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Updates:
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Keywords: TFTP-Blk, trivial file transfer protocol, booting, client, server, extension
Network Working Group G. Malkin
Request for Commments: 2348 Bay Networks
Updates: 1350 A. Harkin
Obsoletes: 1783 Hewlett Packard Co.
Category: Standards Track May 1998
TFTP Blocksize Option
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol [1] is a simple, lock-step, file
transfer protocol which allows a client to get or put a file onto a
remote host. One of its primary uses is the booting of diskless
nodes on a Local Area Network. TFTP is used because it is very
simple to implement in a small node's limited ROM space. However,
the choice of a 512-octet blocksize is not the most efficient for use
on a LAN whose MTU may 1500 octets or greater.
This document describes a TFTP option which allows the client and
server to negotiate a blocksize more applicable to the network
medium. The TFTP Option Extension mechanism is described in [2].
Blocksize Option Specification
The TFTP Read Request or Write Request packet is modified to include
the blocksize option as follows. Note that all fields except "opc"
are NULL-terminated.
+-------+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+
| opc |filename| 0 | mode | 0 | blksize| 0 | #octets| 0 |
+-------+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+
opc
The opcode field contains either a 1, for Read Requests, or 2,
for Write Requests, as defined in [1].
Malkin & Harkin Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2348 TFTP Blocksize Option May 1998
filename
The name of the file to be read or written, as defined in [1].
mode
The mode of the file transfer: "netascii", "octet", or "mail",
as defined in [1].
blksize
The Blocksize option, "blksize" (case in-sensitive).
#octets
The number of octets in a block, specified in ASCII. Valid
values range between "8" and "65464" octets, inclusive. The
blocksize refers to the number of data octets; it does not
include the four octets of TFTP header.
For example:
+-------+--------+---+--------+---+--------+---+--------+---+
| 1 | foobar | 0 | octet | 0 | blksize| 0 | 1428 | 0 |
+-------+--------+---+--------+---+--------+---+--------+---+
is a Read Request, for the file named "foobar", in octet (binary)
transfer mode, with a block size of 1428 octets (Ethernet MTU, less
the TFTP, UDP and IP header lengths).
If the server is willing to accept the blocksize option, it sends an
Option Acknowledgment (OACK) to the client. The specified value must
be less than or equal to the value specified by the client. The
client must then either use the size specified in the OACK, or send
an ERROR packet, with error code 8, to terminate the transfer.
The rules for determining the final packet are unchanged from [1].
The reception of a data packet with a data length less than the
negotiated blocksize is the final packet. If the blocksize is
greater than the amount of data to be transfered, the first packet is
the final packet. If the amount of data to be transfered is an
integral multiple of the blocksize, an extra data packet containing
no data is sent to end the transfer.
Proof of Concept
Performance tests were run on the prototype implementation using a
variety of block sizes. The tests were run on a lightly loaded
Ethernet, between two HP-UX 9000, in "octet" mode, on 2.25MB files.
The average (5x) transfer times for paths with (g-time) and without
(n-time) a intermediate gateway are graphed as follows:
Malkin & Harkin Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2348 TFTP Blocksize Option May 1998
|
37 + g
|
35 +
|
33 +
|
31 +
|
29 +
|
27 +
| g blocksize n-time g-time
25 + --------- ------ ------
s | n 512 23.85 37.05
e 23 + g 1024 16.15 25.65
c | 1428 13.70 23.10
o 21 + 2048 10.90 16.90
n | 4096 6.85 9.65
d 19 + 8192 4.90 6.15
s |
17 + g
| n
15 +
| n
13 +
|
11 + n
| g
9 +
|
7 + n
| g
5 + n
"
0 +------+------+--+---+------+------+---
512 1K | 2K 4K 8K
1428
blocksize (octets)
The comparisons between transfer times (without a gateway) between
the standard 512-octet blocksize and the negotiated blocksizes are:
1024 2x -32%
1428 2.8x -42%
2048 4x -54%
4096 8x -71%
8192 16x -80%
Malkin & Harkin Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 2348 TFTP Blocksize Option May 1998
As was anticipated, the transfer time decreases with an increase in
blocksize. The reason for the reduction in time is the reduction in
the number of packets sent. For example, by increasing the blocksize
from 512 octets to 1024 octets, not only are the number of data
packets halved, but the number of acknowledgement packets is also
halved (along with the number of times the data transmitter must wait
for an ACK). A secondary effect is the efficiency gained by reducing
the per-packet framing and processing overhead.
Of course, if the blocksize exceeds the path MTU, IP fragmentation
and reassembly will begin to add more overhead. This will be more
noticable the greater the number of gateways in the path.
Security Considerations
The basic TFTP protocol has no security mechanism. This is why it
has no rename, delete, or file overwrite capabilities. This document
does not add any security to TFTP; however, the specified extensions
do not add any additional security risks.
References
[1] Sollins, K., "The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2)", STD 33, RFC 1350,
October 1992.
[2] Malkin, G., and A. Harkin, "TFTP Option Extension", RFC 2347,
May 1998.
Authors' Addresses
Gary Scott Malkin
Bay Networks
8 Federal Street
Billerica, MA 10821
Phone: (978) 916-4237
EMail: gmalkin@baynetworks.com
Art Harkin
Networked Computing Division
Hewlett-Packard Company
19420 Homestead Road MS 43LN
Cupertino, CA 95014
Phone: (408) 447-3755
EMail: ash@cup.hp.com
Malkin & Harkin Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2348 TFTP Blocksize Option May 1998
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Malkin & Harkin Standards Track [Page 5]