services and efficient
bandwidth utilization. However, in order to integrate ROHC with
IPsec, extensions to the Security Policy Database (SPD) and Security
Association Database (SAD) are required. This document describes the
IPsec extensions required to support ROHCoIPsec.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5858.
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
Copyright Notice
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................3
3. Extensions to IPsec Databases ...................................3
3.1. Security Policy Database (SPD) .............................4
3.2. Security Association Database (SAD) ........................5
4. Extensions to IPsec Processing ..................................6
4.1. Identification of Header-Compressed Traffic ................6
4.2. Verifying the Integrity of Decompressed Packet Headers .....6
4.2.1. ICV Computation and Integrity Verification ..........7
4.3. ROHC Segmentation and IPsec Tunnel MTU .....................8
4.4. Nested IPComp and ROHCoIPsec Processing ....................9
5. Security Considerations ........................................10
6. IANA Considerations ............................................10
7. Acknowledgments ................................................11
Appendix A. ASN.1 Representation for ROHCoIPsec ...................12
8. References .....................................................14
8.1. Normative References ......................................14
8.2. Informative References ....................................14
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
1. Introduction
Using IPsec ([IPSEC]) protection offers various security services for
IP traffic. However, these benefits come at the cost of additional
packet headers, which increase packet overhead. By compressing the
inner headers of these packets, the integration of Robust Header
Compression (ROHC, [ROHC]) with IPsec (ROHCoIPsec, [ROHCOIPSEC]) can
reduce the packet overhead associated with IPsec-protected flows.
IPsec-protected traffic is carried over Security Associations (SAs),
whose parameters are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. The
Security Policy Database (SPD) specifies the services that are to be
offered to IP datagrams, and the parameters associated with SAs that
have been established are stored in the Security Association Database
(SAD). For ROHCoIPsec, various extensions to the SPD and SAD that
incorporate ROHC-relevant parameters are required.
In addition, three extensions to IPsec processing are required.
First, a mechanism for identifying ROHC packets must be defined.
Second, a mechanism to ensure the integrity of the decompressed
packet is needed. Finally, the order of the inbound and outbound
processing must be enumerated when nesting IP Compression (IPComp
[IPCOMP]), ROHC, and IPsec processing.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [BRA97].
3. Extensions to IPsec Databases
The following subsections specify extensions to the SPD and the SAD
that MUST be supported for ROHCoIPsec. The ROHCoIPsec fields in the
SPD are used to populate the ROHCoIPsec parameters in the SAD during
the initialization or rekey of a child SA.
It is noted that these extensions do not have any implications on
existing SPD fields or SAD parameters. Therefore, a ROHCoIPsec
implementation is backwards-compatible with an IPsec implementation
that does not support header compression.
Appendix A provides an example ASN.1 representation of an SPD that is
extended to support ROHC.
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
3.1. Security Policy Database (SPD)
In general, the SPD is responsible for specifying the security
services that are offered to IP datagrams. Entries in the SPD
specify how to derive the corresponding values for SAD entries. To
support ROHC, the SPD is extended to include per-channel ROHC
parameters. Together, the existing IPsec SPD parameters and the ROHC
parameters will dictate the security and header compression services
that are provided to packets.
The fields contained within each SPD entry are defined in RFC 4301
[IPSEC], Section 4.4.1.2. To support ROHC, several processing info
fields are added to the SPD; these fields contain information
regarding the ROHC profiles and channel parameters supported by the
local ROHC instance.
If the processing action associated with the selector sets is
PROTECT, then the processing info must be extended with the following
ROHC channel parameters:
MAX_CID: This field indicates the highest context ID that will be
decompressed by the local decompressor. MAX_CID MUST be at least
0 and at most 16383 (the value 0 implies having one context).
MRRU: The MRRU parameter indicates the size of the largest
reconstructed unit (in octets) that the local decompressor is
expected to reassemble from ROHC segments. This size includes the
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and the ROHC Integrity Check Value
(ICV). NOTE: Since in-order delivery of ROHC packets cannot be
guaranteed, the MRRU parameter SHOULD be set to 0 (as stated in
Section 5.2.5.1 of RFC 5795 [ROHC] and Section 6.1 of RFC 5225
[ROHCV2]), which indicates that no segment headers are allowed on
the ROHCoIPsec channel.
PROFILES: This field is a list of ROHC profiles supported by the
local decompressor. Possible values for this list are contained
in the "RObust Header Compression (ROHC) Profile Identifiers"
registry [ROHCPROF].
In addition to these ROHC channel parameters, a ROHC integrity
algorithm and a ROHC ICV Length field MUST be included within the
SPD:
ROHC INTEGRITY ALGORITHM: This field is a list of integrity
algorithms supported by the ROHCoIPsec instance. This will be
used by the ROHC process to ensure that packet headers are
properly decompressed (see Section 4.2). Authentication
algorithms that MUST be supported are specified in the
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"Authentication Algorithms" table in Section 3.1.1 ("ESP
Encryption and Authentication Algorithms") of RFC 4835
[CRYPTO-ALG] (or its successor).
ROHC ICV LENGTH: This field specifies the length of the ICV that
is used in conjunction with the ROHC integrity algorithm.
Several other ROHC channel parameters are omitted from the SPD,
because they are set implicitly. The omitted channel parameters are
LARGE_CIDS and FEEDBACK_FOR. The LARGE_CIDS channel parameter MUST
be set based on the value of MAX_CID (i.e., if MAX_CID is <= 15,
LARGE_CIDS is assumed to be 0). Finally, the ROHC FEEDBACK_FOR
channel parameter MUST be set to the ROHC channel associated with the
SA in the reverse direction. If an SA in the reverse direction does
not exist, the FEEDBACK_FOR channel parameter is not set, and ROHC
MUST NOT operate in bi-directional Mode.
3.2. Security Association Database (SAD)
Each entry within the SAD defines the parameters associated with each
established SA. Unless the "populate from packet" (PFP) flag is
asserted for a particular field, SAD entries are determined by the
corresponding SPD entries during the creation of the SA.
The data items contained within the SAD are defined in RFC 4301
[IPSEC], Section 4.4.2.1. To support ROHC, the SAD must include a
"ROHC Data Item"; this data item contains parameters used by ROHC
instance. The ROHC Data Item exists for both inbound and outbound
SAs.
The ROHC Data Item includes the ROHC channel parameters for the SA.
These channel parameters (i.e., MAX_CID, PROFILES, MRRU) are
enumerated above in Section 3.1. For inbound SAs, the ROHC Data Item
MUST specify the ROHC channel parameters that are used by the local
decompressor instance; conversely, for outbound SAs, the ROHC Data
Item MUST specify the ROHC channel parameters that are used by local
compressor instance.
In addition to these ROHC channel parameters, the ROHC Data Item for
both inbound and outbound SAs MUST include three additional
parameters. Specifically, these parameters store the integrity
algorithm, the algorithm's respective key, and the ICV length that is
used by the ROHC process (see Section 3.2). The integrity algorithm
and its associated key are used to calculate a ROHC ICV of the
specified length; this ICV is used to verify the packet headers post-
decompression.
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Finally, for inbound SAs, the ROHC Data Item MUST include a
FEEDBACK_FOR parameter. The parameter is a reference to a ROHC
channel in the opposite direction (i.e., the outbound SA) between the
same compression endpoints. A ROHC channel associated with an
inbound SA and a ROHC channel associated with an outbound SA MAY be
coupled to form a bi-directional ROHC channel as defined in Sections
6.1 and 6.2 in RFC 3759 [ROHC-TERM].
"ROHC Data Item" values MAY be initialized manually (i.e.,
administratively configured for manual SAs), or initialized via a key
exchange protocol (e.g., IKEv2 [IKEV2]) that has been extended to
support the signaling of ROHC parameters [IKE-ROHC].
4. Extensions to IPsec Processing
4.1. Identification of Header-Compressed Traffic
A "ROHC" protocol identifier is used to identify header-compressed
traffic on a ROHC-enabled SA. If an outbound packet has a compressed
header, the Next Header field of the security protocol header (e.g.,
Authentication Header (AH) [AH], Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
[ESP]) MUST be set to the "ROHC" protocol identifier. If the packet
header has not been compressed by ROHC, the Next Header field does
not contain the "ROHC" protocol identifier. Conversely, for an
inbound packet, the value of the security protocol Next Header field
MUST be checked to determine if the packet includes a ROHC header, in
order to determine if it requires ROHC decompression.
Use of the "ROHC" protocol identifier for purposes other than
ROHCoIPsec is currently not defined. Future protocols that make use
of the allocation (e.g., other applications of ROHC in multi-hop
environments) require specification of the logical compression
channel between the ROHC compressor and decompressor. In addition,
these specifications will require the investigation of the security
considerations associated with use of the "ROHC" protocol identifier
outside the context of the Next Header field of security protocol
headers.
4.2. Verifying the Integrity of Decompressed Packet Headers
As documented in Section 6.1.4 of [ROHCOIPSEC], ROHC is inherently a
lossy compression algorithm: the consequences of significant packet
reordering or loss between ROHC peers may include undetected
decompression failures, where erroneous packets are forwarded into
the protected domain.
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To ensure that a decompressed header is identical to the original
header, ROHCoIPsec MAY use an additional integrity algorithm (and
respective key) to compute a second Integrity Check Value (ICV).
This ROHC ICV MUST be computed over the uncompressed IP header, as
well at the higher-layer headers and the packet payload. When
computed, the ICV is appended to the ROHC-compressed packet. At the
decompressor, the decompressed packet (including the uncompressed IP
header, higher-layer headers, and packet payload; but not including
the authentication data) will be used with the integrity algorithm
(and its respective key) to compute a value that will be compared to
the appended ICV. If these values are not identical, the
decompressed packet MUST be dropped.
Figure 1 illustrates the composition of a ROHCoIPsec-processed IPv4
packet. In the example, TCP/IP compression is applied, and the
packet is processed with tunnel mode ESP.
BEFORE COMPRESSION AND APPLICATION OF ESP
----------------------------
IPv4 |orig IP hdr | | |
|(any options)| TCP | Data |
----------------------------
AFTER ROHCOIPSEC COMPRESSION AND APPLICATION OF ESP
------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 | new IP hdr | | Cmpr. | | ROHC | ESP | ESP|
|(any options)| ESP | Hdr. |Data| ICV |Trailer| ICV|
------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1. Example of a ROHCoIPsec-Processed Packet
Note: At the decompressor, the ROHC ICV field is not included in the
calculation of the ROHC ICV.
4.2.1. ICV Computation and Integrity Verification
In order to correctly verify the integrity of the decompressed
packets, the processing steps for ROHCoIPsec MUST be implemented in a
specific order, as given below.
For outbound packets that are processed by ROHC and are IPsec-
protected:
o Compute an ICV for the uncompressed packet with the negotiated
(ROHC) integrity algorithm and its respective key.
o Compress the packet headers (as specified by the ROHC process).
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o Append the ICV to the compressed packet.
o Apply AH or ESP processing to the packet, as specified in the
appropriate SAD entry.
For inbound packets that are to be decompressed by ROHC:
o Apply AH or ESP processing, as specified in the appropriate SAD
entry.
o Remove the ICV from the packet.
o Decompress the packet header(s).
o Compute an ICV for the decompressed packet with the negotiated
(ROHC) integrity algorithm and its respective key.
o Compare the computed ICV to the original ICV calculated at the
compressor: if these two values differ, the packet MUST be
dropped; otherwise, resume IPsec processing.
4.3. ROHC Segmentation and IPsec Tunnel MTU
In certain scenarios, a ROHCoIPsec-processed packet may exceed the
size of the IPsec tunnel MTU. RFC 4301 [IPSEC] currently stipulates
the following for outbound traffic that exceeds the SA Path MTU
(PMTU):
Case 1: Original (cleartext) packet is IPv4 and has the Don't
Fragment (DF) bit set. The implementation should
discard the packet and send a PMTU ICMP message.
Case 2: Original (cleartext) packet is IPv4 and has the DF
bit clear. The implementation should fragment (before or
after encryption per its configuration) and then forward
the fragments. It should not send a PMTU ICMP message.
Case 3: Original (cleartext) packet is IPv6. The implementation
should discard the packet and send a PMTU ICMP message.
For the ROHCoIPsec processing model, there is one minor change to the
procedure stated above. This change applies to pre-encryption
fragmentation for Case 2. Since current ROHC compression profiles do
not support compression of IP packet fragments, pre-encryption
fragmentation MUST NOT occur before ROHC processing.
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RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
If the compressed packet exceeds the SA PMTU, and the MRRU is non-
zero, ROHC segmentation MAY be used to divide the packet, where each
segment conforms to the tunnel MTU. ROHC segmentation MUST occur
before AH or ESP processing. Because in-order delivery of ROHC
segments is not guaranteed, the use of ROHC segmentation is not
recommended.
If segmentation is applied, the process MUST account for the
additional overhead imposed by the IPsec process (e.g., AH or ESP
overhead, crypto synchronization data, the additional IP header,
etc.) such that the final IPsec-processed segments are less than the
tunnel MTU. After segmentation, each ROHC segment is consecutively
processed by the appropriate security protocol (e.g., AH, ESP)
instantiated on the ROHC-enabled SA. Since ROHC segments are
processed consecutively, the associated AH/ESP sequence number MUST
be incremented by one for each segment transmitted over the ROHC
channel. As such, after all ROHC segments receive AH/ESP processing,
these segments can be identified (at the remote IPsec implementation)
by a range of contiguous AH/ESP sequence numbers.
For channels where the MRRU is non-zero, the ROHCoIPsec decompressor
MUST re-assemble the ROHC segments that are received. To accomplish
this, the decompressor MUST identify the ROHC segments (as documented
in Section 5.2 of RFC 5795 [ROHC]), and attempt reconstruction using
the ROHC segmentation protocol (Section 5.2.5 of RFC 5795 [ROHC]).
To assist the reconstruction process, the AH/ESP sequence number
SHOULD be used to identify segments that may have been subject to
reordering. If reconstruction fails, the packet MUST be discarded.
As stated in Section 3.2.1, if the ROHC integrity algorithm is used
to verify the decompression of packet headers, this ICV is appended
to the compressed packet. If ROHC segmentation is performed, the
segmentation algorithm is executed on the compressed packet and the
appended ICV. Note that the ICV is not appended to each ROHC
segment.
Under certain circumstances, IPsec implementations will not process
(or receive) unprotected ICMP messages, or they will not have a Path
MTU estimated value. In these cases, the IPsec implementation SHOULD
NOT attempt to segment the ROHC-compressed packet, as it does not
have full insight into the path MTU in the unprotected domain.
4.4. Nested IPComp and ROHCoIPsec Processing
IPComp ([IPCOMP]) is another mechanism that can be implemented to
reduce the size of an IP datagram. If IPComp and ROHCoIPsec are
implemented in a nested fashion, the following steps MUST be followed
for outbound and inbound packets.
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
For outbound packets that are to be processed by IPComp and ROHC:
o The ICV is computed for the uncompressed packet, and the
appropriate ROHC compression profile is applied to the packet.
o IPComp is applied, and the packet is sent to the IPsec process.
o The security protocol is applied to the packet.
Conversely, for inbound packets that are to be both ROHC- and IPComp-
decompressed:
o A packet received on a ROHC-enabled SA is IPsec-processed.
o The datagram is decompressed based on the appropriate IPComp
algorithm.
o The packet is sent to the ROHC module for header decompression and
integrity verification.
5. Security Considerations
A ROHCoIPsec implementer should consider the strength of protection
provided by the integrity check algorithm used to verify decompressed
headers. Failure to implement a strong integrity check algorithm
increases the probability for an invalidly decompressed packet to be
forwarded by a ROHCoIPsec device into a protected domain.
The implementation of ROHCoIPsec may increase the susceptibility for
traffic flow analysis, where an attacker can identify new traffic
flows by monitoring the relative size of the encrypted packets (i.e.,
a group of "long" packets, followed by a long series of "short"
packets may indicate a new flow for some ROHCoIPsec implementations).
To mitigate this concern, ROHC padding mechanisms may be used to
arbitrarily add padding to transmitted packets to randomize packet
sizes. This technique, however, reduces the overall efficiency
benefit offered by header compression.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA has allocated the value 142 to "ROHC" within the "Protocol
Numbers" registry [PROTOCOL]. This value will be used to indicate
that the next-level protocol header is a ROHC header.
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
7. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Sean O'Keeffe, James Kohler, Linda
Noone of the Department of Defense, and Rich Espy of OPnet for their
contributions and support for developing this document.
The authors would also like to thank Yoav Nir and Robert A Stangarone
Jr.: both served as committed document reviewers for this
specification.
Finally, the authors would like to thank the following for their
numerous reviews and comments to this document:
o Magnus Westerlund
o Stephen Kent
o Lars-Erik Jonsson
o Carl Knutsson
o Pasi Eronen
o Jonah Pezeshki
o Tero Kivinen
o Joseph Touch
o Rohan Jasani
o Elwyn Davies
o Bert Wijnen
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RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
Appendix A. ASN.1 Representation for ROHCoIPsec
This appendix is included as an additional way to describe the
ROHCoIPsec parameters that are included in the IPsec SPD. It uses
portions of the ASN.1 syntax provided in Appendix C of RFC 4301
[IPSEC]. In addition, several new structures are defined.
This syntax has been successfully compiled. However, it is merely
illustrative and need not be employed in an implementation to achieve
compliance.
The "Processing" data structure, defined in Appendix C of RFC 4301,
is augmented to include a ROHC parameters element as follows:
Processing ::= SEQUENCE {
extSeqNum BOOLEAN, -- TRUE 64 bit counter, FALSE 32 bit
seqOverflow BOOLEAN, -- TRUE rekey, FALSE terminate & audit
fragCheck BOOLEAN, -- TRUE stateful fragment checking,
-- FALSE no stateful fragment checking
lifetime SALifetime,
spi ManualSPI,
algorithms ProcessingAlgs,
tunnel TunnelOptions OPTIONAL,
rohc [7] RohcParams OPTIONAL
}
The following data structures describe these ROHC parameters:
RohcParams ::= SEQUENCE {
rohcEnabled BOOLEAN, -- TRUE, hdr compr. is enabled
-- FALSE, hdr compr. is disabled
maxCID INTEGER (0..16383),
mrru INTEGER,
profiles RohcProfiles,
rohcIntegAlg RohcIntegAlgs,
rohcIntegICVLength INTEGER
}
RohcProfiles ::= SET OF RohcProfile
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RohcProfile ::= INTEGER {
rohcv1-rtp (1),
rohcv1-udp (2),
rohcv1-esp (3),
rohcv1-ip (4),
rohcv1-tcp (6),
rohcv1-rtp-udpLite (7),
rohcv1-udpLite (8),
rohcv2-rtp (257),
rohcv2-udp (258),
rohcv2-esp (259),
rohcv2-ip (260),
rohcv2-rtp-udpLite (263),
rohcv2-udpLite (264)
-- values taken from [ROHCPROF]
}
RohcIntegAlgs ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm RohcIntegAlgType,
parameters ANY -- DEFINED BY algorithm -- OPTIONAL }
RohcIntegAlgType ::= INTEGER {
none (0),
auth-HMAC-MD5-96 (1),
auth-HMAC-SHA1-96 (2),
auth-DES-MAC (3),
auth-KPDK-MD5 (4),
auth-AES-XCBC-96 (5),
auth-HMAC-MD5-128 (6),
auth-HMAC-SHA1-160 (7),
auth-AES-CMAC-96 (8),
auth-AES-128-GMAC (9),
auth-AES-192-GMAC (10),
auth-AES-256-GMAC (11),
auth-HMAC-SHA2-256-128 (12),
auth-HMAC-SHA2-384-192 (13),
auth-HMAC-SHA2-512-256 (14)
-- tbd (15..65535)
-- values taken from "Transform Type 3 - Integrity
-- Algorithm Transform IDs" at [IKEV2-PARA]
}
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8. References
8.1. Normative References
[IPSEC] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
[ROHC] Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L-E. Jonsson, "The
RObust Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795,
March 2010.
[IPCOMP] Shacham, A., Monsour, B., Pereira, R., and M. Thomas,
"IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)", RFC 3173,
September 2001.
[BRA97] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[ROHCV2] Pelletier, G. and K. Sandlund, "RObust Header
Compression Version 2 (ROHCv2): Profiles for RTP, UDP,
IP, ESP and UDP-Lite", RFC 5225, April 2008.
[IKEV2] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
RFC 4306, December 2005.
[IKE-ROHC] Ertekin, E., Christou, C., Jasani, R., Kivinen, T., and
C. Bormann, "IKEv2 Extensions to Support Robust Header
Compression over IPsec", RFC 5857, May 2010.
[AH] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
December 2005.
[ESP] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, December 2005.
8.2. Informative References
[ROHCOIPSEC] Ertekin, E., Jasani, R., Christou, C., and C. Bormann,
"Integration of Header Compression over IPsec Security
Associations", RFC 5856, May 2010.
[ROHCPROF] IANA, "RObust Header Compression (ROHC) Profile
Identifiers", <http://www.iana.org>.
[CRYPTO-ALG] Manral, V., "Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation
Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
and Authentication Header (AH)", RFC 4835, April 2007.
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RFC 5858 IPsec Extensions to Support ROHCoIPsec may 2010
[ROHC-TERM] Jonsson, L-E., "Robust Header Compression (ROHC):
Terminology and Channel Mapping Examples", RFC 3759,
April 2004.
[PROTOCOL] IANA, "Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers",
<http://www.iana.org>.
[IKEV2-PARA] IANA, "Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
Parameters", <http://www.iana.org>.
Authors' Addresses
Emre Ertekin
Booz Allen Hamilton
5220 Pacific Concourse Drive, Suite 200
Los Angeles, CA 90045
US
EMail: ertekin_emre@bah.com
Chris Christou
Booz Allen Hamilton
13200 Woodland Park Dr.
Herndon, VA 20171
US
EMail: christou_chris@bah.com
Carsten Bormann
Universitaet Bremen TZI
Postfach 330440
Bremen D-28334
Germany
EMail: cabo@tzi.org
Ertekin, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]