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Keywords: integrated, services, ATM, Quality, of, Service, QoS
Network Working Group S. Jackowski
Request for Comments: 1946 NetManage Incorporated
Category: Informational May 1996
Native ATM Support for ST2+
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
As the demand for networked realtime services grows, so does the need
for shared networks to provide deterministic delivery services. Such
deterministic delivery services demand that both the source
application and the network infrastructure have capabilities to
request, setup, and enforce the delivery of the data. Collectively
these services are referred to as bandwidth reservation and Quality
of Service (QoS).
The IETF is currently working on an integrated services model to
support realtime services on the Internet The IETF has not yet
focused on the integration of ATM and its inherent QoS and bandwidth
allocation mechanisms for delivery of realtime traffic over shared
wires. (ATM hardware and interfaces provide the network
infrastructure for the determinitic data delivery, however the host
resident protocol stacks and applications need more attention.)
Current IETF efforts underway in the IP over ATM (ipatm) working
group rely on intserv, rsvp and ST2 to address QoS issues for ATM. As
such, RFC 1577 and the ATM Forum's Lan Emulation do not provide
direct QoS and bandwidth allocation capabilities to network
applications. Without providing a mapping of reservations-style QoS
to ATM signalling, ATM will remain a 'wire' rather than a shared
media infrastructure component.
This memo describes a working implementation which enables
applications to directly invoke ATM services in the following
environments:
- ATM to internet,
- internet to ATM, and
- internet to internet across ATM.
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...............................................2
2.0 ST-2 and ST-2+.............................................5
3.0 Implementation Issues for Reservations over ATM............6
3.1 Addressing.................................................6
3.2 Changes to Bandwidth and QoS...............................6
3.3 Multicasting...............................................7
3.4 Receiver Initiated JOIN Requests to Multicast Groups.......8
3.5 Computation of QoS Parameters..............................8
3.6 Use of HELLOs..............................................9
4.0 Reservation Signalling with ATM............................9
4.1 Embedded Reservation Signalling within Q.2931.............10
4.2 In-Band Reservation Signalling............................11
4.3 Dedicated Virtual Circuits for Reservation Signalling.....12
4.4 Reservation Signalling via IP over ATM or LAN Emulation...13
4.5 Summary of Reservation Signalling Options.................14
5.0 Mapping Reservation QoS to ATM QoS........................15
5.1 CPCS-SDU Size Computation.................................16
5.2 PCR Computation...........................................17
5.3 Maximum End to End Transit Delay..........................17
5.4 Maximum Bit Error Rate....................................18
5.5 Accumulated Mean Delay....................................18
5.6 Accumulated Delay Variance (jitter).......................18
6.0 Data Stream Transmission..................................18
7.0 Implementation Considerations and Conclusions.............19
8.0 Security Considerations...................................20
9.0 References................................................20
10.0 Author's Address..........................................21
1.0 Introduction
The ATM Forum and the IETF seem to approach ATM networking
differently.
The ATM forum appeaars to believe that host systems require no
protocols beyond OSI layer 2 to deal with ATM. They define a layer 2
API and Q.2931 signaling for all new applications.
LAN Emulation, a mechanism to make the ATM interface appear to be a
LAN/internet, is intended to support 'legacy' network applications.
LAN emulation does not provide applications any visibility of the ATM
features, nor does it provide a mechanism to allow applications to
request specific ATM services. With LAN Emulation, application
traffic shares virtual circuits with no policing or guarantees of
service. LAN Emulation simply extends LAN characteristics to ATM.
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Thus far, the IETF, through RFC 1577[1] treats an ATM network as a
wire. The ipatm working group has explicitly left issues of specific
QoS handling out of their specifications and working documents.
Current approaches do not give the application access to individual
virtualcircuits and their associated guaranteed bandwidth and QoS.
Instead, all IP traffic between two hosts shares virtual circuits
with no granularity assigned to application-specific traffic or QoS
requirements.
Thus, neither LAN Emulation nor RFC 1577 (IP over ATM) uses the
features of ATM that make it a unique and desirable technology. RFC
1821 (Integration of Realtime Services in an IP-ATM Network
Architecture) [2] raises many of the issues associated with current
IETF efforts towards integrating ATM into the Internet, but it does
not propose any solutions.
This document offers a framework for provision of native ATM
circuits for applications which require bandwidth guarantees and QoS.
It identifies the requirements of a native ATM protocol which is
complementary to standard IP and describes one working
implementation.
This document recognizes the fact that it is critical that such a
native ATM protocol is consistent in the four topologies described
in [2]:
* Communication across an ATM-only network between two hosts
directly connected to the ATM network,
* Communication between ATM connected hosts which involves some
non-ATM subnets,
* Communication between a host on a non-ATM subnet and a host
directly connected to ATM,
* Communication between two hosts, neither of which has a direct
ATM connection, but which may make use of one or more ATM
networks for some part of the path.
That is, to the host systems, the underlying type of network remains
transparent even when QoS is involved in internet, ATM, and mixed
networking environments. To make this consistency possible, the
'native ATM' protocol must also be:
* Multicast capable, to optimize transmission overhead and
support ATM multipoint facilities,
* Routable, to enable transmissions across subnets and
internets,
* QoS knowledgeable, to take advantage of ATM QoS facilities,
* Capable of Bandwidth/QoS Reservation to allocate proper
facilities for application traffic as it travels across
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different types of networks: to effectively extend virtual
circuits across internets, and
* Capable of policing to ensure proper packet scheduling
behavior and to protect guaranteed services at merge points.
Clearly the protocol should support reservations. Reservation
protocols enable creation of 'virtual circuits' with guaranteed
bandwidth and QoS on the LAN or internet, and simultaneously can act
as signaling mechanisms to routers or ATM interfaces to request
provisioning of circuits. Use of a reservation protocol makes
characteristics of mixed networks (LANs, internet, ATM, ISDN)
transparent to the host systems. That is, a reservation will allow
the host or router to provision ATM circuits which match the
reservation, but in mixed networks, will allow routers and host to
provide bandwidth reservation and QoS across the non-ATM interfaces
as well. Effectively, the reservation maps ATM virtual circuits to
reservations on subnets and internets.
This creates a consistent End-to-End, QoS-guaranteed service for
mixed network topologies.
While it is beyond the scope of this document, the same requirements
apply to mixed ISDN networks and are currently being explored by the
ITU for their H.323, H.223, and T.123 standards.
Arguably, the reservation protocol that provides this end-to-end
guaranteed service should be connection-oriented to facilitate
mapping of real connections (ATM or ISDN) with virtual connections on
the LAN/internet. [2] points out the shortcomings of IP and RSVP [3]
in the ATM environment. Most notable among these are the difficulty
of mapping connectionless traffic to ATM connections, the constant
softstate refreshes of RSVP (and merging of RESV messages), the
receiver orientation of RSVP, and the dependence on IP multicast.
[6] is an excellent document that proposes solutions to many of the
issues raised in [2], but the solutions recommend modifications to
the current RSVP and ATM implementations. Recently, issues of
incompatibility with the current IP over ATM model, VC explosions due
to use of multicast groups and VC explosions due to features
associated with heterogeneous receivers suggest that the current
version of RSVP may be inappropriate for ATM implementations.
Since ATM is connection-oriented, hard state, and origin-oriented for
transmission, signaling, and multicast, and is bandwidth and QoS
knowledgeable, perhaps the simplest and most elegant approach to a
native protocol for ATM would include a protocol that shares these
characteristics.
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In surveying protocols described in IETF RFCs and Internet Drafts,
only two seem to meet these requirements: Experimental Internet
Stream Protocol: Version 2 (RFC 1190) [4] and Internet STream
Protocol Version 2+ (RFC 1819) [5]; ST2 and ST2+ respectively.
2.0 ST2 and ST2+
Both ST2 and ST2+ have been given the Internet Protocol Version 5
(IPv5) designation. In fact, ST2+ is an updated version of ST2.
Both protocols are origin-oriented reservation and multicast
protocols that provide bandwidth and QoS guarantees through
internets. Unlike IPv4 or IPv6, ST2 and ST2+ are connection-
oriented, subscribing to the philosophy that once a connection is
established, protocol and routing overhead can be substantially
reduced. This carries forward to QoS and Bandwidth Reservation as
well, simplifying the implementation of QoS guarantees. THESE
PROTOCOLS WERE INTENDED TO COMPLEMENT STANDARD CONNECTIONLESS IP,
RECOGNIZING THAT WHILE MOST INTERNET TRAFFIC BENEFITS FROM
CONNECTIONLESS NETWORKING, PERFORMANCE AND QoS GUARANTEES COULD BE
ACHIEVED MOST EASILY WITH INTERNET CONNECTIONS.
Both ST2 and ST2+ really consist of two protocols: SCMP and ST. SCMP
is analogous to ICMP in that it is the control and signaling
protocol, while ST is the low-overhead streaming protocol. ST-2
uses standard IP addresses during connection setup, but then reduces
header overhead by including a stream identifier in each data packet.
ST2+ includes simplification of many of the original ST2 features as
well as clarification of the ST2 specification. Among these
simplifications and clarifications are:
1) Much simpler connection setup.
2) Flow Specification independence and consolidation of experimental
Flow Specifications.
3) Clarification on the implementation of Groups of Streams.
4) Clarification of leaf-initiated JOINs in multicast trees (several
ST2 implementations had done this).
While there continues to be a dramatic increase in the use of ST2
for videoconferencing, video on demand, telemetry applications and
networked virtual reality, ST2+ has no commercial implementations
and is not yet supported by any router vendors. This is because ST2+
was released as an RFC late in the summer of 1995. It is expected
that several implementations will appear over the coming months. As
such, the approach described in this document applies to both
protocols, and, in fact, would be valid for any other similar
protocol used to establish 'native' ATM circuits. Since ST2 and ST2+
are so similar, this document will refer to 'the ST2 protocols'
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generically in describing an implementation approach to both. Where
particular features of ST2+ are required or affect implementation,
'ST2+ ' will be used specifically.
3.0 Implementation Issues for Reservations over ATM
As described above, ST is a connection-oriented, hard state, origin-
oriented multicast protocol and thus maps fairly well to ATM.
However, ST-2 has several features that may be difficult to support
in the current version of ATM signaling with Q.2931 and UNI 3.1.
Among these are:
1) Addressing.
2) Changes to Bandwidth and QoS.
3) Multicasting.
4) Receiver initiated JOINs to multicast groups.
5) Computation of certain QoS parameters.
6) Use of HELLOs.
The degree of difficulty in supporting these functions is dependent
on the signaling mechanism chosen. See Section 4 for descriptions of
possible signaling approaches and their respective impact on the
features listed above.
3.1 Addressing
Of course mapping an Internet address to ATM address is always
problematic. It would be possible to set up a well known ARP server
to resolve the IP addresses of targets. However, the widespread
deployment of IP over ATM and LAN emulation in host-based ATM
drivers, and the assumption that most host systems will be running
some IP applications that do not need specific QoS and bandwidth
provisioning, suggests that use of ARP facilities provided by IP
over ATM and LAN Emulation is the most obvious choice for address
resolution.
It should be noted that ATMARP returns the ATM address. For some
implementations (particularly kernel-based protocols), an NSAP
address is also required. Since these addresses are often difficult
to get from the ATM network itself in advance of the connection, it
may be necessary to invoke out-of-band signaling mechanisms to pass
this address, or it may be better to create an NSAP address server.
3.2 Changes to Bandwidth and QoS
Both ST-2 and ST-2+ allow the origin to dynamically change the QoS
and Bandwidth of a particular stream. At this time Q.2931 and UNI
3.1 do not support this feature. Until this capability is available,
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full support of the SCMP CHANGE message for dedicated ATM circuits
(one reservation = one ATM circuit) can only be implemented by
tearing down the existing VC for a stream and establishing a new one
if efficient use of ATM resources are to be preserved.
Of course, the CHANGE message can simply be passed across the ATM
virtual circuit to the hosts or routers. This would allow the hosts
to relax resource requirements locally, and permit routers to relax
access to downstream circuits, but the ATM VC itself, would still
retain excessive bandwidth.
In addition, if the implementation allows sharing of virtual circuits
by multiple streams, the bandwidth/QoS of individual streams within
the VC can be CHANGEd.
3.3 Multicasting
ST-2 and ST-2+ support origin-oriented multicasting. That is, the
origin of a stream explicitly specifies the addresses of the targets
it wants involved in the connection. In addition, the origin can Add
or drop targets as desired. Aside from receiver-initiated JOINs
(discussed in section 3.4), there is a one to one mapping between
ST-2 multicast and ATM multipoint connections. Origin-initiated
additions can be accomplished through an ADDPARTY, and drops can be
done through DROPPARTY.
A key goal in implementation of a native ATM protocol is to ensure
consistent implementation for unicast and multicast data transfers.
One difficulty in doing this with ATM Virtual Circuits is the fact
that point-to-point circuits are duplex, while multipoint circuits
are simplex. This means that for multicast connections to be mapped
to multipoint ATM Virtual Circuits, any two-way, end-to-end signaling
must be done out of band. An alternative is to let the local
reservation agent act as a split/merge point for the connection by
establishing point-to-point Virtual Circuits for each member of the
multicast group directly connected to the ATM network. For multicast
group members not directly connected to the ATM network, traffic can
be multicast to the router connected at the edge across a single
virtual circuit associated with the reservation.
Section 4 describes alternative mechanisms for implementing
signaling.
Included in each discussion is the optimal means for mapping
multicast to ATM point-to-point or multipoint circuits.
Note that the fact that ST-2 does not rely on IP multicast is a
strong advantage in implementation of a native protocol for ATM. The
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one-to-one mapping of ST-2 multicast connections to ATM multipoint
virtual circuits minimizes the number of circuits required to support
large multicast groups.
3.4 Receiver Initiated JOINs to Multicast Groups
ST-2+ provides an in-band mechanism to permit receivers to join an
existing stream. Based on an origin-established authorization level,
the JOIN can be refused immediately, can be allowed with notification
of the origin, or can be allowed without notifying the origin. This
capability is made available through a new SCMP JOIN message. If the
receiver knows the IP address of the origin and the Stream ID, he can
join the stream if authorized to do so.
Note that since the JOIN flows from the receiver to the origin, there
will be issues in trying to support this feature with Q.2931 and UNI
3.1. The JOIN may have to be sent out of band depending on the
signaling mechanism chosen (section 4) because of the uni-directional
flow for point to multipoint ATM connections. This is supposed to
change with availability of UNI 4.0.
ST-2 did not support receiver initiated JOINs (unlike ST-2+).
However, most implementations created an out-of-band, or SCMP
extension to support this facility. Again, depending on the SCMP
signaling mechanism chosen, this feature may be difficult to support.
3.5 Computation of QoS Parameters
The recommended flow specifications (flowspecs) for ST-2 and ST-2+
include parameters that are not currently available to ATM virtual
circuits through Q.2931 and UNI 3.1. The mapping of packet rate to
cell rate, packet delay to cell delay, and other translatable QoS
parameters is described in section 5. However, the ST-2 flowspecs
also include parameters like accumulated end-to-end delay and
accumulated jitter. These parameters assume that the SCMP messages
follow the same path as the data. Depending on the signaling
mechanism chosen, this may not be true with ATM and thus certain QoS
parameters may be rendered useless.
It should also be noted that since ST-2 connections are simplex, all
QoS parameters are specified separately for each direction of data
transfer. Thus two connections and two QoS negotiations are required
for a duplex connection. To take advantage of the full duplex nature
of point-to-point ATM connections, special multiplexing of ST
connections would be required by ST-2 agents.
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3.6 Use of HELLOs
Both ST-2 and ST-2+ support HELLO messages. HELLOs are intended to
assure that the neighboring agent is alive. Failure to respond to a
HELLO indicates that the connection is down and that the reservation
for that particular link should be freed.
While the ATM network will notify an ST-2 agent if the network
connection is down, there is still the possibility that the
connection is intact but that the ST-2 agent itself is down.
Knowledge of the neighboring agent's status is increasingly important
when multiple ST-2 connections share virtual circuits, when the
neighboring agents are routers, and when there are multiple dedicated
virtual circuits between agents.
As such, HELLO is a desirable feature. Note that some signaling
schemes (section 4), provide less than optimal support for HELLO.
4.0 Reservation Signaling with ATM
Use of Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for reservation signaling
presents no problem for ST-2, ST-2+, or RSVP. Each circuit is
considered to be a dedicated link to the next hop. If the PVCs are
to be shared, reservation protocols can divide and regulate the
bandwidth just as they would with any other link type.
Where ATM connections become more interesting is when the ATM network
takes on the role of an extended LAN or internet. To do this,
Switched Virtual Circuits are used to establish dynamic connections
to various endpoints and routers. The ITU-TS Q.2931 SETUP message is
used to request a connection from the network with specific bandwidth
and QoS requirements, and a CONNECT message is received by the origin
to indicate that connection establishment is complete.
For IP over ATM and LAN Emulation, SVCs are established between
endpoints and data traffic for a given destination shares the SVCs.
There is no mechanism to allow specific QoS guarantees for the
traffic, nor is there a mechanism to set up virtual circuits with
specific bandwidth and QoS for a particular type of traffic. This is
what reservation protocols will attempt to do. The goal is to use
reservations to request establishment of individual virtual circuits
with matching bandwidth and QoS for each reservation. This will
guarantee the requirements of the application while taking full
advantage of the ATM network's capabilities.
There are four possible mechanisms to perform reservation signaling
over ATM:
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1) Embedding reservation signaling equivalents within the ATM Q.2931
controls.
2) Signaling in-band with the data.
3) Signaling over dedicated signaling VCs.
4) Implicitly sharing existing VCs for IP over ATM or LAN Emulation.
Note that ATM circuits are not necessarily reliable. As such, the
reliability mechanisms provided by SCMP must be maintained to assure
delivery of all reservation signaling messages.
4.1 Embedded Reservation Signaling Equivalents within ATM Q.2931
Controls
The basic idea in embedding reservation signaling within the ATM
controls is to use the Q.2931 SETUP and CONNECT messages to establish
both reservations and dedicated data paths (virtual circuits) across
the ATM network. This eliminates the need for dedicated signaling
channels, in-band signaling, or out of band mechanisms to communicate
between endpoints. Since SETUP and CONNECT include bandwidth and QoS
information, the basic concept is sound. In fact, this approach will
speed network connection by preventing multiple passes at
establishing a reservation and associated connection. This normally
results from the fact that most higher layer protocols (network and
transport) first require a link to signal their connection
requirements. As such, with ATM, the ATM virtual circuit must be
established before the network and/or transport protocols can do
their own signaling.
Embedded reservation signaling allows the reservation information to
be carried in the SETUP and CONNECT messages, allowing the
reservation protocol to do its signaling simultaneously with the ATM
signaling.
[7] describes a clever way of combining the reservation signaling
with the ATM control plane signaling for ST-2. This 'simultaneous
connection establishment' process will optimize the establishment of
circuits and minimize connection setup time while simultaneously
eliminating unnecessary network layer signaling in ST-2. To be
effective, [7] requires enhancements to Q.2931 signaling and to the
ST-2 protocol implementations. In addition, it currently only
applies to point-to-point connections and will not work with
multipoint largely due to the simplex nature of multipoint
communication in current ATM implementations.
Implementation of multicast for Embedded Reservation Signaling is
done as described above: the reservation agent at the edge of the ATM
network must create point-to-point virtual circuits for each target
that is directly connected to the ATM network, and for each router
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that supports downstream targets. This ensures two-way signaling
between targets and the origin.
Signaling itself is quite simple:
CONNECT maps directly to one or more (multicast) Q.2931
SETUPs and CONNECTs.
ACCEPT maps directly to Q.2931 CONNECTACK.
CHANGE/CHANGE REQUEST are not supported.
DISCONNECT maps directly to Q.2931 RELEASE.
HELLOs are not needed.
Unfortunately, the flowspec in the reservation protocol CONNECT
message cannot be passed across the ATM network in the signaling
messages and thus must be regenerated by the receiving agent.
In addition, User Data, which can be sent in most SCMP messages
cannot be supported without substantial changes to current Q.2931
signaling.
One of the additional complexities with embedding the reservation
signaling occurs in heterogeneous networks. Since ATM signaling only
operates point to point across the ATM network itself, if the
endpoints reside on other types of networks or subnets, the routers
at the edge of the ATM networks must generate and regenerate
endpoint-based signaling messages on behalf of the host reservation
agents. In particular, CONNECT and ACCEPT messages and their
associated flowspecs must be regenerated. Refer to Section 5 for
details on the QoS mappings and on which QoS parameters can be
recreated for the generated flowspecs.
This approach is worth revisiting as an optimal signaling method in
pure ATM network environments once ATM signaling capabilities expand.
However, for heterogeneous networks, other signaling mechanisms may
be more appropriate.
4.2 In-Band Reservation Signaling
In-Band Reservation Signaling is the easiest signaling mechanism to
implement. When the applications requests a reservation, the
reservation agent simply sets up ATM virtual circuits to the
endpoints with the QoS specified in the CONNECT request. When
ACCEPTed, all subsequent data transmissions proceed on the virtual
circuits.
Once again, to support multicast, the reservation agent must create
individual point-to-point virtual circuits to the targets which are
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directly connected to the ATM network, as well as to routers which
can access downstream targets.
Since signaling is done in-band, all reservation signaling messages
can be passed between agents. However, some minimal additional
bandwidth must be allocated in the Q.2931 SETUP to allow for the
signaling messages themselves.
Note that the primary disadvantage to In-Band Reservation Signaling
is the fact that it does not make use of the multipoint capabilities
of ATM and will thus overreserve ATM network bandwidth and create a
larger than necessary number of virtual circuits.
4.3 Dedicated Reservation Signaling Virtual Circuits
One mechanism that can be used to take advantage of the full data
transmission capabilities of ATM networks is to use Dedicated Virtual
Circuits for reservation signaling. This guarantees a two-way
signaling pipe between the endpoints in a connection while enabling
the data transmission to take advantage of the multipoint
capabilities of ATM. Data and Signaling are done over separate
virtual circuits.
When an application requests a reservation, the reservation agent
reviews the list of targets in the CONNECT request. For any targets
which have no current signaling virtual circuits established, the
agent establishes UBR (unspecified bit rate) virtual circuits and
forwards the CONNECT message to the targets over these virtual
circuits. ATMARP is used to resolve any endpoint addresses. For any
targets for which there already exist signaling virtual circuits, the
agent simply forwards the CONNECT message over the existing virtual
circuit.
Once an ACCEPT message is received, the agent issues a Q.2931 SETUP
to the associated target. Upon receipt of a CONNECTACK, data can
begin to flow. As additional ACCEPTs are received, the Q.2931
ADDPARTY message is used to add a target to the multicast and
multipoint connection. Depending on the cause of any ADDPARTY
failure, the agent may attempt to establish a dedicated point-to-
point virtual circuit to complete the multicast group.
DISCONNECT requests result in Q.2931 DROPPARTY messages and will
cause a member to be dropped from a multicast and multipoint
connection. When all targets are dropped from a multipoint
connection, a RELEASE can be issued to take down the virtual circuit.
Signaling virtual circuits are shared among reservations while data
circuits are dedicated to a particular reservation. Once all
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reservations to a given endpoint are terminated, the signaling
virtual circuit to that endpoint can be RELEASEd.
Note that this approach would allow the NSAP address to be passed as
user data in the ACCEPT message to enable a kernel-based reservation
protocol to establish the dedicated data circuit. In addition,
because the connectivity to the endpoint is identical to that of the
data circuit, this approach assures the fact that accumulated
information in the flowspecs retains it validity.
4.4 Reservation Signaling via IP over ATM or LAN Emulation
As described in the previous section, it would be possible to set up
unique SVCs for SCMP signaling, however, since the streaming,
connection-oriented data transport offered by ST-2 is intended to be
complementary to IP and other connectionless protocol
implementations, it would be simpler and more elegant to simply use
classical IP over ATM (RFC 1577) mechanisms, or to use LAN Emulation.
The widespread deployment of IP over ATM and LAN emulation in host-
based ATM drivers, and the assumption that most host systems will be
running applications that do not need specific QoS and bandwidth
provisioning, makes this the most straightforward (if not performance
optimal) solution for signaling. Once an end-to-end acceptance of a
reservation request is completed via normal LAN or IP transmission,
then a unique direct virtual circuit can be established for each data
flow.
If LAN Emulation is used, as long as the ST-2 implementation allows
for different paths for SCMP and data, there would be no changes to
the signaling mechanisms employed by the reservation agent.
For IP over ATM, all SCMP messages would be encapsulated in IP as
described in both RFC 1190 and RFC 1819. This is required because
current ATM drivers will not accept Ipv5 packets, and most drivers do
not provide direct access to the shared signaling virtual circuits
used for IP.
In either case, LAN Emulation or IP over ATM, the reservation agent
would handle SCMP messages as it normally does. However, once the
first ACCEPT is received for a reservation request, a dedicated
virtual circuit is established for the data flow. Subsequent ACCEPTs
will result in the use of ADDPARTY to add multicast targets to the
multipoint virtual circuit. In fact, processing of
multipoint/multicast is identical to that described in section 4.3.
Once again, the use of an out-of-band signaling mechanism makes it
possible to carry the NSAP address of the target in the ACCEPT
message.
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One potential drawback to using LAN Emulation or SCMP messages
encapsulated in IP over ATM, is the fact that there is no guarantee
that the connectivity achieved to reach the target via signaling has
any relationship to the data path. This means that accumulated
values in the flowspec may be rendered useless.
In addition, it is possible that the targets will actually reside
outside the ATM network. That is, there may be no direct ATM access
to the Targets and it may be difficult to identify ATM addresses of
the associated ATM connected routers. This approach will involve
some additional complexity in routing to the targets. However, since
ST-2 is intended to run with IP, if ATM vendors would accept IPv5
packets or would allow direct access to the IP over ATM signaling
virtual circuits, this approach would be optimal in minimizing the
number of virtual circuits required.
4.5 Summary of Reservation Signaling Approaches
Embedded Reservation Signaling (section 4.1) is ideal for homogeneous
ATM connections, but requires extensions to existing ATM signaling
to support multipoint connections. In-Band Reservation Signaling
(section 4.2) is the easiest to implement, but cannot employ
multipoint connections either.
Perhaps the simplest way to do this is similar to what is suggested
in [6]: separate the reservation signaling from the actual data
flows, mapping the data flows directly to ATM circuits while doing
the signaling separately.
While there is significant complexity in doing this for IP traffic
and RSVP, the ST2 protocols lend themselves to this quite well. In
fact, because SCMP reservation signaling results in streaming,
multicast connections, the 'Shortcut' mechanism described in [6],
which can bypass routers where direct ATM connections are possible,
is automatically available to ST2 streams.
Using Reservation Signaling over LAN Emulation or IP over ATM
(section 4.4) is one multipoint-capable approach to implement in
hosts since most ATM drivers shipping today provide both IP over ATM
and LAN Emulation, as well as associated address resolution
mechanisms. However, it is not complete in its ability to accurately
depict flowspec parameters or to resolve host ATM addresses. In
addition, to be optimal, ATM vendors would either have to support
IPv5 in their drivers or allow direct access to the IP signaling
virtual circuits. Thus the current ideal approach to implementation
of the ST2 protocols over ATM is to use shared Dedicated Reservation
Signaling Virtual Circuits (section 4.3) for signaling of
reservations, and then to establish appropriate multipoint ATM
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virtual circuits for the data flows.
5.0 Mapping of Reservation QoS to ATM QoS
QoS negotiation in ST-2 (and ST-2+) is done via a two-way
negotiation.
The origin proposes a QoS for the connection in a Flow Specification
(Flowspec) associated with the CONNECT message. Most of the
network-significant QoS parameters in the Flowspec include both a
minimum and a desired value. Each ST agent along the path to the
Target validates its ability to provide the specified QoS (at least
the minimum value for each), updates certain values in the Flowspec,
and propagates the CONNECT until it reaches the Target. The Target
can either ACCEPT the Flowspec or REFUSE it if it cannot meet at
least the minimum QoS requirements. Negotiation takes place as part
of the process in that the Target can specify changes to the desired
QoS values as long as the new value meets at least the minimum
requirements specified by the Origin system. In addition, both the
Target and the Origin can assess actual network performance by
reviewing the values that are accumulated along the path.
The primary Reservation QoS parameters that impact an ATM network
are:
ST-2 (RFC 1190) ST-2+ (RFC 1819)
Desired PDU Bytes, Desired Message Size,
Limit on PDU Bytes (minimum). Limit on Message Size.
Desired PDU Rate, Desired Rate,
Limit on PDU Rate (minimum). Limit on Rate.
Minimum Transmission Rate in Bytes.
Limit on Delay (maximum). Desired Delay,
Limit on Delay.
Maximum Bit Error Rate.
Accumulated Delay.
Accumulated Delay Variance (Jitter).
Q.2931 ATM signaling offers the following QoS parameters:
- Cumulative Transit Delay,
- Maximum End to End Transit Delay.
- Forward Peak Cell Rate (PCR),
- Backward Peak Cell Rate (PCR).
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- Forward Maximum CPCS-SDU size,
- Backward Maximum CPCS-SDU size.
- Forward QoS Class,
- Backward QoS Class.
- B-LLI (one byte user protocol information).
As previously noted, reservation protocols (ST and RSVP) make QoS
reservations in one direction only. Thus, depending on the type of
signaling used (see Section 4), the 'Backward' ATM parameters may not
be useful. In particular, if Multipoint ATM connections are used to
map multicast reservations, these parameters are not available.
However, it would be possible to implement a multiplexing scheme to
enable reservations to share bi-directional point-to-point ATM
connections if the reservation agent creates a split/merge point at
the ATM boundary and sets up only point-to-point VC connections to
targets.
The CPCS-SDU parameters are AAL Parameters which are used by the AAL
entity to break packets into cells. As such, these parameters are
not modified by the network and could conceivably be used for
additional end-to-end signaling, along with the B-LLI.
Finally, QoS Class is somewhat limited in its use and implementation.
While IP over ATM recommends use of Class 0 (Unspecified QoS), this
is not sufficient for guaranteed connections. Instead, Class 1 with
CLP=0 will provide at least minimum QoS services for the traffic.
5.1 CPCS-SDU Size Computation
The CPCS-SDU size computation is the easiest QoS mapping. Since ST-2
does not require a Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS), if
AAL 5 is used, the ST packet size plus 8 bytes (for the AAL 5
Trailer) will be the CPCS-SDU size. Note that the ST-2 packet size
also includes an 8-byte header for ST-2. Thus the CPCS-SDU size is:
CPCS-SDUsize = PDUbytes + 8 + 8.
For ST-2+, the header is larger than for ST-2, so the CPCS-SDU size
is:
CPCS-SDUsize = PDUbytes + 12 + 8.
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5.2 PCR Computation
The Peak Cell Rate (PCR) computation is only slightly more complex.
The PCR will be the peak packet rate divided by the ATM payload size.
Since PDU rates in ST-2 are specified in tenths of packets per
second, AAL 5 requires an 8 byte trailer, and the ATM payload size is
48 bytes, the computation for PCR proceeds as follows:
The requested maximum byte transmission rate for ST-2 is:
PDUbytes * PDUrate * 10.
Accounting for the AAL 5 and ST headers, the maximum byte rate
is:
Bytes per second = (PDUbytes + 8 + 8) * PDUrate * 10.
Translating into cells and eliminating the possibility of a
fractional PDU:
PCR = ((PDUbytes + 8 + 8 + 48) / 48) * PDUrate * 10.
For ST-2+, not only is the header size 12 bytes, but the Rate is in
messages per second, not tenths of packets per second. Thus, the PCR
for ST-2+ is:
PCR = ((PDUbytes + 12 + 8 + 48) / 48) * PDUrate.
5.3 Maximum End to End Transit Delay.
The End to End Transit Delay is a little more complex. The
requested end to end delay must account for not only the PDU size as
requested by the user, but the additional 8-byte AAL 5 header as
well. The translation of the user-requested LimitOn Delay is
preserved as long as the delay computation is based on the CPCS-SDU
size instead of the PDU size.
In addition to the end to end delay introduced by the ATM network,
there is additional delay created by the fragmentation of packets.
Reassembly of these packets can only be accomplished at the rate at
which they are received. The time (in milliseconds) required to
receive a cell (inter-cell arrival time) is:
T = 1000 / PCR.
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The number of cells in a CPCS-SDU is:
C = (CPCS-SDUsize + 48) / 48.
Thus the delay for a packet is:
LimitonDelay = (C - 1) * T + MaxCellTransitDelay.
Therefore, the requested Maximum End to End Transit delay is:
MaxCellTransitDelay = Limiton Delay - (C-1) * T.
5.4 Maximum Bit Error Rate
Q.2931 signaling does not offer the ability to directly specify the
requested bit error rate or a corresponding cell error rate.
Instead, this service is supposed to be offered through selection of
QoS class.
Since these classes have few actual implementations, at this time,
there is no effective mapping for bit error rate.
5.5 Accumulated Mean Delay
ST allows accumulation of the Mean Delay generated by each ST agent
node and intervening circuits. With an ATM circuit each agent should
factor in the overhead of the ATM connection. The delay associated
with the ATM circuit is reflected in the Q.2931 CONNECT message as
the Cummulative Transit Delay. Since this is a cell-based
computation, the delay experienced for an ST packet, including the
CPCS-SDU header and ST header is, as computed in Section 5.3:
Delay = (C - 1) * T + CummulativeTransit Delay.
5.6 Accumulated Delay Variance (Jitter)
Cell Delay Variance is not currently available as a Q.2931 parameter.
Thus, we can assume that the reassembly of cells into packets will
be consistent, since the cell transmission rate should be constant
for each packet. As such, except as noted by the specific ATM
service, the ST agent should use its standard mechanisms for tracking
packet arrival times and use this for Accumulated Delay Variance.
6.0 Data Stream Transmission
Once virtual circuits for data transmission are established though
one of the mechanisms described in section 4, the ST data must be
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transmitted over the connection. RFC 1483 describes mechanisms for
encapsulating packet transmissions over AAL5. While the LLC
encapsulation could be used, it is not necessary. If it is used, the
computations in section 5 should be redone to include the LLC headers
in addition to the AAL5 trailer currently used. These new values
should be substituted for the QoS values in the SETUP message.
Instead, ST data packets can be encapsulated in standard AAL5 format
with an 8 byte trailer and sent directly over the data virtual
circuit. The mechanisms for computing the QoS values in the SETUP
message are described in section 5.
7.0 Implementation Experience and Conclusions
All of the signaling mechanisms described in Section 4 were
implemented and tested in a mixed ATM network/routed LAN environment.
Initially it appeared that the best approach was to do signaling via
IP over ATM or LANE. However, because it required IP encapsulation
of the SCMP packets (for IP over ATM), and because some applications
use the accumulated values in the flowspecs (which are not guaranteed
to be accurate in LANE and IP/ATM), using virtual circuits dedicated
to SCMP signaling turned out to be the best implementation for
taking full advantage of the ATM features.
Also, the issue of mapping ATM address to E.164 NSAP addresses was
resolved through an external signaling mechanism (the User Data field
of the ST-2 CONNECT and ACCEPT messages). It appears that ATM
vendors need to implement a consistent addressing mechanism
throughout their interfaces.
From a performance point of view, using ST over ATM provided more
than triple the performance of raw IP. The differences became
increasingly clear as more simultaneous applications were run. This
resulted in dedicated virtual circuits for the ST traffic while the
IP traffic suffered (saw inconsistent performance) over shared
circuits. Even more dramatic were results in mixed network
environments where all traffic shared the same LAN/router
connections, and, when both IP and ST traffic was sent, the ST
traffic maintained its quality while the IP traffic saw increasing
variation in performance.
Clearly, using a connection-oriented, origin-oriented reservation
protocol to provide consistent end-to-end guaranteed QoS and
bandwidth in mixed ATM/internet environments is not only feasible, it
results in dramatic performance and quality improvements for
transmission of realtime traffic.
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8.0 Security Considerations
This memo raises no security considerations. However, with their
connection-oriented and origin controlled natures, ST-2 and ST-2+
lend themselves to better internet security. Discussion of this is
beyond the scope of this document.
9.0 References
[1] Laubach, M., "Classical IP and ARP over ATM", RFC 1577, Hewlett
Packard Laboratories, December, 1993.
[2] Borden, M., Crawley, E., Davie, B., and S. Batsell, "Integration
of Real-time Services in an IP-ATM network Architecture", RFC
1821, August 1995.
[3] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Estrin, D., Herzog, S., and S. Jamin,
"Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP Version 1 Functional
Specification", Work in Progress, November 1995.
[4] Topolcic, C., "Experimental Internet Stream Protocol: Version 2
(ST-II)", RFC 1190, October 1990.
[5] DelGrossi, L., and L. Berger, "Internet STream Protocol Version
2+", RFC 1819, July 1995.
[6] V. Firoiu, R. Guerin, D. Kandlur, A. Birman "Provisioning of
RSVP-based Services over a Large ATM Network', IBM T.J. Watson
Research Center, October 1995.
[7] S. Damaskos, A. Anastassios Gavras, "Connection Oriented
Protocols over ATM: A Case Study", German National Research
Corporation for Mathematics and Data Processing (GMD) and
Research Centre for Open Communications Systems (FOKUS), February
1994.
[8] Heinanen, J., "Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation
Layer 5", RFC 1483, July 1993.
[9] M. Graf, T. Kober, H. Stuttgen, "ST-II over ATM Implementation
Issues", IBM European Networking Center, October 1995.
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10.0 Author's Address
Steve Jackowski
NetManage Incorporated
269 Mt. Hermon Road, Suite 201
Scotts Valley, Ca 95066
Phone: (408) 439-6834
Fax: (408) 438-5115
EMail: Stevej@NetManage.com
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