💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc7545.txt captured on 2023-04-20 at 00:09:15.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-11-30)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) V. Chen, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7545 Google
Category: Standards Track S. Das
ISSN: 2070-1721 Applied Communication Sciences
L. Zhu
Huawei
J. Malyar
iconectiv
P. McCann
Huawei
May 2015
Protocol to Access White-Space (PAWS) Databases
Abstract
Portions of the radio spectrum that are allocated to licensees are
available for non-interfering use. This available spectrum is called
"white space". Allowing secondary users access to available spectrum
"unlocks" existing spectrum to maximize its utilization and to
provide opportunities for innovation, resulting in greater overall
spectrum utilization.
One approach to managing spectrum sharing uses databases to report
spectrum availability to devices. To achieve interoperability among
multiple devices and databases, a standardized protocol must be
defined and implemented. This document defines such a protocol, the
"Protocol to Access White-Space (PAWS) Databases".
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7545.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Multi-ruleset Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Protocol Functionalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Database Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.1. Preconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.2. Configuration Update: Database URI Changes . . . . . 11
4.1.3. Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2. PAWS Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3. Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.1. INIT_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.2. INIT_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4. Device Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4.1. REGISTRATION_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4.2. REGISTRATION_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5. Available Spectrum Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.5.1. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5.2. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5.3. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5.4. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.5.5. SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5.6. SPECTRUM_USE_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6. Device Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6.1. DEV_VALID_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.6.2. DEV_VALID_RESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5. Protocol Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.1. GeoLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2. DeviceDescriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3. AntennaCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.4. DeviceCapabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.5. DeviceOwner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.6. RulesetInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.7. DbUpdateSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.8. DatabaseSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.9. SpectrumSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.10. SpectrumSchedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.11. Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.12. SpectrumProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.13. FrequencyRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.14. EventTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.15. GeoSpectrumSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.16. DeviceValidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.17. Error Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.17.1. OUTSIDE_COVERAGE Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.17.2. DATABASE_CHANGE Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.17.3. MISSING Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6. Message Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1. JSON-RPC Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.1. Method Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.1.2. JSON Encoding of Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2. Example Encoding: spectrum.paws.init Method . . . . . . . 61
6.3. Example Encoding: spectrum.paws.getSpectrum Method . . . 62
6.4. Example Encoding: DeviceOwner vCard . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7. HTTPS Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8. Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.1. Defining Ruleset Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.2. Defining New Message Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.3. Defining Additional Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.1. PAWS Ruleset ID Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.1.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.1.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.2. PAWS Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.2.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.2.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.3. PAWS Error Code Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
9.3.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.3.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.1. Assurance of Proper Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.2. Protection against Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10.3. Protection against Eavesdropping . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10.4. Client Authentication Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 84
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Appendix A. Database Listing Server Support . . . . . . . . . . 88
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
1. Introduction
This section provides some high-level introductory material. Readers
are strongly encouraged to read "Protocol to Access White-Space
(PAWS) Databases: Use Cases and Requirements" [RFC6953] for use
cases, requirements, and additional background.
A geospatial database can track available spectrum (in accordance
with the rules of one or more regulatory domains) and make this
information available to devices. This approach shifts the
complexity of spectrum-policy conformance out of the device and into
the database. This approach also simplifies adoption of policy
changes, limiting updates to a handful of databases, rather than
numerous devices. It opens the door for innovations in spectrum
management that can incorporate a variety of parameters, including
user location and time. In the future, it also can include other
parameters, such as user priority, signal type and power, spectrum
supply and demand, payment or micro-auction bidding, and more.
In providing this service, a database records and updates information
necessary to protect primary users -- for example, this information
may include parameters such as a fixed transmitter's call sign, its
geolocation, antenna height, power, and periods of operation. The
rules that the database is required to follow, including its schedule
for obtaining and updating protection information, protection rules,
and information reported to devices, vary according to regulatory
domain. Such variations, however, should be handled by each database
and hidden from devices to the maximum extent possible.
This specification defines an extensible protocol, built on top of
HTTP and TLS, to obtain available spectrum from a geospatial database
by a device with geolocation capability. It enables a device to
operate in a regulatory domain that implements this protocol.
2. Conventions and Terminology
2.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in
RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119].
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
2.2. Terminology
Database or Spectrum Database: A Database is an entity that contains
current information about available spectrum at a given location
and time, as well as other types of information related to
spectrum availability and usage.
Device ID: An identifier for a device.
EIRP: Effective Isotropically Radiated Power
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(http://www.etsi.org)
FCC: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission
(http://www.fcc.gov)
Listing server: A server that provides the URIs for one or more
Spectrum Databases. A regulator, for example, may operate a
Database Listing Server to publish the list of authorized Spectrum
Databases for its regulatory domain.
Master Device: A device that queries the Database, on its own behalf
and/or on behalf of a slave device, to obtain available spectrum
information.
Regulatory Domain: A location where certain rules apply to the use
of white-space spectrum, including the operation of Databases and
devices involved in its use. A regulatory domain is normally
defined by a unit of government for a particular country, but PAWS
is agnostic as to how a regulatory domain is constructed.
Ruleset: A ruleset represents a set of rules that governs the
operation of white-space devices and Spectrum Databases. A
regulatory authority can define its own set of rules or adopt an
existing ruleset. When a Database or device is said to "support a
ruleset", it means that it contains out-of-band knowledge of the
rules and that its hardware and software implementations conform
to those rules.
Ruleset Identifier: A ruleset can be identified by an IANA-
registered identifier (see PAWS Ruleset ID Registry
(Section 9.1)). When a Database or device indicates it supports a
ruleset identifier, it means that it conforms to the rules
associated with that identifier. A regulatory authority can
define and register its own ruleset identifiers, or it can use a
previously registered identifier if it adopts an existing ruleset.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Slave Device: A device that queries the Database through a master
device.
3. Protocol Overview
A Master Device uses PAWS to obtain a schedule of available spectrum
at its location. The security necessary to ensure the accuracy,
privacy, and confidentiality of the device's location is described in
the Security Considerations (Section 10). This document assumes that
the Master Device and the Database are connected to the Internet.
A typical sequence of PAWS operations is outlined as follows. See
"Protocol Functionalities" (Section 4) and "Protocol Parameters"
(Section 5) for details:
1. The Master Device obtains (statically or dynamically) the URI
for a Database appropriate for its location, to which to send
subsequent PAWS messages.
2. The Master Device establishes an HTTPS session with the
Database.
3. The Master Device optionally sends an initialization message to
the Database to exchange capabilities.
4. If the Database receives an initialization message, it responds
with an initialization-response message in the body of the HTTP
response.
5. The Database may require the Master Device to be registered
before providing service.
6. The Master Device sends an available-spectrum request message to
the Database. The message may be on behalf of a Slave Device
that made a request to the Master Device.
7. If the Master Device is making a request on behalf of a Slave
Device, the Master Device may verify with the Database that the
Slave Device is permitted to operate.
8. The Database responds with an available-spectrum response
message in the body of the HTTP response.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
9. The Master Device may send a spectrum-usage notification message
to the Database. The notification is purely informational; it
notifies the Database what spectrum the Master Device intends to
use and is not a request to the Database to get permission to
use that spectrum. Some Databases may require spectrum-usage
notification.
10. If the Database receives a spectrum-usage notification message,
it responds by sending the Master Device a spectrum-usage
acknowledgement message. Since the notification is purely
informational, the Master Device does not need to process the
database response.
Different regulatory domains may impose particular requirements, such
as requiring Master Devices to register with the Database, performing
Slave Device verification, and sending spectrum-usage notifications.
3.1. Multi-ruleset Support
For a Master Device that supports multiple rulesets and operates with
multiple Databases, PAWS supports the following sequence of
operations for each request by the Master Device:
1. The Master Device includes in its request its location and
optionally includes the identifier of all the rulesets it
supports and any parameter values it might need for the request.
2. The Database uses the device location and also may use the
ruleset list to determine its response, for example, to select
the list of required parameters.
3. If required parameters are missing from the request, the Database
responds with an error and a list of names of the missing
parameters.
4. The Master Device makes the request again, adding the missing
parameter values.
5. The Database responds to the request, including the identifier of
the applicable ruleset.
6. The Master Device uses the indicated ruleset to determine how to
interpret the database response.
NOTE: Some regulatory domains specify sets of requirements for device
behavior that may be complex and not easily parameterized. The
ruleset-id parameter provides a mechanism for the Database to inform
the Master Device of an applicable ruleset, and, for devices with
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
out-of-band knowledge of the particular regulatory domain
requirements, to satisfy those requirements without having to specify
the device-side behavior within the protocol. Ruleset identifiers
will normally contain the name of the regulatory body that
established the rules and version information, such as
"FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010".
By separating the regulatory "authority" from the "ruleset-id", it
allows the protocol to support multiple regulatory authorities that
use the same device-side ruleset. It also allows support for a
single authority to define multiple rulesets.
4. Protocol Functionalities
PAWS consists of several components. As noted below, some regulatory
domains or database implementations may mandate the use of a
component, even when its use is not mandated by PAWS.
o Database Discovery (Section 4.1) is a required component for the
Master Device.
o Initialization (Section 4.3) is a required component for the
Database. Its use allows the Master Device to determine necessary
information that has not been preconfigured.
o Device Registration (Section 4.4) is an optional component for the
Database. It can be implemented as a separate component or as
part of the Available Spectrum Query (Section 4.5) component. It
is used by the Master Device when the Database requires it. Note
that some regulators require device registration for only specific
device types, such as higher-power fixed (as opposed to mobile)
devices, to allow them to contact the operators to resolve any
interference issues.
o Available Spectrum Query (Section 4.5) is a required component for
the Master Device and the Database.
o Spectrum Use Notify (Section 4.5.5) is an optional component for
the Master Device and the Database. When it is required, the
Database informs the Master Device via its response to the
Available Spectrum Query (Section 4.5).
o Device Validation (Section 4.6) as a separate component is
optional for the Master Device and Database. When implemented by
the Database, its use allows the Master Device to validate Slave
Devices without having to use the full Available Spectrum Query.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
This section describes the protocol components and their messages.
"Protocol Parameters" (Section 5) contains a more thorough discussion
of the parameters that make up the PAWS request and response
messages. "Message Encoding" (Section 6) provides examples of
message encodings. "HTTPS Binding" (Section 7) describes the use of
HTTPS ("HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818]) for transferring PAWS messages and
optional device authentication.
The parameter tables in this section and "Protocol Parameters"
(Section 5) are for reference and contain the name of each parameter,
the data type of each parameter, and whether the existence of the
parameter is required for the protocol transaction in question. The
diagrams are loosely based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML),
and the data types are defined either in "Protocol Parameters"
(Section 5) or are one of the following primitive or structured
types:
string: A string, as defined by JSON [RFC7159], restricted to the
UTF-8 encoding.
int: A number, as defined by JSON [RFC7159], without a fractional or
exponent part.
float: A number, as defined by JSON [RFC7159].
boolean: A boolean, as defined by JSON [RFC7159].
list: A structured type that represents a list of elements, as
defined by JSON [RFC7159] array type. All elements of the list
are of the same data type, which is indicated in its diagram and
description. The diagram notation and description may include
additional constraints, such as minimum or maximum number of
elements.
Also:
o All parameter names are case sensitive. Unless stated otherwise,
all string values are case sensitive.
o All timestamps are in UTC and are expressed using exactly the
form, YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ, as defined by "Date and Time on the
Internet: Timestamps" [RFC3339].
In some cases, specific rulesets may place additional requirements on
message parameters. These additional requirements will be documented
in the IANA PAWS Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1). When a request
message sent to the Database has missing parameters, whether they are
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
required by PAWS or the applicable ruleset, the Database returns the
MISSING error (see Section 5.17.3), along with data indicating the
missing parameters.
4.1. Database Discovery
4.1.1. Preconfiguration
The Master Device can be provisioned statically (preconfigured) with
the URI of one or more Databases. For example, in a particular
regulatory domain, there may be a number of certified Databases that
any device operating in that domain is permitted to connect to, and
those URIs can be preconfigured in the device.
Listing Server Support: As an alternative to preconfiguring devices
with a list of certified Databases, some regulatory domains support
the preconfiguration of devices with the URI of a certified listing
server, to which devices can connect to obtain the list of certified
Databases. See "Database Listing Server Support" (Appendix A) for
further information.
4.1.2. Configuration Update: Database URI Changes
To adapt to changes in the list of certified or approved Databases,
the device needs to update its preconfigured list of Databases.
A Database MAY change its URI, but before it changes its URI, it MUST
indicate the upcoming change by including the URI of one or more
alternate Databases using DbUpdateSpec (Section 5.7) in its responses
to devices. The Database MUST reply with DbUpdateSpec for a minimum
of 2 weeks before disabling the old URI. A device will update its
preconfigured entry for the Database sending the DbUpdateSpec by
replacing this entry with the alternate Databases listed in the
DbUpdateSpec; the list of alternate Databases does not affect any
other entries. Note that the ordering of Databases in the list does
not imply any preference and does not need to remain the same for
every request. The device SHOULD detect infinite redirection loops;
if a suitable Database cannot be contacted, the device MUST treat
this as equivalent to a response indicating no available spectrum.
This database-change mechanism is used, for example, before a
Database ceases operation; it is not intended to be used for dynamic
load balancing.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
4.1.3. Error Handling
The device SHOULD select another Database from its list of
preconfigured Databases if:
o The selected Database is unreachable or does not respond.
o The selected Database returns an UNSUPPORTED error (see "Error
Codes" (Section 5.17)), which indicates the Database does not
support the device (based on its device type, model, etc.) or
supports none of the rulesets specified in the request.
If a suitable Database cannot be contacted, the device MUST treat
this as equivalent to a response indicating no available spectrum.
If the device had previously contacted a Database to get available
spectrum, but subsequently fails to contact a suitable Database, the
spectrum the device is currently using can be used for as long as the
spectrum data is valid. However, after that period, the device will
no longer have valid spectrum to use. Some regulatory domains may
have specific rules regarding how long the spectrum data remains
valid in these cases.
4.2. PAWS Version
PAWS version uses a "<major>.<minor>" numbering scheme to indicate
versions of the protocol. The protocol versioning policy is intended
to allow the device or Database to indicate the format of a message
and its understanding of PAWS functionality defined by that version.
No change is made to the version string for the addition of message
components that only add to extensible parameter values. The <minor>
number is incremented when the changes made to the protocol add
functionalities (methods) but do not change the existing
functionalities. The <major> number is incremented when incompatible
changes are made to existing functionality.
The current PAWS version is "1.0".
4.3. Initialization
A Master Device SHOULD use the initialization procedure to exchange
capability information with the Database whenever the Master Device
powers up or initiates communication with the Database. The
initialization response informs the Master Device of specific
parameterized-rule values for each supported ruleset, such as
threshold distances and time periods beyond which the device must
update its available-spectrum data (see "RuleSetInfo" (Section 5.6)).
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
When parameterized-rule values are not preconfigured for the
applicable ruleset at the specified location, a Master Device MUST
use the initialization procedure.
It is important to note that, when parameterized-rule values are
preconfigured in a Master Device, they are preconfigured on a per-
ruleset basis. That is, values preconfigured for one ruleset are not
applicable to any other ruleset.
For database implementations that require it, the initialization
message also enables extra database-specific or ruleset-specific
handshake parameters to be communicated before allowing available-
spectrum requests.
The Initialization request procedure is depicted in Figure 1.
o INIT_REQ (Section 4.3.1) is the initialization request message
o INIT_RESP (Section 4.3.2) is the initialization response message
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| Master Device | | Spectrum Database |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| |
| INIT_REQ |
|-------------------->|
| |
| INIT_RESP |
|<--------------------|
| |
Figure 1
4.3.1. INIT_REQ
The initialization request message allows the Master Device to
initiate exchange of capabilities with the Database.
+---------------------------------------+
|INIT_REQ |
+----------------------------+----------|
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|location:GeoLocation | REQUIRED |
|.......................................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) for the device is
REQUIRED. If the device descriptor does not contain any ruleset
IDs, the Master Device is asking the Database to return a
RulesetInfo (Section 5.6) list that specifies the rulesets that it
supports at the specified location.
location: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) of the device is REQUIRED.
If the location is outside all regulatory domain supported by the
Database, the Database MUST respond with an OUTSIDE_COVERAGE error
(see Table 1).
other: The Master Device MAY specify additional handshake parameters
in the INIT_REQ message. The Database MUST ignore all parameters
it does not understand. To simplify its initialization logic, a
Master Device that supports multiple Databases and rulesets can
include the union of all required parameters for all its supported
rulesets. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2) for
possible additional parameters.
4.3.2. INIT_RESP
The initialization response message communicates database parameters
to the requesting device. This response is returned only when there
is at least one ruleset. Otherwise, the Database returns an error
response, as described in INIT_REQ (Section 4.3.1).
+---------------------------------------+
|INIT_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+ 1..* +-------------+
|rulesetInfos:list | REQUIRED |------->| RulesetInfo |
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL | +-------------+
|.......................................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
rulesetInfos: A RulesetInfo (Section 5.6) list MUST be included in
the response. Each RulesetInfo corresponds to a ruleset supported
by the Database and is applicable to the location specified in the
INIT_REQ (Section 4.3.1) message.
If the device included a list of ruleset IDs in the
DeviceDescriptor of its INIT_REQ message, each RulesetInfo in the
response MUST match one of the specified ruleset IDs.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
If the DeviceDescriptor did not contain any ruleset IDs, the
Database SHOULD include in the rulesetInfos list a RulesetInfo for
each ruleset it supports at the specified location.
If the Database does not support the device or supports none of
the rulesets specified in the DeviceDescriptor, it MUST instead
return an error with the UNSUPPORTED code (see Table 1) in the
error response.
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the Master Device of a change to the
database URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The
device needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
other: The Database MAY include additional handshake parameters in
the INIT_RESP (Section 4.3.2) message. The Master Device MUST
ignore all parameters it does not understand. Consult the PAWS
Parameters Registry (Section 9.2) for possible additional
parameters.
4.4. Device Registration
Some rulesets require a Master Device to send its registration
information to the Database in order to establish certain operational
parameters. FCC rules, for example, require that a 'Fixed Device'
register its owner and operator contact information, its device
identifier, its location, and its antenna height (see FCC CFR47-15H
[FCC-CFR47-15H]).
The Database MAY implement device registration as a separate Device
Registration request, or as part of the available-spectrum request.
If the Database does not implement a separate Device Registration
request, it MUST return an error with the UNIMPLEMENTED code (see
Table 1) in the error-response message.
The Device Registration request procedure is depicted in Figure 2.
o REGISTRATION_REQ (Section 4.4.1) is the device-registration
request message
o REGISTRATION_RESP (Section 4.4.2) is the device-registration
response message
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| Master Device | | Spectrum Database |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| |
| REGISTRATION_REQ |
|------------------------>|
| |
| REGISTRATION_RESP |
|<------------------------|
| |
Figure 2
4.4.1. REGISTRATION_REQ
The registration request message contains the required registration
parameters. A parameter marked as optional may be required by some
rulesets.
+-------------------------------------------+
|REGISTRATION_REQ |
+-------------------------------+-----------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|location:GeoLocation | REQUIRED |
|deviceOwner:DeviceOwner | OPTIONAL |
|antenna:AntennaCharacteristics | OPTIONAL |
|...........................................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+-------------------------------+-----------+
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) for the Master Device
is REQUIRED. The ruleset IDs included in the DeviceDescriptor
indicate the rulesets for which the device wishes to register.
location: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) for the device is REQUIRED.
More precisely, this is the location at which the device intends
to operate. If the location is outside all regulatory domains
supported by the Database, the Database MUST respond with an
OUTSIDE_COVERAGE error (see Table 1).
deviceOwner: The DeviceOwner (Section 5.5) information is OPTIONAL.
Some rulesets may require deviceOwner information under certain
conditions. See PAWS Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1) for
ruleset-specific requirements.
antenna: The AntennaCharacteristics (Section 5.3) is OPTIONAL.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
other: Rulesets and database implementations may require additional
registration parameters. To simplify its registration logic, the
Master Device MAY send a union of the registration information
required by all supported rulesets. The Database MUST ignore all
parameters it does not understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters
Registry (Section 9.2) for possible additional parameters.
4.4.2. REGISTRATION_RESP
The registration response message acknowledges successful
registration by including a RulesetInfo message for each ruleset in
which the registration is accepted. If the Database accepts the
registration for none of the specified rulesets, the Database MUST
return the NOT_REGISTERED error (see "Error Codes" (Section 5.17)).
+---------------------------------------+
|REGISTRATION_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+ 1..* +-------------+
|rulesetInfos:list | REQUIRED |------->| RulesetInfo |
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL | +-------------+
|............................|..........|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
rulesetInfos: A RulesetInfo (Section 5.6) list MUST be included in
the response. Each entry corresponds to a ruleset for which the
registration was accepted. The list MUST contain at least one
entry.
Each RulesetInfo in the response MUST match one of the ruleset IDs
specified in the DeviceDescriptor of REGISTRATION_REQ.
If the Database does not support the device or supports none of
the rulesets specified in the DeviceDescriptor, it MUST instead
return an error with the UNSUPPORTED code (see Table 1) in the
error response.
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the Master Device of a change to the
database URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The
device needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
other: Database implementations MAY return additional parameters in
the registration response. The Master Device MUST ignore any
parameters it does not understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters
Registry (Section 9.2) for possible additional parameters.
4.5. Available Spectrum Query
To obtain the available spectrum from the Database, a Master Device
sends a request that contains its geolocation and any parameters
required by the ruleset (such as device identifier, capabilities, and
characteristics). The Database returns a response that describes
which frequencies are available, at what permissible operating power
levels, and a schedule of when they are available.
The Available Spectrum Query procedure is depicted in Figure 3.
o AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ (Section 4.5.1) is the available-spectrum
request message.
o AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP (Section 4.5.2) is the available-spectrum
response message.
o AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ (Section 4.5.3) is an OPTIONAL batch
version of the available-spectrum request message that allows
multiple locations to be specified in the request.
o AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP (Section 4.5.4) is the response message
for the batch version of the available-spectrum request that
contains available spectrum for each location in the request.
o SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY (Section 4.5.5) is the spectrum-usage
notification message.
o SPECTRUM_USE_RESP (Section 4.5.6) is the spectrum-usage
acknowledgment message.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| Master Device | | Spectrum Database |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ |
| (AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ) |
|--------------------------->|
| |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP |
| (AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP)|
|<---------------------------|
| |
| (SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY) |
|--------------------------->|
| |
| (SPECTRUM_USE_RESP) |
|<---------------------------|
| |
Figure 3
1. First, the Master Device sends an available-spectrum request
message to the Database.
2. The Database MUST respond with an error using the NOT_REGISTERED
code (see Table 1) if:
* registration information is required, and
* the request does not include registration information, and
* the device has not previously registered with the Database
3. If the location specified in the request is outside the
regulatory domain supported by the Database, the Database MUST
respond with an OUTSIDE_COVERAGE error (see Table 1). If some,
but not all, locations within a batch request are outside the
regulatory domain supported by the Database, the Database MUST
return an OK response with available spectrum for only the valid
locations; otherwise, if all locations within a batch request are
outside the regulatory domain, the Database MUST respond with an
OUTSIDE_COVERAGE error.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
4. The Database MAY perform other validation of the request, (e.g.,
checking for missing required parameters or authorizations). If
validation fails, the Database returns an appropriate error code
(Table 1). If the request is missing required parameters, the
Database MUST respond with a MISSING error (see Table 1) and
SHOULD include a list of the missing parameters.
5. If the request is valid, the Database responds with an available-
spectrum response message. If the ruleset requires that devices
must report anticipated spectrum usage, the Database will
indicate so in the response message.
6. If the available-spectrum response indicates that the Master
Device must send a spectrum-usage notification message, the
Master Device sends the notification message to the Database.
Even when not required by the Database, the Master Device MAY
send a notification message.
7. If the Database receives a spectrum-usage notification message,
it MUST send a spectrum-usage acknowledgment message to the
Master Device.
The procedure for a Master Device to ask for available spectrum on
behalf of a Slave Device is similar, except that the process is
initiated by the Slave Device. The device identifier, capabilities,
and characteristics communicated in the AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ message
MUST be those of the Slave Device, and:
o The "masterDeviceLocation" field specifying the location of the
Master Device is REQUIRED.
o The "location" field specifying the location of the Slave Device
is OPTIONAL, since the Slave Device may not have location-sensing
capabilities.
Although the communication and protocol between the Slave Device and
Master Device are outside the scope of this document (represented as
dotted lines), the expected message sequence is shown in Figure 4.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+------------+ +---------------+ +-------------------+
|Slave Device| | Master Device | | Spectrum Database |
+------------+ +---------------+ +-------------------+
| | |
| AVAIL_SPEC_REQ | |
|................>| |
| | |
| | AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ |
| |-------------------------->|
| | |
| | AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP |
| |<--------------------------|
| AVAIL_SPEC_RESP | |
|<................| |
| | |
| (SPECTRUM_USE) | |
|................>| (SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY) |
| |-------------------------->|
| | |
| | (SPECTRUM_USE_RESP) |
| |<--------------------------|
| | |
Figure 4
4.5.1. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ
The request message for the Available Spectrum Query protocol MUST
include a geolocation. Rulesets may mandate that it be the device's
current location or allow it to be an anticipated location. A
parameter marked as optional may be required by some rulesets.
+----------------------------------------------------+
|AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | see description |
|location:GeoLocation | see description |
|owner:DeviceOwner | OPTIONAL |
|antenna:AntennaCharacteristics | OPTIONAL |
|capabilities:DeviceCapabilities | OPTIONAL |
|masterDeviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | OPTIONAL |
|masterDeviceLocation:GeoLocation | see description |
|requestType:string | OPTIONAL |
|..................................|.................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) for the device
requesting available spectrum. When the request is made by a
Master Device on its own behalf, the descriptor is that of the
Master Device, and it is REQUIRED. When the request is made on
behalf of a Slave Device, the descriptor is that of the Slave
Device, and it is REQUIRED if the "requestType" parameter is not
specified. The deviceDesc parameter may be OPTIONAL for some
values of requestType.
location: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) for the device requesting
available spectrum. More precisely, this is the location at which
the device intends to operate. When the request is made by the
Master Device on its own behalf, the location is that of the
Master Device, and it is REQUIRED. When the request is made by
the Master Device on behalf of a Slave Device, the location is
that of the Slave Device, and it is OPTIONAL (see also
masterDeviceLocation). The location may be an anticipated
position of the device to support mobile devices, but its use
depends on the ruleset. If the location specifies a region,
rather than a point, the Database MAY return an error with the
UNIMPLEMENTED code (see Table 1), if it does not implement query
by region.
NOTE: Technically, this is the location of the radiation center of
the device's antenna, but that distinction may be relevant only
for fixed devices.
owner: The DeviceOwner (Section 5.5) information MAY be included to
register the device with the Database. This enables the device to
register and get spectrum-availability information in a single
request. Some rulesets mandate registration for specific device
types.
antenna: The AntennaCharacteristics (Section 5.3) is OPTIONAL.
capabilities: The Master Device MAY include its DeviceCapabilities
(Section 5.4) to limit the available-spectrum response to the
spectrum that is compatible with its capabilities. The Database
SHOULD NOT return spectrum that is not compatible with the
specified capabilities.
masterDeviceDesc: When the request is made by the Master Device on
behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MAY provide its own
descriptor.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
masterDeviceLocation: When the request is made by the Master Device
on behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MUST provide its
own GeoLocation (Section 5.1).
requestType: The request type is OPTIONAL; it may be used to modify
the request, but its use depends on the applicable ruleset. The
request type may be used, for example, to indicate that the
response should include generic Slave Device parameters without
having to specify the device descriptor for a specific device.
When requestType is missing, the request is for a specific device
(Master or Slave), so deviceDesc is REQUIRED. The maximum length
of the value is 64 octets. See the specifics in the Initial
Registry Contents (Section 9.1.2) for the Ruleset ID Registry.
other: Rulesets and database implementations may require additional
request parameters. The Database MUST ignore all parameters it
does not understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry
(Section 9.2) for possible additional parameters.
4.5.2. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP
The response message for the Available Spectrum Query contains one or
more SpectrumSpec (Section 5.9) elements, one for each ruleset
supported at the location specified in the corresponding
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ (Section 4.5.1) message. Each SpectrumSpec
element contains a list of one or more spectrum schedules,
representing permissible power levels over time:
o Each spectrum schedule specifies the permissible power level for a
duration defined by a pair of start and stop times. The power
levels refer to permissible EIRP over a resolution bandwidth.
o Within each list of schedules, event-time intervals MUST be
disjoint and MUST be sorted in increasing time.
o A gap in the time schedule means no spectrum is available for that
time interval.
Consider a Database that provides a schedule of available spectrum
for the next 24 hours. If spectrum availability were to be different
at different times of day, the response would contain a list of
schedules, each transition representing some change to the spectrum
availability. A device might use different strategies to select
which spectrum to use, e.g.:
o Always use the frequencies that permit the highest power
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
o Use the frequencies that are available for the longest period of
time.
o Just use the first set of frequencies that matches its needs.
+---------------------------------------+
|AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+
|timestamp:string | REQUIRED |
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|spectrumSpecs:list | REQUIRED |-------+
|............................|..........| |
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL | |
|*other:any | OPTIONAL | |
+----------------------------+----------+ | 1..*
V
+-----------------------------------+
|SpectrumSpec |
+------------------------+----------+
|rulesetInfo:RulesetInfo | REQUIRED |
|spectrumSchedules:list | REQUIRED |-+
|timeRange:EventTime | OPTIONAL | |
|frequencyRanges:list | OPTIONAL | |
|needsSpectrumReport:bool| OPTIONAL | |
|maxTotalBwHz:float | OPTIONAL | |
|maxContiguousBwHz:float | OPTIONAL | |
+------------------------+----------+ |
+--------------------+
| 1..*
V
+-------------------------------+
|SpectrumSchedule |
+--------------------+----------+
|eventTime:EventTime | REQUIRED |
|spectra:list | REQUIRED |
+--------------------+----------+
Parameters:
timestamp: Timestamp of the response is expressed in UTC using the
form, YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ, as defined by "Date and Time on the
Internet: Timestamps" [RFC3339]. This can be used by the device
as a reference for the start and stop times in the spectrum
schedules.
deviceDesc: The Database MUST include the DeviceDescriptor
(Section 5.2) specified in the AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ message.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
spectrumSpecs: The SpectrumSpec (Section 5.9) list MUST include at
least one entry. Each entry contains the schedules of available
spectrum for a ruleset. The Database MAY return more than one
SpectrumSpec to represent available spectrum for multiple rulesets
at the specified location.
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the device of a change to the database
URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The device
needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
other: Database implementations MAY return additional parameters in
the response. The device MUST ignore any parameters that it does
not understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry
(Section 9.2) for possible additional parameters and requirements
they place on the device.
4.5.2.1. Update Requirements
When the stop time specified in the schedule has been reached, the
device:
o MUST obtain a new spectrum-availability schedule, either by using
the next one in the list (if provided) or making another Available
Spectrum Query (Section 4.5).
o If the device is unable to contact the Database to obtain a new
schedule, it MUST treat this as equivalent to a response with no
available spectrum.
Some rulesets also mandate that a device must obtain a new spectrum-
availability schedule if the device moves beyond a threshold distance
(established by the ruleset) from the actual location and all
anticipated location(s) it reported in previous AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ or
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ messages (see "maxLocationChange" in
RulesetInfo (Section 5.6)). If the device is unable to contact the
Database to obtain a new schedule, it MUST treat this as equivalent
to a response with no available spectrum.
NOTE: The ruleset determines required device behavior when spectrum
is no longer available. The ruleset also governs whether a device
may request and use spectrum at anticipated locations beyond the
threshold distance from its current location.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
4.5.3. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ
The Database MAY implement the batch request that allows multiple
locations to be specified. This enables a portable Master Device,
for example, to get available spectrum for a sequence of anticipated
locations using a single request. The Database interprets each
location in the batch request as if it were an independent request
and returns results consistent with multiple individual
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ (Section 4.5.1) messages, but it returns these
results in a batched response (Section 4.5.4). The request message
for the batch Available Spectrum Query protocol MUST include at least
one GeoLocation (Section 5.1). If the Database does not implement
batch requests, it MUST return an UNIMPLEMENTED error (see Table 1).
NOTE: Whether anticipated locations are allowed depends on the
specified ruleset. A parameter marked as optional may be required by
some rulesets.
+---------------------------------------------------+
|AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ |
+---------------------------------+-----------------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | see description |
|locations:list | REQUIRED |--+
|owner:DeviceOwner | OPTIONAL | |
|antenna:AntennaCharacteristics | OPTIONAL | |
|capabilities:DeviceCapabilities | OPTIONAL | |
|masterDeviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor| OPTIONAL | |
|masterDeviceLocation:GeoLocation | see description | |
|requestType:string | OPTIONAL | |
+.................................+.................+ |
|*other:any | OPTIONAL | |
+---------------------------------+-----------------+ |
|
1..* V
+-------------+
| GeoLocation |
+-------------+
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) for the device
requesting available spectrum. When the request is made by a
Master Device on its own behalf, the descriptor is that of the
Master Device, and it is REQUIRED. When the request is made on
behalf of a Slave Device, the descriptor is that of the Slave
Device, and it is REQUIRED if the "requestType" parameter is not
specified. The deviceDesc parameter may be OPTIONAL for some
values of requestType.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
locations: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) list for the device is
REQUIRED. This allows the device to specify its actual location
plus additional anticipated locations. At least one location MUST
be included. This specification places no upper limit on the
number of locations, but the Database MAY restrict the number of
locations it supports by returning a response with fewer locations
than specified in the request. If the locations specify regions,
rather than points, the Database MAY return an error with the
UNIMPLEMENTED code (see Table 1), if it does not implement query
by region. When the request is made by a Master Device on its own
behalf, the locations are those of the Master Device. When the
request is made by the Master Device on behalf of a Slave Device,
the locations are those of the Slave Device (see also
masterDeviceLocation).
owner: The DeviceOwner (Section 5.5) information MAY be included to
register the device with the Database. This enables the device to
register and get spectrum-availability information in a single
request. Some rulesets mandate registration for specific device
types.
antenna: The AntennaCharacteristics (Section 5.3) is OPTIONAL.
capabilities: The Master Device MAY include its DeviceCapabilities
(Section 5.4) to limit the available-spectrum response to the
spectrum that is compatible with its capabilities. The Database
SHOULD NOT return spectrum that is not compatible with the
specified capabilities.
masterDeviceDesc: When the request is made by the Master Device on
behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MAY provide its own
descriptor.
masterDeviceLocation: When the request is made by the Master Device
on behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MUST provide its
own GeoLocation (Section 5.1).
requestType: The request type is an OPTIONAL parameter that may be
used to modify the request, but its use depends on the applicable
ruleset. The request type may be used, for example, to request
generic Slave Device parameters without having to specify the
device descriptor for a specific device. When the requestType
parameter is missing, the request is for a specific device (Master
or Slave), so deviceDesc is REQUIRED. The maximum length is 64
octets. See the ruleset specifics in the Initial Registry
Contents (Section 9.1.2) for the Ruleset ID Registry.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
other: Rulesets and database implementations may require additional
request parameters. The Database MUST ignore all parameters it
does not understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry
(Section 9.2) for possible additional parameters.
4.5.4. AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP
The response message for the batch Available Spectrum Query contains
a schedule of available spectrum for the device at multiple
locations.
+---------------------------------------+
|AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+
|timestamp:string | REQUIRED |
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|geoSpectrumSpecs:list | REQUIRED |-------+
|............................|..........| |
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL | |
|*other:any | OPTIONAL | |
+----------------------------+----------+ | 0..*
V
+---------------------------------+
|GeoSpectrumSpec |
+----------------------+----------+
|location:GeoLocation | REQUIRED |
|spectrumSpecs:list | REQUIRED |
+----------------------+----------+
Parameters:
timestamp: Timestamp of the response of the form,
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ, as defined by "Date and Time on the
Internet: Timestamps" [RFC3339]. This can be used by the device
as a reference for the start and stop times in the spectrum
schedules.
deviceDesc: The Database MUST include the DeviceDescriptor
(Section 5.2) specified in the AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ message.
geoSpectrumSpecs: The geoSpectrumSpecs (Section 5.15) list is
REQUIRED (although it MAY be empty if spectrum is unavailable).
For each location, the Database MAY return one or more
SpectrumSpecs (Section 5.9) to represent available spectrum for
one or more rulesets. The Database MAY return available spectrum
for fewer locations than requested. The order of the entries in
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
the list is not significant, and the device MUST use the location
value in each GeoSpectrumSpec entry to match available spectrum to
a location.
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the device of a change to the database
URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The device
needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
other: Database implementations MAY return additional parameters in
the response. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2)
for possible additional parameters and requirements they place on
the device.
See "Update Requirements" (Section 4.5.2.1) for when the device must
update its available spectrum data.
4.5.5. SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY
The spectrum-use notification message indicates the spectrum
anticipated to be used by the device.
+---------------------------------------------------+
|SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY |
+---------------------------------+-----------------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|location:GeoLocation | see description |
|masterDeviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor| OPTIONAL |
|masterDeviceLocation:GeoLocation | see description |
|spectra:list | REQUIRED |--+
|...................................................| |
|*other:any | OPTIONAL | |
+---------------------------------+-----------------+ | 0..*
V
+--------------------------------+
|Spectrum |
+---------------------+----------+
|resolutionBwHz:float | REQUIRED |
|profiles:list | REQUIRED |
+---------------------+----------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) for the device is
REQUIRED.
location: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) for the device. When the
notification is made by a Master Device on its own behalf, the
location is that of the Master Device and is REQUIRED. When the
notification is made by a Master Device on behalf of a Slave
Device, the location is that of the Slave Device and is OPTIONAL
but may be required by some rulesets.
spectra: The Spectrum (Section 5.11) list is REQUIRED and specifies
the spectrum anticipated to be used by the device; this includes
profiles of frequencies and power levels. The list MAY be empty,
if the device decides not to use any spectrum. For consistency,
the resolution bandwidth value, "resolutionBwHz", MUST match that
from one of the Spectrum (Section 5.11) elements in the
corresponding AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP message, and the maximum power
levels in the Spectrum element MUST be expressed as power (EIRP)
over the specified "resolutionBwHz" value. The actual bandwidth
to be used (as computed from the start and stop frequencies) MAY
be different from the "resolutionBwHz" value. As an example, when
the ruleset expresses maximum power spectral density in terms of
maximum power over any 100 kHz band, then the "resolutionBwHz"
value should be set to 100 kHz, even though the actual bandwidth
used can be 20 kHz.
masterDeviceDesc: When the notification is made by the Master Device
on behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MAY provide its own
descriptor.
masterDeviceLocation: When the notification is made by the Master
Device on behalf of a Slave Device, the Master Device MUST include
its own GeoLocation (Section 5.1).
other: Depending on the ruleset, other parameters may be required.
To simplify its logic, the device MAY include the union of all
parameters required by all supported rulesets. The Database MUST
ignore all parameters it does not understand.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
4.5.6. SPECTRUM_USE_RESP
The spectrum-use response message simply acknowledges receipt of the
notification.
+---------------------------------------+
|SPECTRUM_USE_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL |
|.......................................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the device of a change to the database
URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The device
needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
other: Database implementations MAY return additional parameters in
the response. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2)
for possible additional parameters.
4.6. Device Validation
A Slave Device needs a Master Device to ask the Database on its
behalf for available spectrum. Depending on the ruleset, the Master
Device also must validate with the Database that the Slave Device is
permitted to operate. When the ruleset allows a Master Device to
"cache" the available spectrum for a period of time, the Master
Device may use the simpler Device Validation component, instead of
the full Available Spectrum Query component, to validate a Slave
Device.
When validating one or more Slave Devices, the Master Device sends
the Database a request that includes the device identifier -- and any
other parameters required by the ruleset -- for each Slave Device.
The Database MUST return a response with an entry for each device to
indicate whether it is permitted to use the spectrum.
A typical sequence for using the Device Validation request is
illustrated in Figure 5, where the Master Device already has a valid
set of available spectrum for Slave Devices. Note that the
communication and protocol between the Slave Device and Master Device
are outside the scope of this document.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
o DEV_VALID_REQ (Section 4.6.1) is the device-validation request
message.
o DEV_VALID_RESP (Section 4.6.2) is the device-validation response
message.
+------------+ +---------------+ +-------------------+
|Slave Device| | Master Device | | Spectrum Database |
+------------+ +---------------+ +-------------------+
| | |
| AVAIL_SPEC_REQ | |
|................>| |
| | |
| | DEV_VALID_REQ |
| |-------------------------->|
| | |
| | DEV_VALID_RESP |
| |<--------------------------|
| AVAIL_SPEC_RESP | |
|<................| |
| | |
| (SPECTRUM_USE) | |
|................>| (SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY) |
| |-------------------------->|
| | |
| | (SPECTRUM_USE_RESP) |
| |<--------------------------|
Figure 5
4.6.1. DEV_VALID_REQ
This request is used by a Master Device to determine which Slave
Devices are permitted to operate.
+---------------------------------------------+
|DEV_VALID_REQ |
+----------------------------------+----------+
|deviceDescs:list | REQUIRED |---+
|masterDeviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | OPTIONAL | |
+----------------------------------+----------+ |
V 1..*
+----------------------+
|DeviceDescriptor |
+----------------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
deviceDescs: A DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) list is REQUIRED; it
specifies the list of Slave Devices that are to be validated.
masterDeviceDesc: The Master Device MAY provide its own descriptor.
4.6.2. DEV_VALID_RESP
+---------------------------------------+
|DEV_VALID_RESP |
+----------------------------+----------+
|deviceValidities:list | REQUIRED |----
|databaseChange:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL | |
+----------------------------+----------+ |
V 1..*
+---------------------------------------+
|DeviceValidity |
+----------------------------+----------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|isValid:boolean | REQUIRED |
|reason:string | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
deviceValidities: A DeviceValidities (Section 5.16) list is REQUIRED
to report the list of Slave Devices and whether each listed device
is valid. The number of entries MUST match the number of
DeviceDescriptors (Section 5.2) listed in the DEV_VALID_REQ
message.
databaseChange: The Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7) to notify the device of a change to the database
URI, providing one or more alternate database URIs. The device
needs to update its preconfigured entry for the responding
Database with the alternate Databases listed in the DbUpdateSpec.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5. Protocol Parameters
This section presents more details of the parameters that make up the
PAWS request and response messages. It also includes a subsection
that defines response codes.
5.1. GeoLocation
GeoLocation is used to specify one of the following:
o a single point with optional uncertainty
o a region described by a polygon
These are represented using geometric shapes defined in Section 5 of
"GEOPRIV Presence Information Data Format Location Object" [RFC5491],
where:
o A "point" with uncertainty is represented using the Ellipse shape.
o A region is represented using the Polygon shape.
The coordinates are expressed using the WGS84 datum [WGS-84], and
units are degrees or meters. GeoLocation MAY also include a
confidence level, expressed as a percentage. The confidence and
uncertainty parameters may be required by some rulesets (see also
[RFC7459]).
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 34]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
The data model for GeoLocation is illustrated below:
+------------------------------------+
|GeoLocation |
+------------------+-----------------+
|point:Ellipse | see description |
|region:Polygon | see description |
|confidence:int | OPTIONAL |
+------------------+-----------------+
Note: Point and region are mutually exclusive. Exactly one must
be present.
+-------------------------------+
|Ellipse |
+--------------------+----------+
|center:Point | REQUIRED |--+
|semiMajorAxis:float | OPTIONAL | |
|semiMinorAxis:float | OPTIONAL | |
|orientation:float | OPTIONAL | |
+--------------------+----------+ v
+---------------------------+
|Point |
+----------------+----------+
|latitude:float | REQUIRED |
|longitude:float | REQUIRED |
+----------------+----------+
+-------------------------------+
|Polygon |
+-------------------+-----------+ 4..* +---------------------------+
|exterior:list | REQUIRED |------>|Point |
+-------------------+-----------+ +----------------+----------+
|latitude:float | REQUIRED |
|longitude:float | REQUIRED |
+----------------+----------+
Parameters:
point: If present, it specifies the GeoLocation as a point.
Paradoxically, a "point" is parameterized using an Ellipse, where
the center represents the location of the point and the distances
along the major and minor axes represent the uncertainty. The
uncertainty values may be required, depending on the ruleset.
Exactly one of "point" or "region" MUST be present.
region: If present, it specifies the GeoLocation as a region.
Exactly one of "point" or "region" MUST be present.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
center: The center refers to the location of a GeoLocation point and
is represented as the center of an ellipse.
latitude, longitude: Floating-point numbers that express the
latitude and longitude in degrees using the WGS84 datum [WGS-84].
semiMajorAxis, semiMinorAxis: This OPTIONAL parameter expresses the
location uncertainty, in meters. It is parameterized using
distances along the major and minor axes of the ellipse. The
default value for each parameter is 0.
orientation: This defines the orientation of the ellipse, expressed
as the rotation, in degrees, of the semi-major axis from North
towards the East. For example, when the uncertainty is greatest
along the North-South direction, orientation is 0 degrees;
conversely, if the uncertainty is greatest along the East-West
direction, orientation is 90 degrees. When orientation is not
present, the default value is 0.
exterior: When GeoLocation describes a region, the "exterior"
parameter refers to a list of latitude and longitude points that
represents the vertices of a polygon. The first and last points
MUST be the same. Thus, a minimum of 4 points is required. The
following polygon restrictions from [RFC5491] apply:
* A connecting line SHALL NOT cross another connecting line of
the same polygon.
* The vertices MUST be defined in a counter-clockwise direction,
looking at them from above.
* The edges of a polygon are defined by the shortest path between
two points in space (not a geodesic curve). Consequently, the
length between two adjacent vertices SHOULD be restricted to a
maximum of 130 km.
* Polygon shapes SHOULD be restricted to a maximum of 15 vertices
(16 points that includes the repeated vertex).
Additionally, all vertices are assumed to be at the same altitude.
confidence: The location confidence level, as a percentage, MAY be
provided. When this parameter is not provided, the default value
is 95. Valid values range from 0 to 100, but, in practice, 100%
confidence is not achievable. The confidence value is meaningful
only when GeoLocation refers to a point with uncertainty.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 36]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.2. DeviceDescriptor
The device descriptor contains parameters that identify the specific
device, such as its manufacturer serial number, manufacturer's ID,
and any other device characteristics required by ruleset.
+--------------------------------+
|DeviceDescriptor |
+---------------------+----------+
|serialNumber:string | OPTIONAL |
|manufacturerId:string| OPTIONAL |
|modelId:string | OPTIONAL | 1..*
|rulesetIds:list | OPTIONAL |------>string
|.....................|..........|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+---------------------+----------+
Parameters:
serialNumber: The manufacturer's device serial number is OPTIONAL,
although rulesets typically require it. Its maximum length is 64
octets.
manufacturerId: The manufacturer's ID is OPTIONAL but may be
required by some rulesets. This represents the name of the device
manufacturer, and therefore ought to be consistent across all
devices from the same manufacturer and distinct from that of other
manufacturers. Its maximum length is 64 octets.
modelId: The device's model ID is OPTIONAL but may be required by
some rulesets. Its maximum length is 64 octets.
rulesetIds: The list of identifiers for rulesets supported by the
device (see Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1)). A Database MAY
require that the device provides this list before servicing the
device requests. If the Database supports none of the rulesets
specified in the list, the Database MAY refuse to service the
device requests. See RulesetInfo (Section 5.6) for discussion on
ruleset identifiers. If present, the list MUST contain at least
one entry.
other: Depending on the ruleset, other parameters may be required.
The Database MUST ignore all parameters in the message it does not
understand. See PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2) for
additional valid parameters and for the process for extending the
message with more parameters. Additionally, see PAWS Ruleset ID
Registry (Section 9.1) for the valid set of parameters for each
ruleset.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 37]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.3. AntennaCharacteristics
Antenna characteristics provide additional information, such as the
antenna height, antenna type, etc. Whether antenna characteristics
must be provided in a request depends on the device type and ruleset.
Additionally, a parameter marked as optional may be required by some
rulesets.
+------------------------------------+
|AntennaCharacteristics |
+-------------------------+----------+
|height:float | OPTIONAL |
|heightType:enum | OPTIONAL |
|heightUncertainty:float | OPTIONAL |
|.........................|..........|
|*characteristics: | OPTIONAL |
| various | |
+-------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
height: The antenna height in meters. Note that the height may be
negative.
heightType: Valid values are:
AGL - Above Ground Level (default)
AMSL - Above Mean Sea Level
heightUncertainty: The height uncertainty in meters.
NOTE: Depending on the ruleset, additional antenna characteristics
may be required, such as:
o antenna direction
o antenna radiation pattern
o antenna gain
o antenna polarization
These are not defined by the base protocol but may be added to the
PAWS Parameters Registry, as needed.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 38]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.4. DeviceCapabilities
Device capabilities provide additional information that may be used
by the device to provide additional information to the Database that
can help it to determine available spectrum. If the Database does
not support device capabilities, it MUST ignore the parameter
altogether.
+-------------------------------+
|DeviceCapabilities |
+---------------------+---------+
|frequencyRanges:list |OPTIONAL |--+
|.....................|.........| |
|*other:any |OPTIONAL | |
+---------------------+---------+ | 0..*
V
+--------------------------------+
|FrequencyRange |
+----------------------+---------+
|startHz:float |REQUIRED |
|stopHz:float |REQUIRED |
+----------------------+---------+
Parameters:
frequencyRanges: Optional FrequencyRange (Section 5.13) list. Each
FrequencyRange element contains start and stop frequencies in
which the device can operate. When specified, the Database SHOULD
NOT return available spectrum that falls outside these ranges.
other Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2) for
possible additional parameters. The Database MUST ignore all
parameters it does not understand.
5.5. DeviceOwner
DeviceOwner contains information on device ownership that is provided
as part of device registration. Some rulesets may require additional
parameters.
+-----------------------------+
|DeviceOwner |
+------------------+----------+
|owner:vcard | REQUIRED |
|operator:vcard | OPTIONAL |
+------------------+----------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 39]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
owner: The vCard contact information for the individual or business
that owns the device is REQUIRED.
operator: The vCard contact information for the device operator is
OPTIONAL but may be required by specific rulesets.
See PAWS Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1) for ruleset-specific
requirements on mandatory vCard properties. Depending on the
ruleset, the Database may be required to validate the device-owner
information. In these cases, the Database MUST respond with an
INVALID_VALUE error (see "Error Codes" (Section 5.17)) if validation
fails.
All contact information MUST be expressed using the structure defined
by the "vCard Format Specification" [RFC6350], encoded in JSON
[RFC7095]. Note that the vCard specification defines maximum lengths
for each parameter.
5.6. RulesetInfo
RulesetInfo contains parameters for the ruleset of a regulatory
domain that is communicated using the Initialization (Section 4.3),
Device Registration (Section 4.4), and Available Spectrum Query
(Section 4.5) components.
+------------------------------------------+
|RulesetInfo |
+------------------------------------------+
|authority:string | REQUIRED |
|rulesetId:string | REQUIRED |
|maxLocationChange:float | see description |
|maxPollingSecs:int | see description |
|..........................................|
|*other:any | OPTIONAL |
+------------------------+-----------------+
Parameters:
authority: A string that indicates the regulatory domain to which
the ruleset applies is REQUIRED. It will normally be a 2-letter
country code defined by Country Codes - ISO 3166 [ISO3166-1].
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 40]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
rulesetId: The ID of a ruleset for the specified authority (see
Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1)). The device can use this to
determine additional device behavior required by the associated
ruleset. To define new ruleset IDs, see "Defining Ruleset
Identifiers" (Section 8.1).
maxLocationChange: The maximum location change in meters is REQUIRED
for the Initialization Response (Section 4.3.2), but OPTIONAL
otherwise. Some regulatory domains mandate that, when the device
changes location by more than this specified distance, it contact
the Database to get the available spectrum for the new location.
If this value is provided by the Database within the context of an
Available Spectrum Response (Section 4.5.2), it takes precedence
over the value within the Initialization Response (Section 4.3.2).
maxPollingSecs: The maximum duration, in seconds, between requests
for available spectrum is REQUIRED for the Initialization Response
(Section 4.3.2), but OPTIONAL otherwise. The device MUST contact
the Database to get available spectrum no less frequently than
this duration. If this value is provided within the context of an
Available Spectrum Response (Section 4.5.2), it takes precedence
over the value within the Initialization Response (Section 4.3.2).
other: Depending on the ruleset, other parameters may be required.
The device MUST ignore all parameters in the message it does not
understand. Consult the PAWS Parameters Registry (Section 9.2)
for possible additional parameters.
5.7. DbUpdateSpec
This element is provided by the Database to notify devices of an
upcoming change to the database URI.
+-------------------------------+
|DbUpdateSpec |
+---------------------+---------+ +--------------------------+
|databases:list |REQUIRED |------>|DatabaseSpec |
+---------------------+---------+ 1..* +---------------+----------+
|name:string | REQUIRED |
|uri:string | REQUIRED |
+---------------+----------+
Parameters:
databases: List of one or more DatabaseSpec (Section 5.8) entries.
A device needs to update its preconfigured entry for the
responding Database with the alternate Databases listed in the
DbUpdateSpec.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 41]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.8. DatabaseSpec
This element contains the name and URI of a Database.
+--------------------------+
|DatabaseSpec |
+---------------+----------+
|name:string | REQUIRED |
|uri:string | REQUIRED |
+---------------+----------+
Parameters:
name: The display name. Its maximum length is 64 octets.
uri: The corresponding URI of the Database. Its maximum length is
1024 octets.
5.9. SpectrumSpec
The SpectrumSpec element encapsulates the schedule of available
spectrum for a ruleset.
+---------------------------------------+
|SpectrumSpec |
+----------------------------+----------+
|rulesetInfo:RulesetInfo | REQUIRED |
|spectrumSchedules:list | REQUIRED |-----+
|timeRange:EventTime | OPTIONAL | |
|frequencyRanges:list | OPTIONAL | |
|needsSpectrumReport:boolean | OPTIONAL | |
|maxTotalBwHz:float | OPTIONAL | |
|maxContiguousBwHz:float | OPTIONAL | |
+----------------------------+----------+ |
| 1..*
V
+-------------------------------+
|SpectrumSchedule |
+--------------------+----------+
|eventTime:EventTime | REQUIRED |
|spectra:list | REQUIRED |
+--------------------+----------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 42]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
rulesetInfo: RulesetInfo (Section 5.6) is REQUIRED to identify the
regulatory domain and ruleset to which the spectrum schedule
applies (see Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1)). The device needs
to use the corresponding ruleset to interpret the response.
Values provided within rulesetInfo, such as maxLocationChange,
take precedence over the values provided by the Initialization
Procedure (Section 4.3).
spectrumSchedules: The SpectrumSchedule (Section 5.10) list is
REQUIRED. At least one schedule MUST be included. More than one
schedule MAY be included to represent future changes to the
available spectrum. How far in advance a schedule may be provided
depends on the ruleset. If more than one schedule is included,
the eventTime intervals MUST be disjoint and MUST be sorted in
increasing time. A gap in the time schedule indicates no
available spectrum during that time-interval gap.
timeRange: The time range for which the specification is
comprehensive is OPTIONAL. When specified, any gaps in time
intervals within the spectrumSchedules element that overlap with
the range specified by "timeRange" are interpreted by the device
as time intervals in which there is no available spectrum.
frequencyRanges: Specifying the frequency ranges for which the
specification is comprehensive is OPTIONAL. It is a list of
disjoint FrequencyRange (Section 5.13) entries. When specified,
it typically corresponds to the frequency ranges governed by the
ruleset, e.g., for TV white space, the frequency ranges can
correspond to the VHF and UHF bands of the associated regulatory
domain. A device can combine this information with the available-
spectrum specification within the spectrumSchedules element to
distinguish between "unavailable spectrum" and "spectrum for which
no information has been provided".
needsSpectrumReport: The Database MAY return true for this parameter
if spectrumSchedules list is non-empty; otherwise, the Database
MAY omit this parameter altogether, in which case, the default
value is false. If this parameter is present and its value is
true, the device sends a SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY (Section 4.5.5)
message to the Database; otherwise, the device SHOULD NOT send the
SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY message. Some rulesets mandate this value be
set to true.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 43]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
maxTotalBwHz: The Database MAY return a constraint on the maximum
total bandwidth (in hertz) allowed, which may or may not be
contiguous. Some rulesets mandate the Database to return this
parameter. When present in the response, the device needs to
apply this constraint to its spectrum-selection logic to ensure
total bandwidth does not exceed this value.
maxContiguousBwHz: The Database MAY return a constraint on the
maximum contiguous bandwidth (in hertz) allowed. Some rulesets
mandate the Database to return this parameter. When present in
the response, the device needs to apply this constraint to its
spectrum-selection logic to ensure no single block of spectrum has
bandwidth that exceeds this value.
5.10. SpectrumSchedule
The SpectrumSchedule element combines EventTime (Section 5.14) with
Spectrum (Section 5.11) to define a time period in which the spectrum
is valid.
+-------------------------------+
|SpectrumSchedule |
+--------------------+----------+
|eventTime:EventTime | REQUIRED | +--------------------+
|spectra:list | REQUIRED |------->|Spectrum |
+--------------------+----------+ 0..* +--------------------+
|resolutionBwHz:float|
|profiles:list |
+--------------------+
Parameters:
eventTime: The EventTime (Section 5.14) is REQUIRED to express
"when" this specification is valid.
spectra: The Spectrum (Section 5.11) list is REQUIRED to specify the
available spectrum and permissible power levels, one per
resolutionBwHz. The list MAY be empty when there is no available
spectrum.
5.11. Spectrum
Available spectrum can be characterized by an ordered list of
spectrum profiles that defines permissible power levels over a set of
frequency ranges. Each Spectrum element defines permissible power
levels as maximum power spectral densities over a specified
resolution bandwidth, "resolutionBwHz". Note that the spectrum
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 44]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
profiles represent the "availability mask", as defined by the
governing ruleset; they are not intended to encode device-level
transmission-mask requirements.
NOTE: Within the contexts of the AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP (Section 4.5.2),
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP (Section 4.5.4), and SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY
(Section 4.5.5) messages, the power levels expressed within the
Spectrum messages refer to EIRP. Future extensions of PAWS may use
Spectrum in other contexts for other definitions of power levels.
o To support a ruleset that defines different "wide-band" and
"narrow-band" power levels, PAWS allows multiple Spectrum elements
to be included in the available-spectrum response, each with a
different resolution bandwidth.
o When multiple Spectrum elements are included in the response, each
represents a constraint that the device must satisfy (logical
AND).
o Each Spectrum element covers the range of frequencies governed by
a ruleset, rather than splitting the frequencies across multiple
Spectrum elements for the same resolution bandwidth.
o Each spectrum profile represents the maximum permissible power
spectral density over a contiguous range of frequencies.
o When multiple spectrum profiles are included, they MUST be
disjoint and MUST be ordered in non-decreasing frequency value.
o Gaps in frequencies between consecutive spectrum profiles
represent unavailability for those frequencies.
The following figure illustrates the Spectrum element and the
SpectrumProfile list.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 45]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+-------------------------------+
|Spectrum |
+---------------------+---------+
|resolutionBwHz:float |REQUIRED |
|profiles:list |REQUIRED |---+
+---------------------+---------+ | 0..*
V
+-----------------------------+
|SpectrumProfile |
+-------------------+---------+
|list |REQUIRED |
+-------------------+---------+
|
V 2..*
+--------------------------+
|SpectrumProfilePoint |
+----------------+---------+
|hz:float |REQUIRED |
|dbm:float |REQUIRED |
+----------------+---------+
Parameters:
resolutionBwHz: This parameter defines the resolution bandwidth (in
hertz) over which permissible power spectral density is defined.
For example, FCC regulation would require one spectrum
specification at a bandwidth of 6 MHz, and ETSI regulation would
require two specifications, at 0.1 MHz and 8 MHz.
profiles: A SpectrumProfile (Section 5.12) list specifies
permissible power levels over a set of frequency ranges. The list
MAY be empty if there is no available spectrum.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 46]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
The following example shows permitted power spectral densities for a
single resolution bandwidth of 6 MHz (for illustrative purposes
only):
[
{
"resolutionBwHz": 6e6,
"profiles": [
[
{"hz": 5.18e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.30e8, "dbm": 30.0}
],
...
]
}
]
This is interpreted as:
o Over any 6 MHz within the frequency range [518 MHz, 530 MHz),
maximum permitted power is 30.0 dBm (1000 mW)
Consider now an example with two different sets of permitted power
spectral densities for the same set of frequencies over different
resolution bandwidths (for illustrative purposes only):
[
{
"resolutionBwHz": 6e6,
"profiles": [
[
{"hz": 5.18e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.30e8, "dbm": 30.0}
],
...
]
},
{
"resolutionBwHz": 1e5,
"profiles": [
[
{"hz": 5.18e8, "dbm": 27.0},
{"hz": 5.30e8, "dbm": 27.0}
],
...
]
}
]
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 47]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
This is interpreted as:
o Over any 6 MHz within the frequency range [518 MHz, 530 MHz),
maximum permitted power is 30.0 dBm (1000 mW), and
o Over any 100 kHz within the frequency range [518 MHz, 530 MHz),
maximum permitted power is 27.0 dBm (500 mW)
This would allow, for example, operating two 100 kHz sub-channels
within the indicated 12 MHz range at 500 mW each, totaling 1000 mW.
Of course, many combinations are possible, as long as they satisfy
both conditions.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 48]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
The following example encodes multiple (two) spectrum profiles, each
having a gap from 530 MHz to 536 MHz (for illustrative purposes
only):
[
{
"resolutionBwHz": 6e6,
"profiles": [
[
{"hz": 5.18e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.24e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.24e8, "dbm": 36.0},
{"hz": 5.30e8, "dbm": 36.0}
],
[
{"hz": 5.36e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.42e8, "dbm": 30.0}
],
...
]
},
{
"resolutionBwHz": 1e5,
"profiles": [
[
{"hz": 5.18e8, "dbm": 27.0},
{"hz": 5.24e8, "dbm": 27.0},
{"hz": 5.24e8, "dbm": 30.0},
{"hz": 5.30e8, "dbm": 30.0}
],
[
{"hz": 5.36e8, "dbm": 27.0},
{"hz": 5.42e8, "dbm": 27.0}
],
...
]
}
]
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 49]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.12. SpectrumProfile
A spectrum profile is characterized by an ordered list of (frequency,
power) points that represents the shape of maximum permissible power
levels over a range of frequencies as a piecewise linear curve.
o It MUST contain a minimum of two entries.
o The entries in the list MUST be ordered in non-decreasing
frequency values.
o Two consecutive points MAY have the same frequency value to
represent a "step function".
o Three or more points MUST NOT share the same frequency value.
o The first frequency is inclusive; the last frequency is exclusive.
NOTE: This encoding allows presentation of "ramps" where the slope of
a line segment may be finite and non-zero.
The following figure illustrates the SpectrumProfile element.
+-------------------------------+
|SpectrumProfile |
+---------------------+---------+
|list |REQUIRED |---+
+---------------------+---------+ | 2..*
V
+--------------------------+
|SpectrumProfilePoint |
+----------------+---------+
|hz:float |REQUIRED |
|dbm:float |REQUIRED |
+----------------+---------+
Parameters of each point in the profile:
hz: The frequency, in hertz, at which the power level is defined.
dbm: The power level, expressed as dBm per resolution bandwidth, as
defined by the resolutionBwHz element of the enclosing Spectrum
(Section 5.11) element.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 50]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.13. FrequencyRange
FrequencyRange specifies a frequency range.
+--------------------------------+
|FrequencyRange |
+----------------------+---------+
|startHz:float |REQUIRED |
|stopHz:float |REQUIRED |
+----------------------+---------+
Parameters:
startHz: The inclusive start of the frequency range (in hertz) is
REQUIRED.
stopHz: The exclusive end of the frequency range (in hertz) is
REQUIRED.
5.14. EventTime
The EventTime element specifies the start and stop times of an
"event". This is used to indicate the time period for which a
Spectrum (Section 5.11) is valid.
+---------------------------+
|EventTime |
+-----------------+---------+
|startTime:string |REQUIRED |
|stopTime:string |REQUIRED |
+-----------------+---------+
Parameters:
startTime: The inclusive start of the event is REQUIRED.
stopTime: The exclusive end of the event is REQUIRED.
Both times are expressed using the format, YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ, as
defined by "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps" [RFC3339].
The times MUST be expressed using UTC.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 51]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
A device that does not have access to the current date and time MUST
use the timestamp at the top level of the response message as a
substitute for the current time (see "Available Spectrum Response"
(Section 4.5.2) and "Available Spectrum Batch Response"
(Section 4.5.4)). For example,
o (startTime - timestamp) gives the duration that a device must wait
before the event becomes "active". If the value is zero or
negative, the event is already active.
o If the event is already active, (stopTime - timestamp) is the
duration that the event remains active. If the value is zero or
negative, the event is no longer active and MUST be ignored.
5.15. GeoSpectrumSpec
The GeoSpectrumSpec element encapsulates the available spectrum for a
location. It is returned within an AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP
(Section 4.5.4) batch response that contains multiple GeoSpectrumSpec
entries, each matching a location provided in the batch request.
+----------------------------------+
|GeoSpectrumSpec |
+-----------------------+----------+
|location:GeoLocation | REQUIRED |
|spectrumSpecs:list | REQUIRED |-------+
+-----------------------+----------+ |
| 1..*
V
+--------------+
| SpectrumSpec |
+--------------+
Parameters:
location: The GeoLocation (Section 5.1) identifies the location at
which the spectrum schedule applies.
spectrumSpecs: The SpectrumSpec (Section 5.9) list is REQUIRED. At
least one entry MUST be included. Each entry represents schedules
of available spectrum for a ruleset. More than one entry MAY be
included to support multiple rulesets at a location.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 52]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
5.16. DeviceValidity
The DeviceValidity element is used to indicate whether a device is
valid. See Section 4.6.2.
+---------------------------------------+
|DeviceValidity |
+----------------------------+----------+
|deviceDesc:DeviceDescriptor | REQUIRED |
|isValid:boolean | REQUIRED |
|reason:string | OPTIONAL |
+----------------------------+----------+
Parameters:
deviceDesc: The DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) that was used to
check for validity is REQUIRED.
isValid: This is a REQUIRED boolean value that indicates whether the
device is valid.
reason: If the device identifier is not valid, the Database MAY
include a reason. The reason MAY be in any language. Its maximum
length is 128 octets.
5.17. Error Element
If the Database responds to a PAWS request message with an error, it
MUST include an Error element.
+----------------------------------+
|Error |
+----------------+-----------------+
|code:int | REQUIRED |
|message:string | OPTIONAL |
|data:any | see description |
+----------------+-----------------+
Parameters:
code: An integer code that indicates the error type is REQUIRED.
Values MUST be within the range -32768 to 32767, inclusive.
message: A description of the error is OPTIONAL. It MAY be in any
language. Its maximum length is 128 octets.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 53]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
data: The Database MAY include additional data. For some errors,
additional data may be required (see Table 1). The device MUST
ignore any data parameters it does not understand.
The following table lists predefined and reserved error codes. They
are loosely grouped into the following categories:
-100s: Indicates compatibility issues, e.g., version mismatch,
unsupported or unimplemented features.
-200s: Indicates that the device request contains an error that
needs to be modified before making another request.
-300s: Indicates authorization-related issues.
Values that are not defined explicitly in the Error Codes
Table (Table 1) below are unassigned. To define new error codes, see
PAWS Error Code Registry (Section 9.3).
Code Name Description and Additional Parameters
------ ---------------- ---------------------------------------------
0 (reserved)
-100 (reserved)
-101 VERSION The Database does not support the specified
version of the message. This error does not
use any additional data.
-102 UNSUPPORTED The Database does not support the device.
For example, it supports none of the rulesets
specified in the request or does not support
the device, based on its device type, model,
etc. This error does not use any additional
data.
-103 UNIMPLEMENTED The Database does not implement the optional
request or optional feature. This error does
not use any additional data.
-104 OUTSIDE_COVERAGE The specified geolocation is outside the
coverage area of the Database. The Database
MAY include a DbUpdateSpec (Section 5.7) to
provide a list of alternate Databases that
might be appropriate for the requested
location. See OUTSIDE_COVERAGE Error
(Section 5.17.1) for more details.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 54]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
-105 DATABASE_CHANGE The Database has changed its URI. The
Database MAY include a DbUpdateSpec (Section
5.7) in the error response to provide devices
with one or more alternate database URIs.
The device needs to update its preconfigured
entry for the responding Database with the
alternate Databases listed in the
DbUpdateSpec. See DATABASE_CHANGE Error
(Section 5.17.2) for more details.
-200 (reserved)
-201 MISSING A required parameter is missing. The
Database MUST include a list of the required
parameter names. The Database MAY include
only names of parameters that are missing,
but MAY include a full list. Including the
full list of missing parameters may reduce
the number of re-queries from the device.
See MISSING Error (Section 5.17.3) for more
details.
-202 INVALID_VALUE A parameter value is invalid in some way.
The Database SHOULD include a message
indicating which parameter and why its value
is invalid. This error does not use any
additional data.
-300 (reserved)
-301 UNAUTHORIZED The device is not authorized to used the
Database. Authorization may be determined
by the ruleset or be dependent on prior
arrangement between the device and Database.
This error does not use any additional data.
-302 NOT_REGISTERED Device registration required, but the device
is not registered. This error does not use
any additional data.
-32000 (reserved) Reserved for JSON-RPC error codes.
to
-32768
Table 1: Error Codes
5.17.1. OUTSIDE_COVERAGE Error
When the error code is OUTSIDE_COVERAGE, the Database MAY include an
ErrorData element within its Error response as the "data" parameter,
and, if present, the ErrorData contains a DbUpdateSpec (Section 5.7)
element that provides a list of alternate Databases that might be
appropriate for the requested location.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 55]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+---------------------------+
|Error |
+----------------+----------+
|code:int | REQUIRED |
|message:string | OPTIONAL | +-----------------------------+
|data:ErrorData | OPTIONAL |--->|ErrorData |
+----------------+----------+ +------------------+----------+
|spec:DbUpdateSpec | OPTIONAL |
+------------------+----------+
5.17.2. DATABASE_CHANGE Error
When the error code is DATABASE_CHANGE, the Database MAY include an
ErrorData element within its Error response as the "data" parameter,
and, if present, the ErrorData contains a DbUpdateSpec (Section 5.7)
element that provides a list of alternate Databases.
+---------------------------+
|Error |
+----------------+----------+
|code:int | REQUIRED |
|message:string | OPTIONAL | +-----------------------------+
|data:ErrorData | OPTIONAL |--->|ErrorData |
+----------------+----------+ +------------------+----------+
|spec:DbUpdateSpec | REQUIRED |
+------------------+----------+
5.17.3. MISSING Error
When the error code is MISSING, the Database MUST include an
ErrorData element within its Error response as the "data" parameter,
and the ErrorData element MUST include a list of the missing required
parameters and MAY include the list of all required parameters.
+---------------------------+
|Error |
+----------------+----------+
|code:int | REQUIRED |
|message:string | OPTIONAL | +---------------------------+
|data:ErrorData | REQUIRED |--->|ErrorData |
+----------------+----------+ +----------------+----------+ 1..*
|parameters:list | REQUIRED |--+
+----------------+----------+ |
v
string
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 56]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Parameters:
parameters: List of one or more parameter names (strings). The name
of a parameter is expressed using dotted notation, when
appropriate, e.g., "deviceDesc.serialNumber".
6. Message Encoding
PAWS is encoded using JSON-RPC [JSON-RPC] (see also "The JavaScript
Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format" [RFC7159]). Each
component described in Protocol Functionalities (Section 4)
corresponds to one or more JSON-RPC methods. This section discusses
how to encode the data models presented in Sections 4 and 5 into JSON
and provides some example encodings. The JSON examples may contain
ellipses (...) to represent additional properties or elements that
have been omitted in order to make the examples more concise.
6.1. JSON-RPC Binding
The JSON-RPC [JSON-RPC] protocol consists of two basic objects,
Request and Response:
o The JSON-RPC Request object encapsulates a PAWS functionality
(operation) and the request message.
o The JSON-RPC Response object encapsulates a PAWS response message
and an Error element.
The Database and device MUST support JSON-RPC 2.0 encoding, with the
restriction that the "id" parameter in the messages MUST be a string.
The device should generate the "id" uniquely enough to allow the use
of JSON-RPC batch.
The JSON-RPC Request for PAWS has the following form:
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "spectrum.paws.methodName",
"params": <PAWS_REQ>,
"id": "idString"
}
where "method" is the name of a PAWS functionality (operation), and
<PAWS_REQ> represents one of the PAWS request messages associated
with the method (see Sections 4.3 through 4.6). Method names are
defined with the prefix "spectrum.paws.".
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 57]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
The non-error JSON-RPC Response for PAWS has the following form:
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": <PAWS_RESP>,
"id": "idString"
}
where <PAWS_RESP> represents one of the PAWS response messages
associated with the method, and "id" is copied from the request.
The error JSON-RPC Response for PAWS has the following form:
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"error": {
"code": -102,
"message": "An appropriate error message.",
"data": { ... }
},
"id": "idString"
}
where the "error" object corresponds to the Error Element
(Section 5.17), and "code" is an error code described in the same
section. The Database SHOULD attempt to use the most specific
applicable PAWS error code. When an accurate one is not available,
it SHOULD fall back to standard JSON-RPC error codes as defined in
the JSON-RPC specification. For example, if the Database receives
invalid JSON from the device, it should respond with "-32700",
signifying a parse error. As a last resort, the Database MAY send a
suitable HTTP 5xx response.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 58]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
6.1.1. Method Names
Table 2 defines the method name, request object, and response object
for each functionality defined in Protocol Functionalities
(Section 4).
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Method Name |
| Request |
| Response |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| spectrum.paws.init |
| INIT_REQ (Section 4.3.1) |
| INIT_RESP (Section 4.3.2) |
| |
| spectrum.paws.register |
| REGISTRATION_REQ (Section 4.4.1) |
| REGISTRATION_RESP (Section 4.4.2) |
| |
| spectrum.paws.getSpectrum |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ (Section 4.5.1) |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP (Section 4.5.2) |
| |
| spectrum.paws.getSpectrumBatch |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_REQ (Section 4.5.3) |
| AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP (Section 4.5.4) |
| |
| spectrum.paws.notifySpectrumUse |
| SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY (Section 4.5.5) |
| SPECTRUM_USE_RESP (Section 4.5.6) |
| |
| spectrum.paws.verifyDevice |
| DEV_VALID_REQ (Section 4.6.1) |
| DEV_VALID_RESP (Section 4.6.2) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Table 2: Method Names
6.1.2. JSON Encoding of Data Models
JSON [RFC7159] encoding of the data models described in Sections 4
and 5 is straightforward:
o Each data model describes the contents of a JSON object.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 59]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
o Each parameter of a data model corresponds to a member of the
corresponding JSON object:
* The parameter name of the data model is the same as the member
name of the JSON object.
* The parameter data type describes the type of the member value.
o Primitive types map to JSON type, as described in Section 4 and
repeated here:
string: A JSON string, restricted to UTF-8 encoding
int: A JSON number, without a fractional or exponent part
float: A JSON number
boolean: One of the JSON values, true or false
o The list type maps to a JSON array, except that all values in the
array are of the same type.
o When the parameter data type refers to another data model, that
data model describes a nested JSON object.
o The encoded JSON object for each of the Request and Response
message listed in the Method Names Table (Table 2) also includes
the following members:
type: The name of the message, e.g., "INIT_REQ"
version: The PAWS version, e.g., "1.0"
See the following sections for examples.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 60]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
6.2. Example Encoding: spectrum.paws.init Method
An example of the "spectrum.paws.init" JSON-RPC request is shown
below.
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "spectrum.paws.init",
"params": {
"type": "INIT_REQ",
"version": "1.0",
"deviceDesc": {
"serialNumber": "XXX",
"fccId": "YYY",
"rulesetIds": ["FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010"]
},
"location": {
"point": {
"center": {"latitude": 37.0, "longitude": -101.3}
}
}
},
"id": "xxxxxx"
}
An example of the corresponding JSON-RPC response is shown below.
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"type": "INIT_RESP",
"version": "1.0",
"rulesetInfos": [
{
"authority": "us",
"rulesetId": "FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010",
"maxLocationChange": 100,
"maxPollingSecs": 86400
}
]
},
"id": "xxxxxx"
}
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 61]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
6.3. Example Encoding: spectrum.paws.getSpectrum Method
An example of the "spectrum.paws.getSpectrum" JSON-RPC request is
shown below:
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "spectrum.paws.getSpectrum",
"params": {
"type": "AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ",
"version": "1.0",
"deviceDesc": {
"serialNumber": "XXX",
"fccId": "YYY",
"rulesetIds": ["FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010"]
},
"location": {
"point": {
"center": {"latitude": 37.0, "longitude": -101.3}
}
},
"antenna": {"height": 10.2, "heightType": "AGL"}
},
"id": "xxxxxx"
}
The following example "spectrum.paws.getSpectrum" JSON-RPC response
contains:
o A schedule with two time ranges
o A spectrum profile for one resolution bandwidth (6 MHz)
o The power levels for two frequency segments:
* From 518 MHz to 542 MHz
* From 620 MHz to 626 MHz
o In practice, each "profiles" list contains (frequency, power)
points to cover all frequencies governed by the associated
ruleset. See "Spectrum" (Section 5.11) for a more detailed
discussion on the representation.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 62]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"type": "AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP",
"version": "1.0",
"timestamp": "2013-03-02T14:30:21Z",
"deviceDesc": {
"serialNumber": "XXX",
"fccId": "YYY",
"rulesetIds": ["FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010"]
},
"spectrumSpecs": [
{
"rulesetInfo": {
"authority": "us",
"rulesetId": "FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010"
},
"needsSpectrumReport": false,
"spectrumSchedules": [
{
"eventTime": {
"startTime": "2013-03-02T14:30:21Z",
"stopTime": "2013-03-02T20:00:00Z"
},
"spectra": [
{
"resolutionBwHz": 6e6,
"profiles": [
...
[
{"hz":5.18e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":36.0},
{"hz":5.42e8, "dbm":36.0}
],
[
{"hz":6.20e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":6.26e8, "dbm":30.0}
],
...
]
}
]
},
{
"eventTime": {
"startTime": "2013-03-02T22:00:00Z",
"stopTime": "2013-03-03T14:30:21Z"
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 63]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
},
"spectra": [
...
]
}
]
}
]
},
"id": "xxxxxx"
}
The following example "spectrum.paws.getSpectrum" JSON-RPC response
includes a spectrum profile that contains specifications for two
different bandwidth resolutions (6 MHz and 100 kHz):
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"type": "AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP",
"version": "1.0",
"timestamp": "2013-03-02T14:30:21Z",
"deviceDesc": {
"serialNumber": "XXX",
...
},
"spectrumSpecs": [
{
"rulesetInfo": {
"authority": "xx",
...
},
"needsSpectrumReport": false,
"spectrumSchedules": [
{
"eventTime": {
"startTime": "2013-03-02T14:30:21Z",
"stopTime": "2013-03-02T20:00:00Z"
},
"spectra": [
{
"resolutionBwHz": 6e6,
"profiles": [
...
[
{"hz":5.18e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":36.0},
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 64]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
{"hz":5.42e8, "dbm":36.0}
],
[
{"hz":6.20e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":6.26e8, "dbm":30.0}
],
...
]
},
{
"resolutionBwHz": 1e5,
"profiles": [
...
[
{"hz":5.18e8, "dbm":27.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":27.0},
{"hz":5.36e8, "dbm":30.0},
{"hz":5.42e8, "dbm":30.0}
],
[
{"hz":6.20e8, "dbm":27.0},
{"hz":6.26e8, "dbm":27.0}
],
...
]
}
]
},
{
"eventTime": {
"startTime": "2013-03-02T22:00:00Z",
"stopTime": "2013-03-03T14:30:21Z"
},
"spectra": [
...
]
}
]
}
]
},
"id": "xxxxxx"
}
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 65]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
6.4. Example Encoding: DeviceOwner vCard
The DeviceOwner (Section 5.5) data model contains member values that
are JSON encodings of vCard, as described in "jCard: The JSON format
for vCard" [RFC7095]. An example fragment is provided below:
{
...
"deviceOwner": {
"owner": [
"vcard", [
["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
["kind", {}, "text", "org"],
["fn", {}, "text", "Racafrax, Inc."]
]
],
"operator": [
"vcard", [
["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
["fn", {}, "text", "John Frax"],
["adr", {}, "text",
["", "", "100 Main Street",
"Summersville", "CA", "90034", "USA"
]
],
["tel", {}, "uri", "tel:+1-213-555-1212"],
["email", {}, "text", "j.frax@rackafrax.com"]
]
]
}
}
7. HTTPS Binding
This section describes the use of "HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818] (HTTPS)
as the transfer mechanism for PAWS. TLS provides message integrity
and confidentiality between the Master Device and the Database, but
only when best current practices are adopted, including use of
recommended cipher suites and modes of operation. Consequently, to
improve PAWS security and interoperability, implementations of the
Database and Master Device MUST follow best current practices defined
by "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS)
and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)" [RFC7525].
Depending on a prior relationship between a Database and device, the
server MAY require client authentication, as described in the
"Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol" [RFC5246], to authenticate
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 66]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
the device. When client authentication is required, the Database
MUST specify, by prior arrangement, acceptable root Certification
Authorities (CAs) to serve as trust anchors for device certificates.
To enable Databases to handle large numbers of requests from large
numbers of devices, the Database MAY support and devices SHOULD
support "Stateless TLS Session Resumption" [RFC5077].
A PAWS request message is carried in the body of an HTTP POST
request. A PAWS response message is carried in the body of an HTTP
response. A PAWS response SHOULD include a Content-Length header.
The POST method is the only method REQUIRED for PAWS. If a Database
chooses to support GET, it MUST be an escaped URI, but the encoding
of the URI is outside the scope of this document. The Database MAY
refuse to support the GET request by returning an HTTP error code,
such as 405 (method not allowed).
The Database MAY redirect a PAWS request by returning a HTTP 3xx
response (as defined by Section 6.4 of "HTTP/1.1: Semantics and
Content" [RFC7231]). The Database MUST provide the redirect URI in
the Location header of the 3xx response, and the device MUST handle
redirects by using the Location header provided by the Database.
When redirecting, the device MUST observe the delay indicated by the
Retry-After header. The device MUST authenticate the Database that
returns the redirect response before following the redirect. Also,
the device MUST authenticate the Database indicated in the redirect.
Since the device may communicate with a Database (which it
authenticated) without user interaction, when the response code is
301 (Moved Permanently), the device MAY redirect without asking a
user for confirmation, even thought it is in response to an HTTP POST
method.
The Database SHOULD use HTTP status code "307 Temporary Redirect" to
indicate that the device SHOULD resubmit the same request to an
alternate URI. The device MAY revert to the original URI for the
very next request, or it MAY continue to use the alternate URI for a
period of time, e.g.,:
o For the remainder of its session, or
o For a fixed period of time, or
o Until power cycled, or
o Until it receives another redirect
However, the device does not need to modify its stored list of URIs.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 67]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
For a minimum of two weeks before the URI of the Database changes
permanently, it MUST use the database-change (DbUpdateSpec
(Section 5.7)) mechanism to notify devices, as described in
"Configuration Update: Database URI Changes" (Section 4.1.2). After
the Database has moved, requests to the original URI MAY return HTTP
status code 301 (Moved Permanently) to indicate that the device
SHOULD resubmit the request, and all future requests, to the
indicated alternate URI.
8. Extensibility
This section describes procedures for extending PAWS. No extensions
should be made that would return sensitive device-specific
information in database responses.
8.1. Defining Ruleset Identifiers
A ruleset represents a set of device-side requirements for which the
device has been certified. It typically corresponds to, but is not
limited to, a set of rules that govern a specific set of radio
spectrum for a regulatory domain.
Ruleset identifiers are defined and registered in the Ruleset ID
Registry following the procedure in Section 9.1. Ruleset ID values
MUST conform to the ruleset-id ABNF. If the Ruleset ID requires
additional parameters, they are registered in the PAWS Parameters
Registry, as described by Section 9.2. The ABNF syntax [RFC5234] is
as follows.
ruleset-id = 1*64ruleset-char
ruleset-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "_" / "."
When defining a Ruleset ID:
o It can be useful for the identifier to be descriptive of the set
of rules that allow a device to operate within one or more
regulatory domains. For example, it might include the name of a
regulatory body or a certification process.
o The identifier SHOULD include some sort of version information,
such as a year and/or version number.
o The maximum length of the identifier is 64 octets.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 68]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
8.2. Defining New Message Parameters
New request or response parameters for use with PAWS are defined and
registered in the parameters registry following the procedure in
Section 9.2.
Parameter names MUST conform to the param-name ABNF, and parameter
values syntax MUST be well-defined (e.g., using ABNF or a reference
to the syntax of an existing parameter).
param-name = 1*64name-char
name-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "_"
Parameter names use lowerCamelCase by convention. The maximum length
of a name is 64 octets.
Unregistered vendor-specific parameter extensions that are not
commonly applicable and are specific to the implementation details of
the Database where they are used SHOULD use a vendor-specific prefix
that is not likely to conflict with other registered values (e.g.,
begin with 'companyname').
8.3. Defining Additional Error Codes
Additional error codes can be registered to extend the set listed in
Section 5.17, following the procedures in Section 9.3. If the error
code requires additional response parameters, they are registered in
the PAWS Parameters Registry, as described by Section 9.2.
By convention, the error code is a negative integer value, using one
of the range of values defined in Error Codes (Section 5.17). If an
appropriate category does not exist, a value from a different range
may be used.
9. IANA Considerations
There are three registries associated with PAWS:
o PAWS Ruleset ID Registry (Section 9.1)
o PAWS Parameter Registry (Section 9.2)
o PAWS Error Code Registry (Section 9.3)
All registries use the Specification Required policy [RFC5226], with
a Designated Expert appointed by the IESG. Specific criteria that
the Designated Expert should use in assessing registrations are given
below in the description of each registry. The Designated Expert
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 69]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
should take advice from the community through the paws@ietf.org
mailing list, and the registrant is encouraged to post to the mailing
list before formally requesting the registration from IANA. The
intention is that new registrations will be accompanied by a
published specification. But in order to allow for the allocation of
values prior to publication of the specification, the Designated
Expert can approve allocations once it seems clear that the
specification will be published. Upon approval, IANA will post the
registrations that are not intended to be published in an RFC.
9.1. PAWS Ruleset ID Registry
This specification establishes the "PAWS Ruleset ID Registry".
Ruleset type names for inclusion in PAWS messages are registered on
the advice of one or more Designated Experts, with Specification
Required [RFC5226]. The specification must include a reference to
the regulatory domain to which it applies. To increase
interoperability, it is more desirable to have fewer rulesets than to
have many rulesets with small variations. Consequently, the
Designated Expert should avoid duplication and should encourage the
registrant to look for alternatives if there are only small
variations from an existing ruleset. The Designated Expert should
ensure that the proposed registration is complete with respect to its
associated regulatory domain and may seek an expert familiar with
those rules to participate in the review on the paws@ietf.org mailing
list.
The PAWS Ruleset ID Registry includes the following: 'Ruleset
Identifier', 'Reference', and 'Template'. The Template column will
include links to the registration templates, either posted by IANA or
linked to the relevant sections of RFCs.
9.1.1. Registration Template
Ruleset identifier: The name of the ruleset. See Section 8.1 of RFC
7545 for the format requirements of this identifier.
Specification document(s): Reference to the document that specifies
the parameter, preferably including a URI that can be used to
retrieve a copy of the document. An indication of the relevant
sections also may be included but is not required.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 70]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Additional Parameter Requirements: Listing of additional parameter
requirements to associate with the ruleset. Note that new
parameters are registered separately in the PAWS Parameters
Registry, as described by Section 8.2. Two types of additional
parameter requirements are:
* Addition of new parameters to existing structures, or
modification of the REQUIRED and OPTIONAL requirements for
existing parameters.
* Modification of requirements to existing parameter values.
For adding new parameters or modifying requirements of existing
parameters, the registration should include a table for each
affected structure that lists the structure's parameter changes.
Each table should include a structure name in its heading and have
the following columns:
Parameter name: Name of the parameter added or modified.
Type: Data type of the parameter value.
Requirement: Whether the parameter is REQUIRED or OPTIONAL for
the ruleset.
Notes: Any additional notes that might be useful to implementors.
For modifying requirements to existing parameter values, the
registration should include a table for each affected structure
that lists the structure's parameter changes. Each table should
include a structure name in its heading and have the following
columns:
Parameter name: Name of the parameter.
Type: Data type of the parameter value.
Additional requirements: Additional requirements on the parameter
value.
IANA will post each registration template that is not intended to be
published in an RFC.
Note that the Additional Parameter Requirements section can be quite
extensive, so it will not appear directly in the IANA Ruleset ID
Registry table. The table, however, will contain a link to the full
registration template for easy access to the additional requirements.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 71]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
9.1.2. Initial Registry Contents
The PAWS Ruleset ID Registry enables protocol extensibility to
support any regulatory domain and ruleset. The initial contents of
the registry, however, include only FCC-specific and ETSI-specific
entries, because, as of this writing, they are the only regulatory
domains that have finalized rules. There is no intent to restrict
the protocol to any particular set of authorities.
The initial contents of the PAWS Ruleset ID Registry are listed
below; each section corresponds to a single entry in the registry.
9.1.2.1. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
For the additional parameters that start with the "fcc" prefix, see
PAWS Parameters Registry Initial Contents (Section 9.2.2) for more
information.
Ruleset identifier: FccTvBandWhiteSpace-2010
Specification document(s): This ruleset refers to the FCC rules for
TV-band white-space operations established in the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), Title 47, Part 15, Subpart H [FCC-CFR47-15H].
Additional Parameter Requirements
Each of the following tables defines additional parameters for the
indicated PAWS message. Note that the Requirement column lists FCC,
not PAWS, requirements/optionality rules.
The FCC requires registration of "Fixed Devices". Additionally,
deviceOwner is required in the registration request:
Registration Request (Section 4.4.1)
+-------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------------+
| Parameter | Type | Requirement | Notes |
| Name | | | |
+-------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------------+
| deviceOwner | DeviceOwner | REQUIRED | For registering |
| | (Section 5.5) | | Fixed Devices |
+-------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 72]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Available Spectrum Request (Section 4.5.1)
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
| Parameter | Type | Requirement | Notes |
| Name | | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
| deviceDesc | DeviceDescriptor (Section | REQUIRED | |
| | 5.2) | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
Available Spectrum Batch Request (Section 4.5.3)
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
| Parameter | Type | Requirement | Notes |
| Name | | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
| deviceDesc | DeviceDescriptor (Section | REQUIRED | |
| | 5.2) | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-------------+-------+
DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
+-------------------+--------+-------------+------------------------+
| Parameter Name | Type | Requirement | Notes |
+-------------------+--------+-------------+------------------------+
| serialNumber | string | REQUIRED | Specifies a device's |
| | | | serial number. See |
| | | | Section 5.2. |
| fccId | string | REQUIRED | Specifies a device's |
| | | | FCC certification ID |
| | | | (Section 9.2.2.1). |
| fccTvbdDeviceType | string | REQUIRED | Specifies the FCC |
| | | | Device Type (Section |
| | | | 9.2.2.2) of TV-band |
| | | | white-space device, as |
| | | | defined by the FCC |
| | | | rules. |
+-------------------+--------+-------------+------------------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 73]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
The following table lists additional requirements for DeviceOwner
(Section 5.5) parameter values.
DeviceOwner (Section 5.5)
+-----------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Parameter | Type | Additional Requirement |
| Name | | |
+-----------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
| owner | vCard | The owner is required to contain the |
| | | formatted name of an individual or |
| | | organization using the "fn" property. When |
| | | the name is that of an organization, the |
| | | entry also is required to contain the "kind" |
| | | property, with a value of "org". |
| operator | vCard | The operator entry is required to contain the |
| | | following properties for the contact person |
| | | responsible for the device's operation: "fn", |
| | | "adr", "tel", and "email". |
+-----------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
9.1.2.2. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
For the additional parameters that start with the "etsi" prefix, see
PAWS Parameters Registry Initial Contents (Section 9.2.2) for more
information.
Ruleset identifier: ETSI-EN-301-598-1.1.1
Specification document(s): This ruleset refers to the ETSI
Harmonised Standard [ETSI-EN-301-598] established by ETSI.
Additional Parameter Requirements
Each of the following tables defines additional parameters for the
indicated PAWS message. Note that the Requirement column lists ETSI,
not PAWS, requirements/optionality rules.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 74]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Parameter Name |
| Type |
| Requirement |
| Notes |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| serialNumber |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a device's serial number (Section 5.2). |
| |
| manufacturerId |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a device's manufacturer's identifier |
| (Section 5.2). |
| |
| modelId |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a device's model identifier (Section 5.2). |
| |
| etsiEnDeviceType |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies the device's ETSI device type (Section 9.2.2.3). |
| |
| etsiEnDeviceEmissionsClass |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies the device's ETSI device emissions class |
| (Section 9.2.2.4). |
| |
| etsiEnTechnologyId |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies the device's ETSI technology ID (Section 9.2.2.5). |
| |
| etsiEnDeviceCategory |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies the device's ETSI device category (Section 9.2.2.6). |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 75]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_REQ (Section 4.5.1)
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
| Parameter | Type | Requirement | Notes |
| Name | | | |
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
| requestType | string | OPTIONAL | Modifies the available- |
| | | | spectrum request type. If |
| | | | specified, the only valid |
| | | | value is, "Generic Slave", |
| | | | and the Database is required |
| | | | to respond with generic |
| | | | operating parameters for any |
| | | | Slave Device. |
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
Available Spectrum Batch Request (Section 4.5.3)
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
| Parameter | Type | Requirement | Notes |
| Name | | | |
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
| requestType | string | OPTIONAL | Modifies the available- |
| | | | spectrum request type. If |
| | | | specified, the only valid |
| | | | value is, "Generic Slave", |
| | | | and the Database is required |
| | | | to respond with generic |
| | | | operating parameters for any |
| | | | Slave Device. |
+-------------+--------+-------------+------------------------------+
The following tables define additional requirements for the
DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) and RulesetInfo (Section 5.6)
parameters that appear in the AVAIL_SPECTRUM_RESP (Section 4.5.2) and
AVAIL_SPECTRUM_BATCH_RESP (Section 4.5.4) messages. Note that this
means the Database is modifying the DeviceDescriptor sent by the
Master Device to return device-specific restrictions.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 76]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Parameter Name |
| Type |
| Requirement |
| Notes |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| needsSpectrumReport |
| boolean |
| REQUIRED |
| The Database is required to set this to true to indicate that |
| the device must report spectrum usage. |
| |
| maxTotalBwHz |
| float |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a constraint on total allowed bandwidth. |
| |
| maxContiguousBwHz |
| float |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a constraint on total allowed contiguous |
| bandwidth. |
| |
| etsiEnSimultaneousChannelOpera |
| string |
| REQUIRED |
| Specifies a constraint on simultaneous channel operation |
| (Section 9.2.2.7). If it is not provided, the default value |
| is "0". |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
RulesetInfo (Section 5.6)
+-------------------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
| Parameter Name | Type | Requirement | Notes |
+-------------------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
| maxLocationChange | float | OPTIONAL | Specifies a constraint |
| | | | on maximum location |
| | | | changes. |
+-------------------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 77]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
9.2. PAWS Parameters Registry
This specification establishes the "PAWS Parameters Registry".
Additional parameters for inclusion in PAWS requests, responses, or
sub-messages are registered on the advice of one or more Designated
Experts, with Specification Required [RFC5226].
The Designated Expert should avoid duplication, i.e., avoid adding a
new parameter when an existing one suffices. When a set of
parameters is added in support of a new ruleset (Section 9.1), the
parameters should share a common prefix that reflects the ruleset ID.
The prefix may be omitted, of course, if a parameter has more general
applicability. Similarly, when a parameter is not associated with a
ruleset, the Designated Expert should ensure that the parameter name
does not have a prefix that is used by existing ruleset parameters
(e.g., "fcc", "etsi") or that is the initials of an organization that
has not yet registered anything, but reasonably might.
The PAWS Parameters Registry includes the following: 'Parameter
name', 'Parameter usage location', and 'Specification document(s)'.
9.2.1. Registration Template
Parameter name: The name of the parameter (e.g., "example").
Parameter usage location: The location(s) where the parameter can be
used. The possible locations are the named structures defined in
"Protocol Functionalities" (Section 4) and "Protocol Parameters"
(Section 5).
Specification document(s): Reference to the document that specifies
the parameter, preferably including a URI that can be used to
retrieve a copy of the document. An indication of the relevant
sections also may be included, but is not required.
9.2.2. Initial Registry Contents
The PAWS Parameters Registry enables protocol extensibility to
support any regulatory domain and ruleset. The initial contents of
the registry, however, include only FCC-specific and ETSI-specific
entries, because, as of this writing, they are the only regulatory
domains that have established rules. There is no intent to restrict
the protocol to any particular set of authorities.
The initial contents of the PAWS Parameters Registry are listed
below; each section corresponds to a row of the registry.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 78]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
9.2.2.1. FCC ID
Parameter name: fccId
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): This document. Specifies the device's
FCC certification identifier. A valid FCC ID is limited to 19
characters in the ASCII value range, as proposed in FCC
Administration Topics Review [FCC-Review-2012-10]. For the
purposes of the PAWS protocol, the maximum length of the fccId
value is 32 octets.
9.2.2.2. FCC Device Type
Parameter name: fccTvbdDeviceType
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): This document. Specifies the TV-band
white-space device type, as defined by the FCC. Valid values are
"FIXED", "MODE_1", and "MODE_2".
9.2.2.3. ETSI Device Type
Parameter name: etsiEnDeviceType
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): Specifies the white-space device type, as
defined by the ETSI Harmonised Standard [ETSI-EN-301-598]. Valid
values are single-letter strings, such as "A", "B", etc. Consult
the documentation for details about the device types.
9.2.2.4. ETSI Device Emissions Class
Parameter name: etsiEnDeviceEmissionsClass
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): Specifies the white-space device
emissions class, as defined by the ETSI Harmonised Standard
[ETSI-EN-301-598], that characterizes the out-of-block emissions
of the device. The values are represented by numeric strings,
such as "1", "2", "3", etc. Consult the documentation for details
about emissions classes.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 79]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
9.2.2.5. ETSI Technology Identifier
Parameter name: etsiEnTechnologyId
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): Specifies the white-space device
technology identifier, as defined by the ETSI Harmonised Standard
[ETSI-EN-301-598]. The maximum length of the string value is 64
octets. Consult the documentation for valid values.
9.2.2.6. ETSI Device Category
Parameter name: etsiEnDeviceCategory
Parameter usage location: DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2)
Specification document(s): Specifies the white-space device
category, as defined by the ETSI Harmonised Standard
[ETSI-EN-301-598]. Valid values are the strings "master" and
"slave". It is case insensitive.
9.2.2.7. ETSI Simultaneous Channel Operation Restriction
Parameter name: etsiEnSimultaneousChannelOperationRestriction
Parameter usage location: SpectrumSpec (Section 5.9)
Specification document(s): Specifies the constraint on the device
maximum total EIRP, as defined by the ETSI Harmonised Standard
[ETSI-EN-301-598]. The values are represented by numeric strings,
such as "0", "1", etc. Consult the documentation for the
specification of the power constraint corresponding to each
parameter value.
9.3. PAWS Error Code Registry
This specification establishes the "PAWS Error Code Registry".
Additional error codes for inclusion in PAWS error messages are
registered on the advice of one or more Designated Experts, with
Specification Required [RFC5226].
Error codes are intended to be used for automated error handling by
devices. Before approval, the Designated Expert should consider
whether a device would handle the new error code differently from an
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 80]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
existing error code, or whether the difference could be communicated
effectively to the end-user via the "reason" parameter of the Error
(Section 5.17) object.
The PAWS Error Code Registry includes the following: 'Code', 'Name',
'Description and Additional Parameters', and 'Specification
Document(s)'.
9.3.1. Registration Template
Code: Integer value of the error code. The value MUST be an
unassigned value in the range -32768 to 32767, inclusive.
Name: Name of the error.
Description and Additional Parameters: Description of the error and
its associated parameters, if any. It also lists additional
parameters that are returned in the data portion of the error (see
Section 5.17). New parameters MUST be registered separately in
the PAWS Parameters Registry, as described by Section 9.2.
9.3.2. Initial Registry Contents
Initial registry contents are defined in the Error Codes
Table (Table 1).
The registry will also include the error-code categories describing
-100s, -200s, and -300s as a note (see "Error Codes" (Section 5.17)).
10. Security Considerations
PAWS is a protocol whereby a Master Device requests a schedule of
available spectrum at its location (or location of its Slave Devices)
before it (they) can operate using those frequencies. Whereas the
information provided by the Database must be accurate and conform to
the applicable ruleset, the Database cannot enforce, through the
protocol, that a client device uses only the spectrum it provided.
In other words, devices can put energy in the air and cause
interference without asking the Database. Hence, PAWS security
considerations do not include protection against malicious use of the
white-space spectrum. For more detailed information on specific
requirements and security considerations associated with PAWS, see
"Protocol to Access White-Space (PAWS) Databases: Use Cases and
Requirements" [RFC6953].
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 81]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
By using PAWS, the Master Device and the Database expose themselves
to the following risks:
o Accuracy: The Master Device receives incorrect spectrum-
availability information.
o Privacy:
* An unauthorized entity intercepts identifying data for the
Master Device or its Slave Devices, such as serial number and
location.
* Where Databases are required to take device registrations and/
or maintain request logs, there could be unauthorized access to
such information.
Protection from these risks depends on the success of the following
steps:
1. The Master Device must determine the address of a proper
Database.
2. The Master Device must connect to the proper Database.
3. The Database must determine or compute accurate spectrum-
availability information.
4. PAWS messages must be transmitted unmodified between the Database
and the Master Device.
5. PAWS messages must be encrypted between the Database and the
Master Device to prevent exposing private information.
6. For a Slave Device, the spectrum-availability information also
must be transmitted unmodified and securely between the Master
Device and the Slave Device.
7. When a Listing Server is required, any attack that would prevent
reaching a Listing Server would result in all devices relying on
that Listing Server ceasing their use of any white space.
8. No future extensions to PAWS can allow the return of sensitive
information, such as device information or logs.
9. The Database must not allow unauthorized access to device
information and request logs and should publish and implement
privacy policies regarding their use.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 82]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Of these, only steps 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 are within the scope of this
document. This document addresses step 1 by allowing static
provisioning of one or more trusted Databases; dynamic provisioning
is out of scope. Step 3 is dependent on specific database
implementations and rulesets and is outside the scope of this
document. Step 6 requires a protocol between master and slave
devices and is thus outside the scope of this document.
Use of "HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818], assuming the PKI used is not
compromised, ensures steps 2, 4, and 5, as detailed in the following
sections:
o "Assurance of Proper Database" (Section 10.1)
o "Protection against Modification" (Section 10.2)
o "Protection against Eavesdropping" (Section 10.3)
Any specification for an alternate transport MUST define mechanisms
that ensure each of these steps.
In addition to the privacy risks described above, information
provided in DeviceDescriptor (Section 5.2) and DeviceOwner
(Section 5.5), along with device location, may allow a database
administrator to track the activity and location of a device and its
user over time. Risks of secondary use of such tracking information,
including sharing with third parties, require out-of-band mitigation,
such as public statements or contractual terms. Furthermore, while
it is understandable that regulators require DeviceOwner information
for higher-power fixed white-space devices, for privacy concerns,
regulators should not require DeviceOwner information for mobile
devices. Similarly, regulators should require, and implementations
should provide, device location at a level of granularity only as
precise as necessary to support accurate database responses.
10.1. Assurance of Proper Database
This document assumes that the Database is contacted using a domain
name or an IP address. Using HTTP over TLS, the Database
authenticates its identity, either as a domain name or IP address, to
the Master Device by presenting a certificate containing that
identifier as a "subjectAltName" (i.e., as a dNSName or IP address).
If the Master Device has external information as to the expected
identity or credentials of the proper Database (e.g., a certificate
fingerprint), checks of the subjectAltName MAY be omitted. Note that
in order for the presented certificate to be valid at the client, the
client must be able to validate the certificate. In particular, the
validation path of the certificate must end in one of the client's
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 83]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
trust anchors, even if that trust anchor is the Database's
certificate. A Master Device should allow for the fact that a
Database can change its Certification Authorities (CAs) over time.
10.2. Protection against Modification
To prevent a PAWS response message from being modified en route,
messages must be transmitted over an integrity-protected channel.
Using HTTP over TLS, the channel will be protected by appropriate
cipher suites.
10.3. Protection against Eavesdropping
Using HTTP over TLS, messages protected by appropriate cipher suites
are also protected from eavesdropping or otherwise unrestricted
reading by unauthorized parties en route.
10.4. Client Authentication Considerations
Although the Database can inform a device of available spectrum it
can use, the Database cannot enforce that the Master Device uses only
(or any of) those frequencies. Indeed, a malicious device can
operate without ever contacting a Database. Note also that, whereas
a malicious device may send fraudulent SPECTRUM_USE_NOTIFY
(Section 4.5.5) messages, in the regulatory domains that have
established rules, such notifications do not change the available-
spectrum answers, so no harm can result from such messages.
Consequently, client authentication is not required for the core PAWS
(although it may be required by specific regulatory domains).
Depending on a prior relationship between a Database and Master
Device, the Database MAY require client authentication. TLS provides
client authentication, but there are some considerations:
o The Database must nominate acceptable CAs, and the Master Device
must have a certificate rooted at one of those CAs.
o As indicated in Section 3.2 of "HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818], the TLS
client authentication procedure only determines that the device
has a certificate chain rooted in an appropriate CA (or a self-
signed certificate). The Database would not know what the client
identity ought to be, unless it has some external source of
information. Distribution and management of such information,
including revocation lists, are outside the scope of this
document.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 84]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
o Authentication schemes are secure only to the extent that secrets
or certificates are kept secure. When there are a vast number of
deployed devices using PAWS, the possibility that device keys will
not leak becomes small. Implementations should consider how to
manage the system in the eventuality that there is a leak.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[JSON-RPC]
"JSON-RPC 2.0 Specification",
<http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.
[RFC3339] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.
[RFC5077] Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
"Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077,
January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5077>.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 85]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
[RFC5491] Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, "GEOPRIV
Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)
Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations",
RFC 5491, DOI 10.17487/RFC5491, March 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5491>.
[RFC6350] Perreault, S., "vCard Format Specification", RFC 6350,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6350, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6350>.
[RFC7095] Kewisch, P., "jCard: The JSON Format for vCard", RFC 7095,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7095, January 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7095>.
[RFC7159] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
[RFC7525] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
"Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.
11.2. Informative References
[ETSI-EN-301-598]
European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI),
"ETSI EN 301 598 (V1.1.1): White Space Devices (WSD);
Wireless Access Systems operating in the 470 MHz to 790
MHz TV broadcast band; Harmonized EN covering the
essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE
Directive", April 2014, <http://www.etsi.org/deliver/
etsi_en/301500_301599/301598/01.01.01_60/
en_301598v010101p.pdf>.
[FCC-CFR47-15H]
U. S. Government, "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 47, Part 15, Subpart H: Television Band Devices",
December 2010, <http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/
text-idx?rgn=div6&view=text&node=47:1.0.1.1.16.8>.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 86]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
[FCC-Review-2012-10]
Federal Communications Commission, "Administration Topics
Review", October 2012,
<http://transition.fcc.gov/bureaus/oet/ea/presentations/
files/oct12/2b-TCB-Admin-Issues-Oct-2012-GT.pdf>.
[ISO3166-1]
"Country Codes",
<http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm>.
[RFC6953] Mancuso, A., Ed., Probasco, S., and B. Patil, "Protocol to
Access White-Space (PAWS) Databases: Use Cases and
Requirements", RFC 6953, DOI 10.17487/RFC6953, May 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6953>.
[RFC7459] Thomson, M. and J. Winterbottom, "Representation of
Uncertainty and Confidence in the Presence Information
Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)", RFC 7459,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7459, February 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7459>.
[WGS-84] National Imagery and Mapping Agency, "Department of
Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and
Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems", NIMA TR8350.2,
Third Edition, Amendment 1, January 2000,
<http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/
tr8350_2.html>.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 87]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Appendix A. Database Listing Server Support
As discussed in "Database Discovery" (Section 4.1), some regulatory
domains support the preconfiguration of devices with the URI of a
listing server, to which devices can connect to obtain a list of
Databases certified by the regulatory domain. Regulatory domains may
require the device to periodically contact the Database Listing
Server to validate and/or update its list of certified Databases. If
the device is unable to validate its list of certified Databases
within the required period, regulatory rules may require the device
to treat this inability as equivalent to the device having no
available spectrum.
A sample JSON response from a Database Listing Server might be
represented as follows:
{
"lastUpdateTime": "2014-06-28T10:00:00Z",
"maxRefreshMinutes": 1440
"dbs": [
{
"name": "Some Operator",
"uris": [
{
"uri": "https://example.some.operator.com",
"protocol": "paws"
},
...
]
},
...
]
}
The parameters in this sample message are:
lastUpdateTime: The time at which the database entries were last
updated.
maxRefreshMinutes: The maximum interval, expressed in minutes, that
is allowed between device requests to the Database Listing Server.
dbs: A list of entries for certified Databases, each containing the
following
name: The name of the database operator.
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 88]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
uris: One or more URIs for each Database, allowing a Database to
support more than one protocol.
uri, protocol: Each protocol supported by a certified Database is
associated with a separate URI (PAWS protocol URI shown).
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of: Gabor Bajko,
Ray Bellis, Teco Boot, Nancy Bravin, Rex Buddenberg, Gerald
Chouinard, Stephen Farrell, Michael Fitch, Joel M. Halpern, Daniel
Harasty, Michael Head, Jussi Kahtava, Kalle Kulsmanen, Warren Kumari,
Paul Lambert, Andy Lee, Anthony Mancuso, Basavaraj Patil, Scott
Probasco, Brian Rosen, Andy Sago, Peter Stanforth, John Stine, and
Juan Carlos Zuniga.
Contributors
This document draws heavily from draft-das-paws-protocol and
draft-wei-paws-framework. The editor would like to specifically call
out and thank the contributing authors of those two documents.
Donald Joslyn
Spectrum Bridge Inc.
1064 Greenwood Blvd.
Lake Mary, FL 32746
United States
EMail: d.joslyn@spectrumbridge.com
Xinpeng Wei
Huawei
Phone: +86 13436822355
EMail: weixinpeng@huawei.com
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 89]
RFC 7545 PAWS May 2015
Authors' Addresses
Vincent Chen (editor)
Google
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
United States
EMail: vchen@google.com
Subir Das
Applied Communication Sciences
150 Mount Airy Road
Basking Ridge, NJ 07920
United States
EMail: sdas@appcomsci.com
Lei Zhu
Huawei
Phone: +86 13910157020
EMail: lei.zhu@huawei.com
John Malyar
iconectiv (formerly Telcordia Interconnection Solutions)
444 Hoes Lane/RRC 4E1106
Piscataway, NJ 08854
United States
EMail: jmalyar@iconectiv.com
Peter J. McCann
Huawei
400 Crossing Blvd, 2nd Floor
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
United States
Phone: +1 908 541 3563
EMail: peter.mccann@huawei.com
Chen, et al. Standards Track [Page 90]