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Keywords: rtp, reception statistics, de-jitter buffer
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) V. Singh, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7243 J. Ott
Category: Standards Track Aalto University
ISSN: 2070-1721 I. Curcio
Nokia Research Center
May 2014
RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block
for the Bytes Discarded Metric
Abstract
The RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) is used in conjunction with the Real-
time Transport Protocol (RTP) to provide a variety of short-term and
long-term reception statistics. The available reporting may include
aggregate information across longer periods of time as well as
individual packet reporting. This document specifies a report
computing the bytes discarded from the de-jitter buffer after
successful reception.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7243.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Bytes Discarded Report Block ....................................4
4. Protocol Operation ..............................................6
4.1. Reporting Node (Receiver) ..................................6
4.2. Media Sender ...............................................6
5. SDP Signaling ...................................................7
6. Security Considerations .........................................7
7. IANA Considerations .............................................8
7.1. XR Report Block Registration ...............................8
7.2. SDP Parameter Registration .................................8
7.3. Contact Information for IANA Registrations .................8
8. Acknowledgments .................................................8
9. References ......................................................9
9.1. Normative References .......................................9
9.2. Informative References .....................................9
Appendix A. Metrics Represented Using the Template from RFC 6390 ..11
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1. Introduction
RTP [RFC3550] provides a transport for real-time media flows such as
audio and video together with the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), which
provides periodic feedback about the media streams received in a
specific duration. In addition, RTCP can be used for timely feedback
about individual events to report (e.g., packet loss) [RFC4585].
Both long-term and short-term feedback enable a media sender to adapt
its media transmission and/or encoding dynamically to the observed
path characteristics.
[RFC3611] defines RTCP Extended Reports as a detailed reporting
framework to provide more than just the coarse Receiver Report (RR)
statistics. The detailed reporting may enable a media sender to
react more appropriately to the observed networking conditions as
these can be characterized better, although at the expense of extra
overhead.
In addition to lost packets, [RFC3611] defines the notion of
"discarded" packets: packets that were received but dropped from the
de-jitter buffer because they were either too early (for buffering)
or too late (for playout). The "discard rate" metric is part of the
VoIP metrics report block even though it is not just applicable to
audio: it is specified as the fraction of discarded packets since the
beginning of the session. See Section 4.7.1 of [RFC3611]. The
discard metric is believed to be applicable to a large class of RTP
applications that use a de-jitter buffer [RFC5481].
Recently proposed extensions to the Extended Reports (XR) reporting
suggest enhancing the discard metric:
o Reporting the number of discarded packets in a measurement
interval, i.e., during either the last reporting interval or since
the beginning of the session, as indicated by a flag in the
suggested XR report [RFC7002]. If an endpoint needs to report
packet discard due to other reasons than early- and late-arrival
(for example, discard due to duplication, redundancy, etc.) then
it should consider using the Discarded Packets Report Block
[RFC7002].
o Reporting gaps and bursts of discarded packets during a
measurement interval, i.e., the last reporting interval or the
duration of the session [RFC7003].
o Reporting run-length encoding of a discarded packet during a
measurement interval, i.e., between a set of sequence numbers
[RFC7097].
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However, none of these metrics allow a receiver to report precisely
the number of RTP payload bytes that were discarded. While this
information could in theory be derived from high-frequency reporting
on the number of discarded packets [RFC7002] or from the Discard RLE
(Run Length Encoding) report [RFC7097], these two mechanisms do not
appear feasible. The former would require an unduly high amount of
reporting that still might not be sufficient due to the non-
deterministic scheduling of RTCP packets. The latter incurs
significant complexity (by storing a map of sequence numbers and
packet sizes) and reporting overhead.
An XR block is defined in this document to indicate the number of RTP
payload bytes discarded, per interval or for the duration of the
session, similar to the other XR blocks.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, [RFC2119].
The terminology defined in RTP [RFC3550] and in the extensions for XR
reporting [RFC3611] applies.
3. Bytes Discarded Report Block
The Bytes Discarded Report Block uses the following format, which
follows the model of the framework for performance metric development
[RFC6390].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BT=26 | I |E|Reserved | Block length=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SSRC of source |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of RTP payload bytes discarded |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: XR Bytes Discarded Report Block
Block Type (BT): 8 bits. A Bytes Discarded Packets Report Block is
identified by the constant 26.
Interval Metric flag (I): 2 bits. It is used to indicate whether the
discard metric is an Interval or a Cumulative metric, that is,
whether the reported value applies to the most recent measurement
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interval duration between successive reports (I=10, the Interval
Duration) or to the accumulation period characteristic of cumulative
measurements (I=11, the Cumulative Duration). Since the bytes
discarded are not measured at a particular time instance but over one
or several reporting intervals, the metric MUST NOT be reported as a
Sampled Metric (I=01). In addition, the value I=00 is reserved and
MUST NOT be sent, and it MUST be discarded when received.
Early bit (E): It is introduced to distinguish between packets
discarded due to early arrival and those discarded due to late
arrival. The E bit is set to '1' if it reports bytes discarded due
to early arrival and is set to '0' if it reports bytes discarded due
to late arrival. If a duplicate packet is received and discarded,
these duplicate packets are ignored and not reported. In case both
early and late discarded packets shall be reported, two Bytes
Discarded report blocks MUST be included.
Reserved: 5 bits. This field is reserved for future definition. In
the absence of such definition, the bits in this field MUST be set to
zero and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
Block length: 16 bits. It MUST be set to 2, in accordance with the
definition of this field in [RFC3611]. The block MUST be discarded
if the block length is set to a different value.
Number of RTP payload bytes discarded: It is a 32-bit unsigned
integer value indicating the total number of bytes discarded. The
'bytes discarded' corresponds to the RTP payload size of every RTP
packet that is discarded (due to early or late arrival). Hence, the
'bytes discarded' ignores the size of any RTP header extensions and
the size of the padding bits. Also the discarded packet is
associated to the interval in which it was discarded, not when it was
expected.
If the Interval Metric flag is set as I=11, the value in the field
indicates the number of RTP payload bytes discarded from the start of
the session; if the Interval Metric flag is set as I=10, it indicates
the number of bytes discarded in the most recent reporting interval.
If the XR block follows a Measurement Information Block [RFC6776] in
the same RTCP compound packet, then the cumulative (I=11) or the
interval (I=10) for this report block corresponds to the values of
the "measurement duration" in the Measurement Information Block.
If the receiver sends the Bytes Discarded Report Block without the
Measurement Information Block, then the Bytes Discarded Report Block
MUST be sent in conjunction with an RTCP Receiver Report (RR) as a
compound RTCP packet.
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4. Protocol Operation
This section describes the behavior of the reporting node (i.e., the
media receiver) and the media sender.
4.1. Reporting Node (Receiver)
The media receiver MAY send the Bytes Discarded Reports as part of
the regularly scheduled RTCP packets as per RFC 3550. It MAY also
include Bytes Discarded Reports in immediate or early feedback
packets as per [RFC4585].
Transmission of the RTCP XR Bytes Discarded Report is up to the
discretion of the media receiver, as is the reporting granularity.
However, it is RECOMMENDED that the media receiver signals the bytes
discarded packets using the method defined in this document. When
reporting several metrics in a single RTCP packet, the reporting
intervals for the report blocks are synchronized, therefore the media
receiver may choose to additionally send the Discarded Packets
[RFC7002] or Discard RLE [RFC7097] Report Block to assist the media
sender in correlating the bytes discarded to the packets discarded in
that particular interval.
If all packets over a reporting period were discarded, the media
receiver MAY use the Discarded Packets Report Block [RFC7002]
instead.
4.2. Media Sender
The media sender MUST be prepared to operate without receiving any
Bytes Discarded reports. If Bytes Discarded reports are generated by
the media receiver, the media sender cannot rely on all these reports
being received, nor can the media sender rely on a regular generation
pattern from the media receiver.
However, if the media sender receives any RTCP reports but no Bytes
Discarded report blocks and is aware that the media receiver supports
Bytes Discarded report blocks, it MAY assume that no packets were
discarded by the media receiver.
The media sender SHOULD accept the Bytes Discarded Report Block only
if it is received in a compound RTCP receiver report or if it is
preceded by a Measurement Information Block [RFC6776]. Under all
other circumstances, it MUST ignore the block.
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5. SDP Signaling
A participant of a media session MAY use SDP to signal its support
for the report block specified in this document or use them without
any prior signaling (see Section 5 of [RFC3611]).
For signaling in SDP, the RTCP XR attribute as defined in [RFC3611]
MUST be used. The SDP [RFC4566] attribute 'xr-format' defined in RFC
3611 is augmented to indicate the Bytes Discarded metric. This is
described in the following ABNF [RFC5234]:
rtcp-xr-attrib = "a=" "rtcp-xr" ":" [xr-format *(SP xr-format)]
CRLF ; defined in [RFC3611]
xr-format =/ xr-discard-bytes
xr-discard-bytes = "discard-bytes"
The parameter 'discard-bytes' to indicate support for the Bytes
Discarded Report Block is defined in Section 3.
When SDP is used in the offer/answer context, the mechanism defined
in [RFC3611] for unilateral "rtcp-xr" attribute parameters applies
(see Section 5.2 of [RFC3611]).
6. Security Considerations
The Bytes Discarded block does not provide per-packet statistics,
hence the risk to confidentiality documented in Section 7, paragraph
3 of [RFC3611] does not apply. In some situations, returning very
detailed error information (e.g., over-range measurement or
measurement unavailable) using this report block can provide an
attacker with insight into the security processing. For example,
assume that the attacker sends a packet with a stale timestamp (i.e.,
time in the past) to the receiver. If the receiver now sends a
discard report with the same number of bytes as the payload of the
injected packet, the attacker can infer that no security processing
was performed. If, on the other hand, the attacker does not receive
a discard report, it can equivalently assume that the security
procedures were performed on the packet.
Implementers should therefore consider the guidance in [RFC7202] for
using appropriate security mechanisms, i.e., where security is a
concern, the implementation should apply encryption and
authentication to the report block. For example, this can be
achieved by using the AVPF profile together with the Secure RTP
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profile as defined in [RFC3711]; an appropriate combination of the
two profiles (an "SAVPF") is specified in [RFC5124]. However, other
mechanisms also exist (documented in [RFC7201]) and might be more
suitable.
The Bytes Discarded report is employed by the sender to perform
congestion control, typically, for calculating goodput (i.e.,
throughput that is useful). In these cases, an attacker MAY drive
the endpoint to lower its sending rate and under-utilize the link;
therefore, media senders should choose appropriate security measures
to mitigate such attacks.
Lastly, the security considerations of [RFC3550], [RFC3611], and
[RFC4585] apply.
7. IANA Considerations
New block types for RTCP XR are subject to IANA registration. For
general guidelines on IANA considerations for RTCP XR, refer to
[RFC3611].
7.1. XR Block Registration
This document registers a new value in the IANA "RTP Control Protocol
Extended Reports (RTCP XR) Block Type Registry": 26 for BDR (Bytes
Discarded Report).
7.2. SDP Parameter Registration
This document registers a new parameter for the Session Description
Protocol (SDP), "discard-bytes" in the "RTP Control Protocol Extended
Reports (RTCP XR) Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters
Registry".
7.3. Contact Information for IANA Registrations
RAI Area Directors <rai-ads@tools.ietf.org>
8. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Benoit Claise, Alan Clark, Roni Even,
Vijay Gurbani, Sam Hartman, Vinayak Hegde, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Barry
Leiba, Colin Perkins, Dan Romascanu, Dan Wing, and Qin Wu for
providing valuable feedback on this document during its development.
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9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Caceres, R., and A. Clark, "RTP Control
Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)", RFC 3611, November
2003.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
[RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
"Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585, July
2006.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January
2008.
[RFC6390] Clark, A. and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Considering New
Performance Metric Development", BCP 170, RFC 6390,
October 2011.
[RFC6776] Clark, A. and Q. Wu, "Measurement Identity and Information
Reporting Using a Source Description (SDES) Item and an
RTCP Extended Report (XR) Block", RFC 6776, October 2012.
[RFC7002] Clark, A., Zorn, G., and Q. Wu, "RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for Discard Count Metric
Reporting", RFC 7002, September 2013.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, March 2004.
[RFC5124] Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
(RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, February 2008.
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[RFC5481] Morton, A. and B. Claise, "Packet Delay Variation
Applicability Statement", RFC 5481, March 2009.
[RFC7003] Clark, A., Huang, R., and Q. Wu, "RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for Burst/Gap Discard
Metric Reporting", RFC 7003, September 2013.
[RFC7097] Ott, J., Singh, V., and I. Curcio, "RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) Extended Report (XR) for RLE of Discarded Packets",
RFC 7097, January 2014.
[RFC7201] Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
Sessions", RFC 7201, April 2014.
[RFC7202] Perkins, C. and M. Westerlund, "Securing the RTP
Framework: Why RTP Does Not Mandate a Single Media
Security Solution", RFC 7202, April 2014.
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Appendix A. Metrics Represented Using the Template from RFC 6390
a. RTP Payload Bytes Discarded Metric
* Metric Name: RTP Payload Bytes Discarded Metric
* Metric Description: Total number of RTP payload bytes
discarded over the period covered by this report.
* Method of Measurement or Calculation: See the definition of
"Number of RTP payload bytes discarded" in Section 3.
* Units of Measurement: See the definition of "Number of RTP
payload bytes discarded" in Section 3.
* Measurement Point(s) with Potential Measurement Domain: See
the first paragraph of Section 3.
* Measurement Timing: See the last three paragraphs of Section 3
for measurement timing and for the Interval Metric flag.
* Use and applications: See the third paragraph of Section 1.
* Reporting model: See RFC 3611.
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Authors' Addresses
Varun Singh (editor)
Aalto University
School of Electrical Engineering
Otakaari 5 A
Espoo, FIN 02150
Finland
EMail: varun@comnet.tkk.fi
URI: http://www.netlab.tkk.fi/~varun/
Joerg Ott
Aalto University
School of Electrical Engineering
Otakaari 5 A
Espoo, FIN 02150
Finland
EMail: jo@comnet.tkk.fi
Igor D.D. Curcio
Nokia Research Center
P.O. Box 1000 (Visiokatu 3)
Tampere, FIN 33721
Finland
EMail: igor.curcio@nokia.com
Singh, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]