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Keywords: service, element, standard, vendor, user, controller, orchestrator
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. Bogdanovic
Request for Comments: 8199 Volta Networks, Inc.
Category: Informational B. Claise
ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Moberg
Cisco Systems, Inc.
July 2017
YANG Module Classification
Abstract
The YANG data modeling language is currently being considered for a
wide variety of applications throughout the networking industry at
large. Many standards development organizations (SDOs), open-source
software projects, vendors, and users are using YANG to develop and
publish YANG modules for a wide variety of applications. At the same
time, there is currently no well-known terminology to categorize
various types of YANG modules.
A consistent terminology would help with the categorization of YANG
modules, assist in the analysis of the YANG data modeling efforts in
the IETF and other organizations, and bring clarity to the YANG-
related discussions between the different groups.
This document describes a set of concepts and associated terms to
support consistent classification of YANG modules.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8199.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. First Dimension: YANG Module Abstraction Layers . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Network Service YANG Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Network Element YANG Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Second Dimension: YANG Module Origin Types . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Standard YANG Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Vendor-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions . . . . . . . 8
3.3. User-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions . . . . . . . . 9
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Introduction
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) has been actively
encouraging IETF working groups to use the YANG data modeling
language [RFC7950] and the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)
[RFC6241] for configuration management purposes, especially in new
working group charters [IESG-Statement].
YANG is also gaining wide acceptance as the de facto standard data
modeling language in the broader industry. This extends beyond the
IETF to include many SDOs, industry consortia, ad hoc groups, open-
source projects, vendors, and end users.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
There are currently no clear guidelines on how to classify the
layering of YANG modules according to abstraction or how to classify
modules along the continuum spanning formal standards publications,
vendor-specific modules, and modules provided by end users.
This document presents a set of concepts and terms to form a useful
taxonomy for consistent classification of YANG modules in two
dimensions:
o The layering of modules based on their abstraction levels
o The module origin type based on the nature and intent of the
content
The intent of this document is to provide a taxonomy to simplify
human communication around YANG modules. While the classification
boundaries are at times blurry, this document should provide a robust
starting point as the YANG community gains further experience with
designing and deploying modules. To be more explicit, it is expected
that the classification criteria will change over time.
A number of modules, for example, modules concerned with topologies,
created substantial discussion during the development of this
document. Topology modules are useful both on the network element
level (e.g., link-state database content) and on the network service
level (e.g., network-wide, configured topologies). In the end, it is
the module developer that classifies the module according to the
initial intent of the module content.
This document should provide benefits to multiple audiences:
o First, a common taxonomy helps with discussions among SDOs and
industry consortia; the goals of such discussions are determined
by the respective areas of work.
o Second, operators might look at the YANG module abstraction layers
to understand which Network Service YANG Modules and Network
Element YANG Modules are available for their service composition.
It is difficult to determine the module type without inspecting
the YANG module itself. The YANG module name might provide some
useful information but is not a definite answer. For example, a
Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN) YANG module might be a
Network Service YANG Module, ready to be used as a service model
by a network operator. Alternatively, it might be a Network
Element YANG Module that contains the L2VPN data definitions
required to be configured on a single device.
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RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
o Third, this taxonomy will help equipment vendors (whether physical
or virtual), controller vendors, and orchestrator vendors to
explain to their customers the relationship between the different
YANG modules they support in their products.
1.1. Terminology
[RFC7950] specifies:
o data model: A data model describes how data is represented and
accessed.
o module: A YANG module defines hierarchies of schema nodes. With
its definitions and the definitions it imports or includes from
elsewhere, a module is self-contained and "compilable".
2. First Dimension: YANG Module Abstraction Layers
Module developers have taken two approaches to developing YANG
modules: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down approach starts with
high-level abstractions modeling business or customer requirements
and maps them to specific networking technologies. The bottom-up
approach starts with fundamental networking technologies and maps
them into more abstract constructs.
There are currently no specific requirements or well-defined best
practices for the development of YANG modules. This document
considers both bottom-up and top-down approaches as they are both
used and they each provide benefits that appeal to different groups.
For layering purposes, this document suggests the classification of
YANG modules into two distinct abstraction layers:
o Network Element YANG Modules describe the configuration, state
data, operations, and notifications of specific device-centric
technologies or features.
o Network Service YANG Modules describe the configuration, state
data, operations, and notifications of abstract representations of
services implemented on one or multiple network elements.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
+--------------------------+
| Operations and Business |
| Support Systems |
| (OSSs and BSSs) |
+--------------------------+
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Network Service YANG Modules
+------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
| | | | | |
| - L2VPN | | - L2VPN | | L3VPN |
| - VPWS | | - VPLS | | |
| | | | | |
+------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Network Element YANG Modules
+------------+ +------------+ +-------------+ +------------+
| | | | | | | |
| MPLS | | BGP | | IPv4 / IPv6 | | Ethernet |
| | | | | | | |
+------------+ +------------+ +-------------+ +------------+
L2VPN: Layer 2 Virtual Private Network
L3VPN: Layer 3 Virtual Private Network
VPWS: Virtual Private Wire Service
VPLS: Virtual Private LAN Service
Figure 1: YANG Module Abstraction Layers
Figure 1 illustrates the application of YANG modules at different
layers of abstraction. Layering of modules allows for reusability of
existing lower-layer modules by higher-level modules while limiting
duplication of features across layers.
For module developers, per-layer modeling allows for separation of
concern across editing teams focusing on specific areas.
As an example, experience from the IETF shows that creating useful
Network Element YANG Modules (e.g., for routing or switching
protocols) requires teams that include developers with experience
implementing those protocols.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
On the other hand, Network Service YANG Modules are best developed by
network operators experienced in defining network services for
consumption by programmers, e.g., those developing flow-through
provisioning systems or self-service portals.
2.1. Network Service YANG Modules
Network Service YANG Modules describe the characteristics of a
service, as agreed upon with consumers of that service. That is, a
service module does not expose the detailed configuration parameters
of all participating network elements and features but describes an
abstract model that allows instances of the service to be decomposed
into instance data according to the Network Element YANG Modules of
the participating network elements. The service-to-element
decomposition is a separate process; the details depend on how the
network operator chooses to realize the service. For the purpose of
this document, the term "orchestrator" is used to describe a system
implementing such a process.
External systems can be provisioning systems, service orchestrators,
Operations Support Systems, Business Support Systems, and
applications exposed to network service consumers (either internal
network operations people or external customers). These modules are
commonly designed, developed, and deployed by network infrastructure
teams.
YANG allows for different design patterns to describe network
services, ranging from monolithic to component-based approaches.
The monolithic approach captures the entire service in a single
module and does not put focus on reusability of internal data
definitions and groupings. The monolithic approach has the
advantages of single-purpose development, including development speed
at the expense of reusability.
The component-based approach captures device-centric features (e.g.,
VPN Routing and Forwarding (VRF), routing protocols, or packet
filtering) in a vendor-independent manner. The components are
designed for reuse across many service modules. The set of
components required for a specific service is then composed into the
higher-level service. The component-based approach has the
advantages of modular development, including a higher degree of
reusability at the expense of initial development speed.
As an example, an L2VPN service can be built on many different types
of transport network technologies, including, e.g., MPLS or Carrier
Ethernet. A component-based approach would allow for reuse of User-
Network Interface (UNI) definitions, such as the MEF UNI interface or
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 8199 YANG Module Classification July 2017
MPLS interface, independent of the underlying transport network. The
monolithic approach would assume a specific set of transport
technologies and interface definitions.
An example of a Network Service YANG Module is in [RFC8049]. It
provides an abstract model for Layer 3 IP VPN service configuration.
This module includes the concept of a 'site-network-access' to
represent bearer and connection parameters. An orchestrator receives
operations on service instances according to the service module and
decomposes the data into configuration data according to specific
Network Element YANG Modules to configure the participating network
elements to the service. In the case of the L3VPN module, this would
include translating the 'site-network-access' parameters to the
appropriate parameters in the Network Element YANG Module implemented
on the constituent elements.
2.2. Network Element YANG Modules
Network Element YANG Modules describe the characteristics of a
network device as defined by the vendor of that device. The modules
are commonly structured around features of the device, e.g.,
interface configuration [RFC7223], OSPF configuration [OSPF-YANG],
and access control list (ACL) configuration [ACL-YANG].
The Network Element YANG Module provides a coherent data model
representation of the software environment consisting of the
operating system and applications running on the device. The
decomposition, ordering, and execution of changes to the operating
system and application configuration is the task of the agent that
implements the module.
3. Second Dimension: YANG Module Origin Types
This document suggests classifying YANG module origin types as
Standard YANG Modules, Vendor-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions,
or User-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions.
The suggested classification applies to both Network Element YANG
Modules and Network Service YANG Modules.
It is to be expected that real-world implementations of both Network
Service YANG Modules and Network Element YANG Modules will include a
mix of all three module origin types.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 7]
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Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the three types of
modules.
+--------------+
| User |
| Extensions |
+------+-------+
Augments
+------+-------+ +--------------+ +--------------+
| Vendor | | User | | User |
| Extensions | | Extensions | | Extensions |
+------+-------+ +------+-------+ +------+-------+
Augments Augments Augments
+------+-----------------+-------+ +------+-------+ +--------------+
| Standard | | Vendor | | User |
| Modules | | Modules | | Modules |
+--------------------------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+
Figure 2: YANG Module Origin Types
3.1. Standard YANG Modules
Standard YANG Modules are published by SDOs. Most SDOs create
specifications according to a formal process in order to produce a
standard that is useful for their constituencies.
The lifecycles of these modules are driven by the editing cycles of
the specifications and not tied to a specific implementation.
Examples of SDOs in the networking industry are the IETF and the
IEEE.
3.2. Vendor-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions
Vendor-Specific YANG Modules are developed by organizations with the
intent to support a specific set of implementations under control of
that organization, for example, vendors of virtual or physical
equipment, industry consortia, and open-source projects. The intent
of these modules ranges from providing openly published YANG modules
that may eventually be contributed back to or adopted by an SDO to
strictly internal YANG modules not intended for external consumption.
The lifecycles of these modules are generally aligned with the
release cycles of the product or open-source software project
deliverables.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 8]
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It is worth noting that there is an increasing amount of interaction
between open-source projects and SDOs in the networking industry.
This includes open-source projects implementing published standards
as well as open-source projects contributing content to SDO
processes.
Vendors also develop vendor-specific extensions to standard modules
using YANG constructs for extending data definitions of previously
published modules. This is done using the 'augment' statement that
allows locally defined data trees to be added into locations in
externally defined data trees.
Vendors use this to extend standard modules to cover the full scope
of features in implementations, which commonly is broader than that
covered by the standard module.
3.3. User-Specific YANG Modules and Extensions
User-Specific YANG Modules are developed by organizations that
operate YANG-based infrastructure including devices and
orchestrators, for example, network administrators in enterprises or
at service providers. The intent of these modules is to express the
specific needs for a certain implementation, above and beyond what is
provided by vendors.
This module type obviously requires the infrastructure to support the
introduction of user-provided modules and extensions. This would
include the ability to describe the service-to-network decomposition
in orchestrators and the module-to-configuration decomposition in
devices.
The lifecycles of these modules are generally aligned with the change
cadence of the infrastructure.
4. Security Considerations
This document doesn't have any Security Considerations.
5. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 9]
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6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC7223] Bjorklund, M., "A YANG Data Model for Interface
Management", RFC 7223, DOI 10.17487/RFC7223, May 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7223>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8049] Litkowski, S., Tomotaki, L., and K. Ogaki, "YANG Data
Model for L3VPN Service Delivery", RFC 8049,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8049, February 2017,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8049>.
6.2. Informative References
[ACL-YANG]
Bogdanovic, D., Jethanandani, M., Huang, L., Agarwal, S.,
and D. Blair, "Network Access Control List (ACL) YANG Data
Model", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-netmod-acl-model-11,
June 2017.
[IESG-Statement]
"Writable MIB Module IESG Statement",
<https://www.ietf.org/iesg/statement/
writable-mib-module.html>.
[OSPF-YANG]
Yeung, D., Qu, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, I., and A. Lindem,
"Yang Data Model for OSPF Protocol", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-ospf-yang-08, July 2017.
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 10]
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to David Ball and Jonathan Hansford for feedback and
suggestions.
Authors' Addresses
Dean Bogdanovic
Volta Networks, Inc.
Email: dean@voltanet.io
Benoit Claise
Cisco Systems, Inc.
De Kleetlaan 6a b1
1831 Diegem
Belgium
Phone: +32 2 704 5622
Email: bclaise@cisco.com
Carl Moberg
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: camoberg@cisco.com
Bogdanovic, et al. Informational [Page 11]