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Keywords: Routing, Information, Protocol, Internet
Network Working Group G. Malkin
Request for Comments: 2081 Xylogics
Category: Informational January 1997
RIPng Protocol Applicability Statement
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
As required by Routing Protocol Criteria (RFC 1264), this report
defines the applicability of the RIPng protocol within the Internet.
This report is a prerequisite to advancing RIPng on the standards
track.
1. Protocol Documents
The RIPng protocol description is defined in RFC 2080.
2. Introduction
This report describes how RIPng may be useful within the new IPv6
Internet. In essence, the environments in which RIPng is the IGP of
choice is comparable to the environments in which RIP-2 (RFC 1723) is
used in the IPv4 Internet. It is important to remember that RIPng is
a simple extrapolation of RIP-2; RIPng has nothing conceptually new.
Thus, the operational aspects of distance-vector routing protocols,
and RIP-2 in particular, within an autonomous system are well
understood.
It should be noted that RIPng is not intended to be a substitute for
OSPFng in large autonomous systems; the restrictions on AS diameter
and complexity which applied to RIP-2 also apply to RIPng. Rather,
RIPng allows the smaller, simpler, distance-vector protocol to be
used in environments which require authentication or the use of
variable length subnet masks, but are not of a size or complexity
which require the use of the larger, more complex, link-state
protocol.
The remainder of this report describes how each of the features of
RIPng is useful within IPv6.
Malkin Informational [Page 1]
RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
3. Applicability
A goal in developing RIPng was to make the minimum necessary change
to RIP-2 to produce RIPng. In essence, the IPv4 address was expanded
into an IPv6 address, the IPv4 subnet mask was replaced with an IPv6
prefix length, the next-hop field was eliminated but the
functionality has been preserved, and authentication was removed.
The route tag field has been preserved. The maximum diameter of the
network (the maximum metric value) is 15; 16 still means infinity
(unreachable).
The basic RIP header is unchanged. However, the size of a routing
packet is no longer arbitrarily limited. Because routing updates are
never forwarded, the routing packet size is now determined by the
physical media and the sizes of the headers which precede the routing
data (i.e., media MTU minus the combined header lengths). The number
routes which may be included in a routing update is the routing data
length divided by the size of a routing entry.
3.1 Prefix
The address field of a routing entry is 128 bits in length, expanded
from the 32 bits available in RIP-2. This allows the RIP entry to
carry an IPv6 prefix.
3.2 Prefix Length
The 32-bit RIP-2 subnet mask field is replaced by an 8-bit prefix
length field. It allows the specification of the number of bits in
the prefix which form the actual prefix.
3.3 Next Hop
The ability to specify the next hop, rather than simply allowing the
recipient of the update to set the next hop to the sender of the
update, allows for the elimination of unnecessary hops through
routers which are running multiple routing protocols. Consider
following example topology:
----- ----- ----- -----
|IR1| |IR2| |XR1| |XR2|
--+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
| | | |
--+-------+-------------+-------+--
|--------RIPng--------|
Malkin Informational [Page 2]
RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
The Internal Routers (IR1 and IR2) are only running RIPng. The
External Routers (XR1 and XR2) are both running BGP, for example;
however, only XR1 is running BGP and RIPng. Since XR2 is not running
RIPng, the IRs will not know of its existance and will never use it
as a next hop, even if it is a better next hop than XR1. Of course,
XR1 knows this and can indicate, via the Next Hop mechanism, that XR2
is the better next hop for some routes.
3.4 Authentication
Authentication, which was added to RIP-2 because RIP-1 did not have
it, has been dropped from RIPng. This is safe to do because IPv6,
which carries the RIPng packets, has build in security which IPv4 did
not have.
3.5 Packet Length
By allowing RIPng routing update packets to be as big as possible,
the number of packets which must be sent for a complete update is
greatly reduced. This in no way affects the operation of the
distance-vector protocol; it is merely a performance enhancement.
3.6 Diameter and Complexity
The limit of 15 cost-1 hops is a function of the distance-vector
protocol, which depends on counting to infinity to resolve some
routing loops. If infinity is too high, the time it would take to
resolve, not to mention the number of routing updates which would be
sent, would be prohibitive. If the infinity is too small, the
protocol becomes useless in a reasonably sized network. The choice
of 16 for infinity was made in the earliest of RIP implementations
and experience has shown it to be a good compromise value.
RIPng will efficiently support networks of moderate complexity. That
is, topologies without too many multi-hop loops. RIPng also
effeciently supports topologies which change frequently because
routing table changes are made incrementally and do not require the
computation which link-state protocols require to rebuild their maps.
4. Conclusion
Because the basic protocol is unchanged, RIPng is as correct a
routing protocol as RIP-2. RIPng serves the same niche for IPv6 as
RIP-2 does for IPv4.
5. Security Considerations
RIPng security is discussed in section 3.4.
Malkin Informational [Page 3]
RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
Author's Address
Gary Scott Malkin
Xylogics/Bay Networks
53 Third Avenue
Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: (617) 238-6237
EMail: gmalkin@xylogics.com
Malkin Informational [Page 4]