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Keywords: routing, mobile ad hoc network, MANET designated router, wireless, point-to-multipoint interface
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) R. Ogier
Request for Comments: 7038 SRI International
Updates: 5614 October 2013
Category: Experimental
ISSN: 2070-1721
Use of OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks
Abstract
RFC 5614 (OSPF-MDR) extends OSPF to support mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) by specifying its operation on the new OSPF interface of
type MANET. This document describes the use of OSPF-MDR (MANET
Designated Router) in a single-hop broadcast network, which is a
special case of a MANET in which each router is a (one-hop) neighbor
of each other router. Unlike an OSPF broadcast interface, such an
interface can have a different cost associated with each neighbor.
The document includes configuration recommendations and simplified
mechanisms that can be used in single-hop broadcast networks.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7038.
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
1. Introduction
OSPF-MDR [RFC5614] specifies an extension of OSPF [RFC2328, RFC5340]
to support mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) by specifying its
operation on the new OSPF interface of type MANET. OSPF-MDR
generalizes the Designated Router (DR) to a connected dominating set
(CDS) consisting of a typically small subset of routers called MANET
Designated Routers (MDRs). Similarly, the Backup Designated Router
(BDR) is generalized to a subset of routers called Backup MDRs
(BMDRs). MDRs achieve scalability in MANETs similar to the way DRs
achieve scalability in broadcast networks:
o MDRs have primary responsibility for flooding the Link State
Advertisements (LSAs). Backup MDRs provide backup flooding when
MDRs temporarily fail.
o MDRs allow the number of adjacencies to be dramatically reduced by
requiring adjacencies to be formed only between MDR/BMDR routers
and their neighbors.
In addition, OSPF-MDR has the following features:
o MDRs and BMDRs are elected based on information obtained from
modified Hello packets received from neighbors.
o If adjacency reduction is used (the default), adjacencies are
formed between MDRs so as to form a connected subgraph. An option
(AdjConnectivity = 2) allows for additional adjacencies to be
formed between MDRs/BMDRs to produce a biconnected subgraph.
o Each non-MDR router becomes adjacent with an MDR called its
Parent, and optionally (if AdjConnectivity = 2) becomes adjacent
with another MDR or BMDR called its Backup Parent.
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
o Each router advertises connections to its neighbor routers as
point-to-point links in its router-LSA. Network-LSAs are not
used.
o In addition to full-topology LSAs, partial-topology LSAs may be
used to reduce the size of router-LSAs. Such LSAs are formatted
as standard LSAs, but advertise links to only a subset of
neighbors.
o Optionally, differential Hellos can be used, which reduce overhead
by reporting only changes in neighbor states.
This document describes the use of OSPF-MDR in a single-hop broadcast
network, which is a special case of a MANET in which each router is a
(one-hop) neighbor of each other router. An understanding of
[RFC5614] is assumed. Unlike an OSPF broadcast interface, such an
interface can have a different cost associated with each neighbor.
An example use case is when the underlying radio system performs
layer-2 routing but has a different number of (layer-2) hops to
(layer-3) neighbors.
The rationale for using this interface type for single-hop broadcast
networks, instead of a broadcast interface type, is to represent the
underlying network in a point-to-multipoint manner, allowing each
router to advertise different costs to different neighbors in its
router-LSA. In this sense, this document shows how the OSPF-MDR
interface type can be configured (and simplified if desired) to
achieve the same goals as the OSPF Hybrid Broadcast and
Point-to-Multipoint interface type [RFC6845].
Section 2 describes the operation of OSPF-MDR in a single-hop
broadcast network with recommended parameter settings. Section 3
describes an alternative procedure that may be used to decide which
neighbors on a single-hop broadcast network to advertise in the
router-LSA. Section 4 describes a simplified version of the MDR
selection algorithm for single-hop networks.
The alternative procedure of Section 3 and the simplified algorithm
of Section 4 are optional and MUST NOT be used if it is possible for
two routers in the network to be more than one hop from each other.
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
2. Operation in a Single-Hop Broadcast Network
When OSPF-MDR is used in a single-hop broadcast network, the
following parameter settings and options (defined in [RFC5614])
should be used:
o AdjConnectivity SHOULD be equal to 2 (biconnected); this provides
the smoothest transition when one router replaces another as MDR,
since the set of adjacencies forms a biconnected network that
remains connected during the transition.
o AdjConnectivity MAY be equal to 1 (uniconnected), resulting in a
slightly less smooth transition, since adjacencies must be formed
between the new MDR and all of its neighbors.
o AdjConnectivity SHOULD NOT be equal to 0 (full topology), since
this requires adjacencies to be formed between all pairs of
routers, adding unnecessary message overhead.
o An adjacency SHOULD be eliminated if neither the router nor the
neighbor is an MDR or BMDR (see Section 7.3 of [RFC5614]).
o LSAFullness MUST be equal to 4 or 5 if full-topology LSAs are
required. (The value 5 is defined in Section 3 of this document.)
o LSAFullness MAY be equal to 1 (min-cost LSAs) if full-topology
LSAs are not required. This option reduces the number of
advertised links while still providing shortest paths.
If AdjConnectivity equals 1 or 2 and full-topology LSAs are used,
OSPF-MDR running on a single-hop broadcast network has the following
properties:
o A single MDR is selected, which becomes adjacent with every other
router, as in an OSPF broadcast network.
o Two BMDRs are selected. This occurs because the MDR selection
algorithm ensures that the MDR/BMDR backbone is biconnected. If
AdjConnectivity = 2, every non-MDR/BMDR router becomes adjacent
with one of the BMDRs in addition to the MDR.
o When all adjacencies are fully adjacent, the router-LSA for each
router includes point-to-point (type 1) links to all bidirectional
neighbors (in state 2-Way or greater).
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
3. Originating Router-LSAs
A router running OSPF-MDR with LSAFullness = 4 includes in its
router-LSA point-to-point (type 1) links for all fully adjacent
neighbors, and for all bidirectional neighbors that are routable. A
neighbor is routable if the SPF calculation has produced a route to
the neighbor and a flexible quality condition is satisfied.
This section describes an alternative procedure that MAY be used
instead of the procedure described in Section 6 of [RFC5614], to
decide which neighbors on a single-hop broadcast network to advertise
in the router-LSA. The alternative procedure will correspond to
LSAFullness = 5, and is interoperable with the other choices for
LSAFullness. This procedure avoids the need to check whether a
neighbor is routable, and thus avoids having to update the set of
routable neighbors.
If LSAFullness = 5, then the Selected Advertised Neighbor Set (SANS)
is the same as specified for LSAFullness = 4, and the following steps
are performed instead of the first paragraph of Section 9.4 in
[RFC5614].
(1) The MDR includes in its router-LSA a point-to-point (type 1) link
for each fully adjacent neighbor. (Note that the MDR becomes
adjacent with all of its neighbors.)
(2) Each non-MDR router includes in its router-LSA a point-to-point
link for each fully adjacent neighbor, and, if the router is
fully adjacent with the MDR, for each bidirectional neighbor j
such that the MDR's router-LSA includes a link to j.
To provide rationale for the above procedure, let i and j be two
non-MDR routers. Since the SPF calculation (Section 16.1 of
[RFC2328]) allows router i to use router j as a next hop only if
router j advertises a link back to router i, routers i and j must
both advertise a link to each other in their router-LSAs before
either can use the other as a next hop. Therefore, the above
procedure for non-MDR routers (Step 2) implies there must exist a
path of fully adjacent links between i and j (via the MDR) in both
directions before this can happen. The above procedure for non-MDR
routers is similar to one described in Section 4.6 of [RFC6845] for
non-DR routers.
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
4. MDR Selection Algorithm
The MDR selection algorithm of [RFC5614] simplifies as follows in
single-hop networks. The resulting algorithm is similar to the DR
election algorithm of OSPF, but is slightly different (e.g., two
Backup MDRs are selected). The following simplified algorithm is
interoperable with the full MDR selection algorithm.
Note that lexicographic order is used when comparing tuples of the
form (RtrPri, MDR Level, RID). Also note that each router will form
adjacencies with its Parents and dependent neighbors. In the
following, the term "neighbor" refers to a bidirectional neighbor (in
state 2-Way or greater).
Phase 1: Creating the neighbor connectivity matrix is not required.
Phase 2: MDR Selection
(2.1) The set of Dependent Neighbors is initialized to be empty.
(2.2) If the router has a larger value of (RtrPri, MDR Level, RID)
than all of its (bidirectional) neighbors, the router selects
itself as an MDR; selects its BMDR neighbors as Dependent
Neighbors if AdjConnectivity = 2; then proceeds to Phase 4.
(2.3) Otherwise, if the router's MDR Level is currently MDR, then it
is changed to BMDR before executing Phase 3.
Phase 3: Backup MDR Selection
(3.1) Let Rmax be the neighbor with the largest value of (RtrPri, MDR
Level, RID).
(3.2) Determine whether or not there exist two neighbors, other than
Rmax, with a larger value of (RtrPri, MDR Level, RID) than the
router itself.
(3.3) If there exist two such neighbors, then the router sets its MDR
Level to MDR Other.
(3.4) Else, the router sets its MDR Level to BMDR, and if
AdjConnectivity = 2, adds Rmax and its MDR/BMDR neighbors as
Dependent Neighbors.
(3.5) If steps 3.1 through 3.4 resulted in the MDR Level changing
from MDR Other to BMDR, then execute Step 2.2 again before
proceeding to Phase 4. (This is necessary because running Step
2.2 again can cause the MDR Level to change to MDR.)
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RFC 7038 OSPF-MDR in Single-Hop Broadcast Networks October 2013
Phase 4: Parent Selection
Each router selects a Parent and (if AdjConnectivity = 2) a Backup
Parent for the single-hop broadcast network. The Parent for a
non-MDR router will be the MDR. The Backup Parent for an MDR Other,
if it exists, will be a BMDR. Each non-MDR router becomes adjacent
with its Parent and its Backup Parent, if it exists. The Parent
selection algorithm is already simple, so a simplified version is not
given here.
The Parent and Backup Parent are analogous to the Designated Router
and Backup Designated Router interface data items in OSPF. As in
OSPF, these are advertised in the DR and Backup DR fields of each
Hello sent on the interface.
5. Security Considerations
This document describes the use of OSPF-MDR in a single-hop broadcast
network, and raises no security issues in addition to those already
covered in [RFC5614].
6. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[RFC5340] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
for IPv6", RFC 5340, July 2008.
[RFC5614] Ogier, R. and P. Spagnolo, "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
Extension of OSPF Using Connected Dominating Set (CDS)
Flooding", RFC 5614, August 2009.
7. Informative References
[RFC6845] Sheth, N., Wang, L., and J. Zhang, "OSPF Hybrid Broadcast
and Point-to-Multipoint Interface Type", RFC 6845, January
2013.
Author's Address
Richard G. Ogier
EMail: ogier@earthlink.net
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