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Obsoletes:
Keywords: IP-MAC, encryption, SHA1, secure hash algorithm
Network Working Group P. Metzger
Request for Comments: 2841 Piermont
Category: Historic W. Simpson
Obsoletes: 1852 DayDreamer
November 2000
IP Authentication using Keyed SHA1 with Interleaved Padding (IP-MAC)
Status of this Memo
This memo defines a Historic Document for the Internet community. It
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes the use of keyed SHA1 with the IP
Authentication Header.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................. 2
1.1. Keys ..................................................... 2
1.2. Data Size ................................................ 2
1.3. Performance .............................................. 3
2. Calculation .............................................. 3
A. Changes .................................................. 5
Security Considerations ....................................... 6
Acknowledgements .............................................. 6
References .................................................... 7
Contacts ...................................................... 8
Editor's Note ................................................. 8
Full Copyright Statement ...................................... 9
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 1]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
1. Introduction
The Authentication Header (AH) [RFC-1826] provides integrity and
authentication for IP datagrams. This specification describes the AH
use of keys with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA1) [FIPS-180-1]. This
SHA1-IP-MAC algorithm uses a leading and trailing key (a variant of
the "envelope method"), with alignment padding between both keys and
data.
It should be noted that this document specifies a newer version of
SHA than that described in [FIPS-180], which was flawed. The
older version is not interoperable with the newer version.
This document assumes that the reader is familiar with the related
document "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol" [RFC-
1825], that defines the overall security plan for IP, and provides
important background for this specification.
1.1. Keys
The secret authentication key shared between the communicating
parties SHOULD be a cryptographically strong random number, not a
guessable string of any sort.
The shared key is not constrained by this transform to any particular
size. Lengths of 160-bits (20 octets) MUST be supported by the
implementation, although any particular key may be shorter. Longer
keys are encouraged.
1.2. Data Size
SHA1's 160-bit output is naturally 32-bit aligned. However, many
implementations require 64-bit alignment of the following headers.
Therefore, several options are available for data alignment (most
preferred to least preferred):
1) only the most significant 128-bits (16 octets) of output are used.
2) an additional 32-bits (4 octets) of padding is added before the
SHA1 output.
3) an additional 32-bits (4 octets) of padding is added after the
SHA1 output.
4) the SHA1 output is variably bit-positioned within 192-bits (24
octets).
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 2]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
The size and position of the output are negotiated as part of the key
management. Padding bits are filled with unspecified implementation
dependent (random) values, which are ignored on receipt.
Discussion:
Although truncation of the output for alignment purposes may
appear to reduce the effectiveness of the algorithm, some analysts
of attack verification suggest that this may instead improve the
overall robustness [PO95a].
1.3. Performance
Preliminary results indicate that SHA1 is 62% as fast as MD5, and 80%
as fast as DES hashing. That is:
SHA1 < DES < MD5
This appears to be a reasonable performance tradeoff, as SHA1
internal chaining is significantly longer than either DES or MD5:
DES < MD5 < SHA1
Nota Bene:
Suggestions are sought on alternative authentication algorithms
that have significantly faster throughput, are not patent-
encumbered, and still retain adequate cryptographic strength.
2. Calculation
The 160-bit digest is calculated as described in [FIPS-180-1]. A
portable C language implementation of SHA1 is available via FTP from
ftp://rand.org/pub/jim/sha.tar.gz.
The form of the authenticated message is:
SHA1( key, keyfill, datagram, datafill, key, sha1fill )
First, the variable length secret authentication key is filled to the
next 512-bit boundary, using the same pad-with-length technique
defined for SHA1. The padding technique includes a length that
protects arbitrary length keys.
Next, the filled key is concatenated with (immediately followed by)
the invariant fields of the entire IP datagram (variant fields are
zeroed). This is also filled to the next 512-bit boundary, using the
same pad-with-length technique defined for SHA1. The length includes
the leading key and data.
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 3]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
Then, the filled data is concatenated with (immediately followed by)
the original variable length key again. A trailing pad-with-length
to the next 512-bit boundary for the entire message is added by SHA1
itself.
Finally, the 160-bit SHA1 digest is calculated, and the result is
inserted into the Authentication Data field.
Discussion:
The leading copy of the key is padded in order to facilitate
copying of the key at machine boundaries without requiring re-
alignment of the following datagram. Filling to the SHA1 block
size also allows the key to be prehashed to avoid the physical
copy in some implementations.
The trailing copy of the key is not necessary to protect against
appending attacks, as the IP datagram already includes a total
length field. It reintroduces mixing of the entire key, providing
protection for very long and very short datagrams, and robustness
against possible attacks on the IP length field itself.
When the implementation adds the keys and padding in place before
and after the IP datagram, care must be taken that the keys and/or
padding are not sent over the link by the link driver.
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 4]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
A. Changes
Changes from RFC 1852:
Use of SHA1 term (as always intended).
Added shortened 128-bit output, and clarify output text.
Added tradeoff text.
Changed padding technique to comply with Crypto '95 recommendations.
Updated references.
Updated contacts.
Minor editorial changes.
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 5]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
Security Considerations
Users need to understand that the quality of the security provided by
this specification depends completely on the strength of the SHA1
hash function, the correctness of that algorithm's implementation,
the security of the key management mechanism and its implementation,
the strength of the key, and upon the correctness of the
implementations in all of the participating nodes.
The SHA algorithm was originally derived from the MD4 algorithm
[RFC-1320]. A flaw was apparently found in the original
specification of SHA [FIPS-180], and this document specifies the use
of a corrected version [FIPS-180-1].
At the time of writing of this document, there are no known flaws in
the SHA1 algorithm. That is, there are no known attacks on SHA1 or
any of its components that are better than brute force, and the 160-
bit hash size of SHA1 is substantially more resistant to brute force
attacks than the 128-bit hash size of MD4 and MD5.
However, as the flaw in the original SHA1 algorithm shows,
cryptographers are fallible, and there may be substantial
deficiencies yet to be discovered in the algorithm.
Acknowledgements
Some of the text of this specification was derived from work by
Randall Atkinson for the SIP, SIPP, and IPv6 Working Groups.
Preliminary performance analysis was provided by Joe Touch.
Padding the leading copy of the key to a hash block boundary for
increased performance was originally suggested by William Allen
Simpson.
Padding the leading copy of the key to a hash block boundary for
increased security was suggested by [KR95]. Including the key length
for increased security was suggested by David Wagner.
Padding the datagram to a hash block boundary to avoid (an
impractical) key recovery attack was suggested by [PO95b].
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 6]
RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
References
[FIPS-180] "Secure Hash Standard", Computer Systems Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
Department Of Commerce, May 1993.
Also known as: 58 Fed Reg 27712 (1993).
[FIPS-180-1] "Secure Hash Standard", National Institute of Standards
and Technology, U.S. Department Of Commerce, April 1995.
Also known as: 59 Fed Reg 35317 (1994).
[KR95] Kaliski, B., and Robshaw, M., "Message authentication
with MD5", CryptoBytes (RSA Labs Technical Newsletter),
vol.1 no.1, Spring 1995.
[PO95a] Preneel, B., and van Oorshot, P., "MDx-MAC and Building
Fast MACs from Hash Functions", Advances in Cryptology
-- Crypto '95 Proceedings, Santa Barbara, California,
August 1995.
[PO95b] Preneel, B., and van Oorshot, P., "On the Security of
Two MAC Algorithms", Presented at the Rump Session of
Crypto '95, Santa Barbara, California, August 1995.
[RFC 1320] Rivest, R., "The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC
1320, April 1992.
[RFC 1700] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2,
RFC 1700, October 1994.
[RFC 1825] Atkinson, R., "Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol", RFC 1825, July 1995.
[RFC 1826] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 1826, July
1995.
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RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
Contacts
Comments about this document should be discussed on the
photuris@adk.gr mailing list.
This document is a submission to the IP Security Working Group of the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The working group can be
contacted via the current chairs:
Questions about this document can also be directed to:
Perry Metzger
Piermont Information Systems Inc.
160 Cabrini Blvd., Suite #2
New York, NY 10033
EMail: perry@piermont.com
William Allen Simpson
DayDreamer
Computer Systems Consulting Services
1384 Fontaine
Madison Heights, Michigan 48071
EMail: wsimpson@UMich.edu
wsimpson@GreenDragon.com (preferred)
Editor's Note
This paper was originally submitted May 1, 1996.
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RFC 2841 AH SHA1 IP-MAC November 2000
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Metzger & Simpson Historic [Page 9]