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Keywords: uniform, resource, names, namespaces, syntax
Network Working Group L. Daigle
Request for Comments: 2611 Thinking Cat Enterprises
BCP: 33 D. van Gulik
Category: Best Current Practice ISIS/CEO, JRC Ispra
R. Iannella
DSTC Pty Ltd
P. Faltstrom
Tele2/Swipnet
June 1999
URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the
Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The URN WG has defined a syntax for Uniform Resource Names (URNs)
[RFC2141], as well as some proposed mechanisms for their resolution
and use in Internet applications ([RFC2168, RFC2169]). The whole
rests on the concept of individual "namespaces" within the URN
structure. Apart from proof-of-concept namespaces, the use of
existing identifiers in URNs has been discussed ([RFC2288]), and this
document lays out general definitions of and mechanisms for
establishing URN "namespaces".
1.0 Introduction
Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are resource identifiers with the
specific requirements for enabling location independent
identification of a resource, as well as longevity of reference.
There are 2 assumptions that are key to this document:
Assumption #1:
Assignment of a URN is a managed process.
I.e., not all strings that conform to URN syntax are necessarily
valid URNs. A URN is assigned according to the rules of a
particular namespace (in terms of syntax, semantics, and process).
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 1]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Assumption #2:
The space of URN namespaces is managed.
I.e., not all syntactically correct URN namespaces (per the URN
syntax definition) are valid URN namespaces. A URN namespace
must have a recognized definition in order to be valid.
The purpose of this document is to outline a mechanism and provide a
template for explicit namespace definition, along with the mechanism
for associating an identifier (called a "Namespace ID", or NID) which
is registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, IANA.
Note that this document restricts itself to the description of
processes for the creation of URN namespaces. If "resolution" of any
so-created URN identifiers is desired, a separate process of
registration in a global NID directory, such as that provided by the
NAPTR system [RFC2168], is necessary. See [NAPTR-REG] for
information on obtaining registration in the NAPTR global NID
directory.
2.0 What is a URN Namespace?
For the purposes of URNs, a "namespace" is a collection of uniquely-
assigned identifiers. A URN namespace itself has an identifier in
order to
- ensure global uniqueness of URNs
- (where desired) provide a cue for the structure of the
identifier
For example, ISBNs and ISSNs are both collections of identifiers used
in the traditional publishing world; while there may be some number
(or numbers) that is both a valid ISBN identifier and ISSN
identifier, using different designators for the two collections
ensures that no two URNs will be the same for different resources.
The development of an identifier structure, and thereby a collection
of identifiers, is a process that is inherently dependent on the
requirements of the community defining the identifier, how they will
be assigned, and the uses to which they will be put. All of these
issues are specific to the individual community seeking to define a
namespace (e.g., publishing community, association of booksellers,
protocol developers, etc); they are beyond the scope of the IETF URN
work.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 2]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
This document outlines the processes by which a collection of
identifiers satisfying certain constraints (uniqueness of assignment,
etc) can become a bona fide URN namespace by obtaining a NID. In a
nutshell, a template for the definition of the namespace is completed
for deposit with IANA, and a NID is assigned. The details of the
process and possibilities for NID strings are outlined below; first,
a template for the definition is provided.
3.0 URN Namespace Definition Template
Definition of a URN namespace is accomplished by completing the
following information template. Apart from providing a mechanism for
disclosing structure of the URN namespace, this information is
designed to be useful for
- entities seeking to have a URN assigned in a namespace (if
applicable)
- entities seeking to provide URN resolvers for a namespace (if
applicable)
This is particularly important for communities evaluating the
possibility of using a portion of an existing URN namespace rather
than creating their own.
Information in the template is as follows:
Namespace ID:
Assigned by IANA. In some contexts, a particular one may be
requested (see below).
Registration Information:
This is information to identify the particular version of
registration information:
- registration version number: starting with 1, incrementing by 1
with each new version
- registration date: date submitted to the IANA, using the format
YYYY-MM-DD
as outlined in [ISO8601].
Declared registrant of the namespace:
Required: Name and e-mail address.
Recommended: Affiliation, address, etc.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 3]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Declaration of syntactic structure:
This section should outline any structural features of identifiers
in this namespace. At the very least, this description may be
used to introduce terminology used in other sections. This
structure may also be used for determining realistic
caching/shortcuts approaches; suitable caveats should be provided.
If there are any specific character encoding rules (e.g., which
character should always be used for single-quotes), these should
be listed here.
Answers might include, but are not limited to:
- the structure is opaque (no exposition) - a regular expression
for parsing the identifier into components, including naming
authorities
Relevant ancillary documentation:
This section should list any RFCs, standards, or other published
documentation that defines or explains all or part of the
namespace structure.
Answers might include, but are not limited to:
- RFCs outlining syntax of the namespace
- Other of the defining community's (e.g., ISO) documents
outlining syntax of the identifiers in the namespace
- Explanatory material introducing the namespace
Identifier uniqueness considerations:
This section should address the requirement that URN identifiers be
assigned uniquely -- they are assigned to at most one resource, and
are not reassigned.
(Note that the definition of "resource" is fairly broad; for example,
information on "Today's Weather" might be considered a single
resource, although the content is dynamic.)
Possible answers include, but are not limited to:
- exposition of the structure of the identifiers, and partitioning
of the space of identifiers amongst assignment authorities which
are individually responsible for respecting uniqueness rules
- identifiers are assigned sequentially
- information is withheld; the namespace is opaque
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 4]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Identifier persistence considerations:
Although non-reassignment of URN identifiers ensures that a URN
will persist in identifying a particular resource even after the
"lifetime of the resource", some consideration should be given to
the persistence of the usability of the URN. This is particularly
important in the case of URN namespaces providing global
resolution.
Possible answers include, but are not limited to:
- quality of service considerations
Process of identifier assignment:
This section should detail the mechanisms and/or authorities for
assigning URNs to resources. It should make clear whether
assignment is completely open, or if limited, how to become an
assigner of identifiers, and/or get one assigned by existing
assignment authorities. Answers could include, but are not
limited to:
- assignment is completely open, following a particular algorithm
- assignment is delegated to authorities recognized by a
particular organization (e.g., the Digital Object Identifier
Foundation controls the DOI assignment space and its delegation)
- assignment is completely closed (e.g., for a private
organization)
Process for identifier resolution:
If a namespace is intended to be accessible for global resolution,
it must be registerd in an RDS (Resolution Discovery System, see
[RFC2276]) such as NAPTR. Resolution then proceeds according to
standard URI resolution processes, and the mechanisms of the RDS.
What this section should outline is the requirements for becoming
a recognized resolver of URNs in this namespace (and being so-
listed in the RDS registry).
Answers may include, but are not limited to:
- the namespace is not listed with an RDS; this is not relevant
- resolution mirroring is completely open, with a mechanism for
updating an appropriate RDS
- resolution is controlled by entities to which assignment has
been delegated
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 5]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Rules for Lexical Equivalence:
If there are particular algorithms for determining equivalence
between two identifiers in the underlying namespace (hence, in the
URN string itself), rules can be provided here.
Some examples include:
- equivalence between hyphenated and non-hyphenated groupings in
the identifier string
- equivalence between single-quotes and double-quotes
- Namespace-defined equivalences between specific characters, such
as "character X with or without diacritic marks".
Note that these are not normative statements for any kind of best
practice for handling equivalences between characters; they are
statements limited to reflecting the namespace's own rules.
Conformance with URN Syntax:
This section should outline any special considerations required
for conforming with the URN syntax. This is particularly
applicable in the case of legacy naming systems that are used in
the context of URNs.
For example, if a namespace is used in contexts other than URNs,
it may make use of characters that are reserved in the URN syntax.
This section should flag any such characters, and outline
necessary mappings to conform to URN syntax. Normally, this will
be handled by hex encoding the symbol.
For example, see the section on SICIs in [RFC2288].
Validation mechanism:
Apart from attempting resolution of a URN, a URN namespace may
provide mechanism for "validating" a URN -- i.e., determining
whether a given string is currently a validly-assigned URN. For
example, even if an ISBN URN namespace is created, it is not clear
that all ISBNs will translate directly into "assigned URNs".
A validation mechanims might be:
- a syntax grammar
- an on-line service
- an off-line service
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 6]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Scope:
This section should outline the scope of the use of the
identifiers in this namespace. Apart from considerations of
private vs. public namespaces, this section is critical in
evaluating the applicability of a requested NID. For example, a
namespace claiming to deal in "social security numbers" should
have a global scope and address all social security number
structures (unlikely). On the other hand, at a national level, it
is reasonable to propose a URN namespace for "this nation's social
security numbers".
4.0 URN Namespace Registration, Update, and NID Assignment Process
Different levels of disclosure are expected/defined for namespaces.
According to the level of open-forum discussion surrounding the
disclosure, a URN namespace may be assigned or may request a
particular identifier. The [RFC2434] document suggests the need to
specify update mechanisms for registrations -- who is given the
authority to do so, from time to time, and what are the processes.
Since URNs are meant to be persistently useful, few (if any) changes
should be made to the structural interpretation of URN strings (e.g.,
adding or removing rules for lexical equivalence that might affect
the interpretation of URN IDs already assigned). However, it may be
important to introduce clarifications, expand the list of authorized
URN assigners, etc, over the natural course of a namespace's
lifetime. Specific processes are outlined below.
There are 3 categories of URN namespaces defined here, distinguished
by expected level of service and required procedures for
registration. Furthermore, registration maintenance procedures vary
slightly from one category to another.
I. Experimental: These are not explicitly registered with IANA.
They take the form
X-<NID>
No provision is made for avoiding collision of experimental
NIDs; they are intended for use within internal or limited
experimental contexts.
As there is no registration, no registration maintenance
procedures are needed.
II. Informal: These are registered with IANA and are assigned a
number sequence as an identifier, in the format:
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 7]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
"urn-" <number>
where <number> is chosen by the IANA on a First Come First
Served basis (see [RFC2434]).
Registrants should send a copy of the registration template
(see section 3.0), duly completed, to the
urn-nid@apps.ietf.org
mailing and allow for a 2 week discussion period for
clarifying the expression of the registration information and
suggestions for improvements to the namespace proposal.
After suggestions for clarification of the registration
information have been incorporated, the template may be
submitted to:
iana@iana.org
for assignment of a NID.
The only restrictions on <number> are that it consist
strictly of digits and that it not cause the NID to exceed
length limitations outlined in the URN syntax ([RFC2168]).
Registrations may be updated by the original registrant, or
an entity designated by the registrant, by updating the
registration template, submitting it to the discussion list
for a further 2 week discussion period, and finally
resubmitting it to IANA, as described above.
III. Formal: These are processed through an RFC review process.
The RFC need not be standards-track. The template defined in
section 3.0 may be included as part of an RFC defining some
other aspect of the namespace, or it may be put forward as an
RFC in its own right. The proposed template should be sent
to the
urn-nid@apps.ietf.org
mailing list to allow for a 2 week discussion period for
clarifying the expression of the registration information,
before the IESG progresses the document to RFC status.
A particular NID string is requested, and is assigned by IETF
consensus (as defined in [RFC2434]), with the additional
constraints that the NID string must
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 8]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
- not be an already-registered NID
- not start with "x-" (see Type I above)
- not start with "urn-" (see Type II above)
- not start with "XY-", where XY is any combination of 2
ASCII letters (see NOTE, below)
- be more than 2 letters long
NOTE: ALL two-letter combinations, and two-letter
combinations followed by "-" and any sequence of valid NID
characters, are reserved for potential use as countrycode-
based NIDs for eventual national registrations of URN
namespaces. The definition and scoping of rules for
allocation of responsibility for such namespaces is beyond
the scope of this document.
Registrations may be updated by updating the RFC through
standard IETF RFC update mechanisms. Thus, proposals for
updates may be made by the original authors, other IETF
participants, or the IESG. In any case, the proposed updated
template must be circulated on the urn-nid discussion list,
allowing for a 2 week review period.
URN namespace registrations will be posted in the anonymous FTP
directory "ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/URN-
namespaces/".
5.0 Example
The following example is provided for the purposes of illustration of
the URN NID template described in section 3.0. Although it is based
on a hypothetical "generic Internet namespace" that has been
discussed informally within the URN WG, there are still technical and
infrastructural issues that would have to be resolved before such a
namespace could be properly and completely described.
Namespace ID:
To be assigned
Registration Information:
Version 1
Date: <when submitted>
Declared registrant of the namespace:
Required: Name and e-mail address.
Recommended: Affiliation, address, etc.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 9]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Declared registrant of the namespace:
Name: T. Cat
E-mail: leslie@thinkingcat.com
Affiliation: Thinking Cat Enterprises
Address: 1 ThinkingCat Way
Trupville, NewCountry
Declaration of structure:
The identifier structure is as follows:
URN:<assigned number>:<FQDN>:<assigned US-ASCII string>
where FQDN is a fully-qualified domain name, and the assigned
string is conformant to URN syntax requirements.
Relevant ancillary documentation:
Definition of domain names, found in:
P. Mockapetris, "DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION",
RFC1035, November 1987.
Identifier uniqueness considerations:
Uniqueness is guaranteed as long as the assigned string is never
reassigned for a given FQDN, and that the FQDN is never
reassigned.
N.B.: operationally, there is nothing that prevents a domain name
from being reassigned; indeed, it is not an uncommon occurrence.
This is one of the reasons that this example makes a poor URN
namespace in practice, and is therefore not seriously being
proposed as it stands.
Identifier persistence considerations:
Persistence of identifiers is dependent upon suitable delegation
of resolution at the level of "FQDN"s, and persistence of FQDN
assignment.
Same note as above.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 10]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
Process of identifier assignment:
Assignment of these URNs delegated to individual domain name
holders (for FQDNs). The holder of the FQDN registration is
required to maintain an entry (or delegate it) in the NAPTR RDS.
Within each of these delegated name partitions, the string may be
assigned per local requirements.
e.g. urn:<assigned number>:thinkingcat.com:001203
Process for identifier resolution:
Domain name holders are responsible for operating or delegating
resolution servers for the FQDN in which they have assigned URNs.
Rules for Lexical Equivalence:
FQDNs are case-insensitive. Thus, the portion of the URN
urn:<assigned number>:<FQDN>:
is case-insenstive for matches. The remainder of the identifier
must be considered case-sensitve.
Conformance with URN Syntax:
No special considerations.
Validation mechanism:
None specified.
Scope:
Global.
6.0 Security Considerations
This document largely focuses on providing mechanisms for the
declaration of public information. Nominally, these declarations
should be of relatively low security profile, however there is always
the danger of "spoofing" and providing mis-information. Information
in these declarations should be taken as advisory.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 11]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
7.0 References
[RFC2168] Daniel, R. and M. Mealling, "Resolution of Uniform
Resource Identifiers using the Domain Name System", RFC
2168, June 1997.
[RFC2169] Daniel, R., "A Trivial Convention for using HTTP in URN
Resolution", RFC 2169, June 1997.
[ISO8601] ISO 8601 : 1988 (E), "Data elements and interchange
formats - Information interchange - Representation of
dates and times"
[RFC2288] Lynch, C., Preston, C. and R. Daniel, "Using Existing
Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC
2288, February 1998.
[NAPTR-REG] Mealling, M., "Assignment Procedures for NAPTR DNS URI
Resolution", Work in Progress.
[RFC2141] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
[RFC1737] Sollins, K. and L. Masinter, "Functional Requirements for
Uniform Resource Names", RFC 1737, December 1994.
[RFC2276] Sollins, K., "Architectural Principles of Uniform
Resource Name Resolution", RFC 2276, January 1998.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 12]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
8.0 Authors' Addresses
Leslie L. Daigle
Thinking Cat Enterprises
EMail: leslie@thinkingcat.com
Dirk-Willem van Gulik
ISIS/STA/CEO - TP 270
Joint Research Centre Ispra
21020 Ispra (Va)
Italy.
Phone: +39 332 78 9549 or 5044
Fax: +39 332 78 9185
EMail: Dirk.vanGulik@jrc.it
Renato Iannella
DSTC Pty Ltd
Gehrmann Labs, The Uni of Queensland
AUSTRALIA, 4072
Phone: +61 7 3365 4310
Fax: +61 7 3365 4311
EMail: renato@dstc.edu.au
Patrik Faltstrom
Tele2/Swipnet
Borgarfjordsgatan 16
P.O. Box 62
S-164 94 Kista
SWEDEN
Phone: +46-5626 4000
Fax: +46-5626 4200
EMail: paf@swip.net
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 13]
RFC 2611 URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms June 1999
9.0 Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Daigle, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 14]