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Keywords: IKE, Internet Key Exchange
Network Working Group T. Kivinen
Request for Comments: 3947 SafeNet
Category: Standards Track B. Swander
Microsoft
A. Huttunen
F-Secure Corporation
V. Volpe
Cisco Systems
January 2005
Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes how to detect one or more network address
translation devices (NATs) between IPsec hosts, and how to negotiate
the use of UDP encapsulation of IPsec packets through NAT boxes in
Internet Key Exchange (IKE).
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3947 Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE January 2005
Table of Contents
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Specification of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Phase 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Detecting Support of NAT-Traversal. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Detecting the Presence of NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Changing to New Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Quick Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Negotiation of the NAT-Traversal Encapsulation. . . . . . 9
5.2. Sending the Original Source and Destination Addresses . . 9
6. Initial Contact Notifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Recovering from the Expiring NAT Mappings. . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. IAB Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
This document is split into two parts. The first describes what is
needed in IKE Phase 1 for NAT-Traversal support. This includes
detecting whether the other end supports NAT-Traversal, and detecting
whether there is one or more NATs between the peers.
The second part describes how to negotiate the use of UDP
encapsulated IPsec packets in IKE's Quick Mode. It also describes
how to transmit the original source and destination addresses to the
peer, if required. These addresses are used in transport mode to
update the TCP/IP checksums incrementally so that they will match
after the NAT transform. (The NAT cannot do this, because the TCP/IP
checksum is inside the UDP encapsulated IPsec packet.)
The document [RFC3948] describes the details of UDP encapsulation,
and [RFC3715] provides background information and motivation of NAT-
Traversal in general. In combination with [RFC3948], this document
represents an "unconditionally compliant" solution to the
requirements as defined by [RFC3715].
In the basic scenario for this document, the initiator is behind
NA(P)T, and the responder has a fixed static IP address.
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
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This document defines a protocol that will work even if both ends are
behind NAT, but the process of how to locate the other end is out of
the scope of this document. In one scenario, the responder is behind
a static host NAT (only one responder per IP, as there is no way to
use any destination ports other than 500/4500). That is, it is known
by the configuration.
2. Specification of Requirements
This document shall use the keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED, "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" to describe requirements. They are to be interpreted
as described in [RFC2119].
3. Phase 1
The detection of support for NAT-Traversal and detection of NAT along
the path between the two IKE peers occurs in IKE [RFC2409] Phase 1.
The NAT may change the IKE UDP source port, and recipients MUST be
able to process IKE packets whose source port is different from 500.
The NAT does not have to change the source port if:
o only one IPsec host is behind the NAT, or
o for the first IPsec host, the NAT can keep the port 500, and the
NAT will only change the port number for later connections.
Recipients MUST reply back to the source address from the packet (see
[RFC3715], section 2.1, case d). This means that when the original
responder is doing rekeying or sending notifications to the original
initiator, it MUST send the packets using the same set of port and IP
numbers used when the IKE SA was last used.
For example, when the initiator sends a packet with source and
destination port 500, the NAT may change it to a packet with source
port 12312 and destination port 500. The responder must be able to
process the packet whose source port is 12312. It must reply back
with a packet whose source port is 500 and destination port is 12312.
The NAT will then translate this packet to source port 500 and
destination port 500.
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
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3.1. Detecting Support of NAT-Traversal
The NAT-Traversal capability of the remote host is determined by an
exchange of vendor ID payloads. In the first two messages of Phase
1, the vendor id payload for this specification MUST be sent if
supported (and it MUST be received by both sides) for the NAT-
Traversal probe to continue. The content of the payload is the MD5
hash of
RFC 3947
The exact content in hex for the payload is
4a131c81070358455c5728f20e95452f
3.2. Detecting the Presence of NAT
The NAT-D payload not only detects the presence of NAT between the
two IKE peers, but also detects where the NAT is. The location of
the NAT device is important, as the keepalives have to initiate from
the peer "behind" the NAT.
To detect NAT between the two hosts, we have to detect whether the IP
address or the port changes along the path. This is done by sending
the hashes of the IP addresses and ports of both IKE peers from each
end to the other. If both ends calculate those hashes and get same
result, they know there is no NAT between. If the hashes do not
match, somebody has translated the address or port. This means that
we have to do NAT-Traversal to get IPsec packets through.
If the sender of the packet does not know his own IP address (in case
of multiple interfaces, and the implementation does not know which IP
address is used to route the packet out), the sender can include
multiple local hashes to the packet (as separate NAT-D payloads). In
this case, NAT is detected if and only if none of the hashes match.
The hashes are sent as a series of NAT-D (NAT discovery) payloads.
Each payload contains one hash, so in case of multiple hashes,
multiple NAT-D payloads are sent. In the normal case there are only
two NAT-D payloads.
The NAT-D payloads are included in the third and fourth packets of
Main Mode, and in the second and third packets in the Aggressive
Mode.
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
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The format of the NAT-D packet is
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| Next Payload | RESERVED | Payload length |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
~ HASH of the address and port ~
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
The payload type for the NAT discovery payload is 20.
The HASH is calculated as follows:
HASH = HASH(CKY-I | CKY-R | IP | Port)
This uses the negotiated HASH algorithm. All data inside the HASH is
in the network byte-order. The IP is 4 octets for an IPv4 address
and 16 octets for an IPv6 address. The port number is encoded as a 2
octet number in network byte-order. The first NAT-D payload contains
the remote end's IP address and port (i.e., the destination address
of the UDP packet). The remaining NAT-D payloads contain possible
local-end IP addresses and ports (i.e., all possible source addresses
of the UDP packet).
If there is no NAT between the peers, the first NAT-D payload
received should match one of the local NAT-D payloads (i.e., the
local NAT-D payloads this host is sending out), and one of the other
NAT-D payloads must match the remote end's IP address and port. If
the first check fails (i.e., first NAT-D payload does not match any
of the local IP addresses and ports), it means that there is dynamic
NAT between the peers, and this end should start sending keepalives
as defined in the [RFC3948] (this end is behind the NAT).
The CKY-I and CKY-R are the initiator and responder cookies. They
are added to the hash to make precomputation attacks for the IP
address and port impossible.
The following example is of a Phase 1 exchange using NAT-Traversal in
Main Mode (authentication with signatures):
Initiator Responder
------------ ------------
HDR, SA, VID -->
<-- HDR, SA, VID
HDR, KE, Ni, NAT-D, NAT-D -->
<-- HDR, KE, Nr, NAT-D, NAT-D
HDR*#, IDii, [CERT, ] SIG_I -->
<-- HDR*#, IDir, [CERT, ], SIG_R
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
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The following example is of Phase 1 exchange using NAT-Traversal in
Aggressive Mode (authentication with signatures):
Initiator Responder
------------ ------------
HDR, SA, KE, Ni, IDii, VID -->
<-- HDR, SA, KE, Nr, IDir,
[CERT, ], VID, NAT-D,
NAT-D, SIG_R
HDR*#, [CERT, ], NAT-D, NAT-D,
SIG_I -->
The # sign indicates that those packets are sent to the changed port
if NAT is detected.
4. Changing to New Ports
IPsec-aware NATs can cause problems (See [RFC3715], section 2.3).
Some NATs will not change IKE source port 500 even if there are
multiple clients behind the NAT (See [RFC3715], section 2.3, case n).
They can also use IKE cookies to demultiplex traffic instead of using
the source port (See [RFC3715], section 2.3, case m). Both of these
are problematic for generic NAT transparency, as it is difficult for
IKE to discover the capabilities of the NAT. The best approach is
simply to move the IKE traffic off port 500 as soon as possible to
avoid any IPsec-aware NAT special casing.
Take the common case of the initiator behind the NAT. The initiator
must quickly change to port 4500 once the NAT has been detected to
minimize the window of IPsec-aware NAT problems.
In Main Mode, the initiator MUST change ports when sending the ID
payload if there is NAT between the hosts. The initiator MUST set
both UDP source and destination ports to 4500. All subsequent
packets sent to this peer (including informational notifications)
MUST be sent on port 4500. In addition, the IKE data MUST be
prepended with a non-ESP marker allowing for demultiplexing of
traffic, as defined in [RFC3948].
Thus, the IKE packet now looks like this:
IP UDP(4500,4500) <non-ESP marker> HDR*, IDii, [CERT, ] SIG_I
This assumes authentication using signatures. The 4 bytes of non-ESP
marker are defined in the [RFC3948].
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
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When the responder gets this packet, the usual decryption and
processing of the various payloads is performed. If these are
successful, the responder MUST update local state so that all
subsequent packets (including informational notifications) to the
peer use the new port, and possibly the new IP address obtained from
the incoming valid packet. The port will generally be different, as
the NAT will map UDP(500,500) to UDP(X,500), and UDP(4500,4500) to
UDP(Y,4500). The IP address will seldom be different from the pre-
changed IP address. The responder MUST respond with all subsequent
IKE packets to this peer by using UDP(4500,Y).
Similarly, if the responder has to rekey the Phase 1 SA, then the
rekey negotiation MUST be started by using UDP(4500,Y). Any
implementation that supports NAT traversal MUST support negotiations
that begin on port 4500. If a negotiation starts on port 4500, then
it doesn't need to change anywhere else in the exchange.
Once port change has occurred, if a packet is received on port 500,
that packet is old. If the packet is an informational packet, it MAY
be processed if local policy allows this. If the packet is a Main
Mode or an Aggressive Mode packet (with the same cookies as previous
packets), it SHOULD be discarded. If the packet is a new Main Mode
or Aggressive exchange, then it is processed normally (the other end
might have rebooted, and this is starting new exchange).
Here is an example of a Phase 1 exchange using NAT-Traversal in Main
Mode (authentication with signatures) with changing port:
Initiator Responder
------------ ------------
UDP(500,500) HDR, SA, VID -->
<-- UDP(500,X) HDR, SA, VID
UDP(500,500) HDR, KE, Ni,
NAT-D, NAT-D -->
<-- UDP(500,X) HDR, KE, Nr,
NAT-D, NAT-D
UDP(4500,4500) HDR*#, IDii,
[CERT, ]SIG_I -->
<-- UDP(4500,Y) HDR*#, IDir,
[ CERT, ], SIG_R
The procedure for Aggressive Mode is very similar. After the NAT has
been detected, the initiator sends IP UDP(4500,4500) <4 bytes of
non-ESP marker> HDR*, [CERT, ], NAT-D, NAT-D, and SIG_I. The
responder does similar processing to the above, and if successful,
MUST update it's internal IKE ports. The responder MUST respond with
all subsequent IKE packets to this peer by using UDP(4500,Y).
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
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Initiator Responder
------------ ------------
UDP(500,500) HDR, SA, KE,
Ni, IDii, VID -->
<-- UDP(500,X) HDR, SA, KE,
Nr, IDir, [CERT, ],
VID, NAT-D, NAT-D,
SIG_R
UDP(4500,4500) HDR*#, [CERT, ],
NAT-D, NAT-D,
SIG_I -->
<-- UDP(4500, Y) HDR*#, ...
If the support of the NAT-Traversal is enabled, the port in the ID
payload in Main Mode/Aggressive Mode MUST be set to 0.
The most common case for the responder behind the NAT is if the NAT
is simply doing 1:1 address translation. In this case, the initiator
still changes both ports to 4500. The responder uses an algorithm
identical to that above, although in this case Y will equal 4500, as
no port translation is happening.
A different port change case involves out-of-band discovery of the
ports to use. Those discovery methods are out of the scope of this
document. For instance, if the responder is behind a port
translating NAT, and the initiator needs to contact it first, then
the initiator will have to determine which ports to use, usually by
contacting some other server. Once the initiator knows which ports
to use to traverse the NAT, generally something like UDP(Z,4500), it
initiates using these ports. This is similar to the responder rekey
case above in that the ports to use are already known up front, and
no additional change has to take place. Also, the first keepalive
timer starts after the change to the new port, and no keepalives are
sent to the port 500.
5. Quick Mode
After Phase 1, both ends know whether there is a NAT present between
them. The final decision of using NAT-Traversal is left to Quick
Mode. The use of NAT-Traversal is negotiated inside the SA payloads
of Quick Mode. In Quick Mode, both ends can also send the original
addresses of the IPsec packets (in case of the transport mode) to the
other end so that each can fix the TCP/IP checksum field after the
NAT transformation.
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5.1. Negotiation of the NAT-Traversal Encapsulation
The negotiation of the NAT-Traversal happens by adding two new
encapsulation modes. These encapsulation modes are
UDP-Encapsulated-Tunnel 3
UDP-Encapsulated-Transport 4
It is not normally useful to propose both normal tunnel or transport
mode and UDP-Encapsulated modes. UDP encapsulation is required to
fix the inability to handle non-UDP/TCP traffic by NATs (see
[RFC3715], section 2.2, case i).
If there is a NAT box between hosts, normal tunnel or transport
encapsulations may not work. In this case, UDP-Encapsulation SHOULD
be used.
If there is no NAT box between, there is no point in wasting
bandwidth by adding UDP encapsulation of packets. Thus, UDP-
Encapsulation SHOULD NOT be used.
Also, the initiator SHOULD NOT include both normal tunnel or
transport mode and UDP-Encapsulated-Tunnel or UDP-Encapsulated-
Transport in its proposals.
5.2. Sending the Original Source and Destination Addresses
To perform incremental TCP checksum updates, both peers may need to
know the original IP addresses used by their peers when those peers
constructed the packet (see [RFC3715], section 2.1, case b). For the
initiator, the original Initiator address is defined to be the
Initiator's IP address. The original Responder address is defined to
be the perceived peer's IP address. For the responder, the original
Initiator address is defined to be the perceived peer's address. The
original Responder address is defined to be the Responder's IP
address.
The original addresses are sent by using NAT-OA (NAT Original
Address) payloads.
The Initiator NAT-OA payload is first. The Responder NAT-OA payload
is second.
Example 1:
Initiator <---------> NAT <---------> Responder
^ ^ ^
Iaddr NatPub Raddr
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
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The initiator is behind a NAT talking to the publicly available
responder. Initiator and Responder have the IP addresses Iaddr and
Raddr. NAT has public IP address NatPub.
Initiator:
NAT-OAi = Iaddr
NAT-OAr = Raddr
Responder:
NAT-OAi = NATPub
NAT-OAr = Raddr
Example 2:
Initiator <------> NAT1 <---------> NAT2 <-------> Responder
^ ^ ^ ^
Iaddr Nat1Pub Nat2Pub Raddr
Here, NAT2 "publishes" Nat2Pub for Responder and forwards all traffic
to that address to Responder.
Initiator:
NAT-OAi = Iaddr
NAT-OAr = Nat2Pub
Responder:
NAT-OAi = Nat1Pub
NAT-OAr = Raddr
In the case of transport mode, both ends MUST send both original
Initiator and Responder addresses to the other end. For tunnel mode,
both ends SHOULD NOT send original addresses to the other end.
The NAT-OA payloads are sent inside the first and second packets of
Quick Mode. The initiator MUST send the payloads if it proposes any
UDP-Encapsulated-Transport mode, and the responder MUST send the
payload only if it selected UDP-Encapsulated-Transport mode. It is
possible that the initiator sends the NAT-OA payload but proposes
both UDP-Encapsulated transport and tunnel mode. Then the responder
selects the UDP-Encapsulated tunnel mode and does not send the NAT-OA
payload back.
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
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The format of the NAT-OA packet is
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| Next Payload | RESERVED | Payload length |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| ID Type | RESERVED | RESERVED |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| IPv4 (4 octets) or IPv6 address (16 octets) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
The payload type for the NAT original address payload is 21.
The ID type is defined in the [RFC2407]. Only ID_IPV4_ADDR and
ID_IPV6_ADDR types are allowed. The two reserved fields after the ID
Type must be zero.
The following example is of Quick Mode using NAT-OA payloads:
Initiator Responder
------------ ------------
HDR*, HASH(1), SA, Ni, [, KE]
[, IDci, IDcr ]
[, NAT-OAi, NAT-OAr] -->
<-- HDR*, HASH(2), SA, Nr, [, KE]
[, IDci, IDcr ]
[, NAT-OAi, NAT-OAr]
HDR*, HASH(3) -->
6. Initial Contact Notifications
The source IP and port address of the INITIAL-CONTACT notification
for the host behind NAT are not meaningful (as NAT can change them),
so the IP and port numbers MUST NOT be used to determine which
IKE/IPsec SAs to remove (see [RFC3715], section 2.1, case c). The ID
payload sent from the other end SHOULD be used instead; i.e., when an
INITIAL-CONTACT notification is received from the other end, the
receiving end SHOULD remove all the SAs associated with the same ID
payload.
7. Recovering from the Expiring NAT Mappings
There are cases where NAT box decides to remove mappings that are
still alive (for example, when the keepalive interval is too long, or
when the NAT box is rebooted). To recover from this, ends that are
NOT behind NAT SHOULD use the last valid UDP encapsulated IKE or
IPsec packet from the other end to determine which IP and port
addresses should be used. The host behind dynamic NAT MUST NOT do
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this, as otherwise it opens a DoS attack possibility because the IP
address or port of the other host will not change (it is not behind
NAT).
Keepalives cannot be used for these purposes, as they are not
authenticated, but any IKE authenticated IKE packet or ESP packet can
be used to detect whether the IP address or the port has changed.
8. Security Considerations
Whenever changes to some fundamental parts of a security protocol are
proposed, the examination of security implications cannot be skipped.
Therefore, here are some observations about the effects, and about
whether or not these effects matter.
o IKE probes reveal NAT-Traversal support to anyone watching the
traffic. Disclosing that NAT-Traversal is supported does not
introduce new vulnerabilities.
o The value of authentication mechanisms based on IP addresses
disappears once NATs are in the picture. That is not necessarily
a bad thing (for any real security, authentication measures other
than IP addresses should be used). This means that authentication
with pre-shared keys cannot be used in Main Mode without using
group-shared keys for everybody behind the NAT box. Using group
shared keys is a huge risk because it allows anyone in the group
to authenticate to any other party and claim to be anybody in the
group; e.g., a normal user could impersonate a vpn-gateway and act
as a man in the middle, and read/modify all traffic to/from others
in the group. Use of group-shared keys is NOT RECOMMENDED.
o As the internal address space is only 32 bits and is usually very
sparse, it might be possible for the attacker to find out the
internal address used behind the NAT box by trying all possible
IP-addresses to find the matching hash. The port numbers are
normally fixed to 500, and the cookies can be extracted from the
packet. This limits the hash calculations to 2^32. If an
educated guess of the private address space is made, then the
number of hash calculations needed to find out the internal IP
address goes down to 2^24 + 2 * (2^16).
o Neither NAT-D payloads nor Vendor ID payloads are authenticated in
Main Mode nor in Aggressive Mode. This means that attacker can
remove those payloads, modify them, or add them. By removing or
adding them, the attacker can cause Denial of Service attacks. By
modifying the NAT-D packets, the attacker can cause both ends to
use UDP-Encapsulated modes instead of directly using tunnel or
transport mode, thus wasting some bandwidth.
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o Sending the original source address in the Quick Mode reveals the
internal IP address behind the NAT to the other end. In this case
we have already authenticated the other end, and sending the
original source address is only needed in transport mode.
o Updating the IKE SA/ESP UDP encapsulation IP addresses and ports
for each valid authenticated packet can cause DoS if an attacker
can listen to all traffic in the network, change the order of the
packets, and inject new packets before the packet he has already
seen. In other words, the attacker can take an authenticated
packet from the host behind NAT, change the packet UDP source or
destination ports or IP addresses and send it out to the other end
before the real packet reaches it. The host not behind the NAT
will update its IP address and port mapping and send further
traffic to the wrong host or port. This situation is fixed
immediately when the attacker stops modifying the packets, as the
first real packet will fix the situation. Implementations SHOULD
AUDIT the event every time the mapping is changed, as it should
not happen that often.
9. IANA Considerations
This document contains two new "magic numbers" allocated from the
existing IANA registry for IPsec and renames existing registered port
4500. This document also defines 2 new payload types for IKE.
The following are new items that have been added in the "Internet
Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
Identifiers" Encapsulation Mode registry:
Name Value Reference
---- ----- ---------
UDP-Encapsulated-Tunnel 3 [RFC3947]
UDP-Encapsulated-Transport 4 [RFC3947]
Change in the registered port registry:
Keyword Decimal Description Reference
------- ------- ----------- ---------
ipsec-nat-t 4500/tcp IPsec NAT-Traversal [RFC3947]
ipsec-nat-t 4500/udp IPsec NAT-Traversal [RFC3947]
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
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New IKE payload numbers need to be added to the Next Payload Types
registry:
NAT-D 20 NAT Discovery Payload
NAT-OA 21 NAT Original Address Payload
10. IAB Considerations
The UNSAF [RFC3424] questions are addressed by the IPsec-NAT
compatibility requirements document [RFC3715].
11. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Markus Stenberg, Larry DiBurro, and William Dixon, who
contributed actively to this document.
Thanks to Tatu Ylonen, Santeri Paavolainen, and Joern Sierwald, who
contributed to the document used as the base for this document.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
[RFC2407] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of
Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998.
[RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec Packets", RFC 3948,
January 2005.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
12.2. Informative References
[RFC3715] Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address Translation
(NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715, March 2004.
[RFC3424] Daigle, L. and IAB, "IAB Considerations for UNilateral
Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) Across Network Address
Translation", RFC 3424, November 2002.
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
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Authors' Addresses
Tero Kivinen
SafeNet, Inc.
Fredrikinkatu 47
FIN-00100 HELSINKI
Finland
EMail: kivinen@safenet-inc.com
Ari Huttunen
F-Secure Corporation
Tammasaarenkatu 7,
FIN-00181 HELSINKI
Finland
EMail: Ari.Huttunen@F-Secure.com
Brian Swander
Microsoft
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
USA
EMail: briansw@microsoft.com
Victor Volpe
Cisco Systems
124 Grove Street
Suite 205
Franklin, MA 02038
USA
EMail: vvolpe@cisco.com
Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 3947 Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE January 2005
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Kivinen, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]