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2017-06-27 10:11:13
Jennifer Magnolfi
June 26, 2017
I think we have a shot at building the best office building in the world were
the words Steve Jobs used to describe Apple s new headquarters in 2011. The
grand vision at the heart of his last project is now being unveiled as Apple
finalizes construction on Apple Park. Wired called the facility insanely great
(or just insane), and in many ways it is exactly that.
The sheer magnitude of Apple s new headquarters sets it apart from any other
technology workspace on the West Coast. Instead of many buildings spread across
a campus, the site features one master circular structure (2.8 million square
feet) called the Ring, designed to house 12,000 employees. (To get a sense of
its scale, the Ring s internal courtyard is wider than St. Peter s Square in
Rome. Its external wall would surround the Pentagon.) The four-story glass
building designed by Norman Foster seamlessly integrates a long and diverse
list of technical achievements from the enormous solar panel array on the
roof to hidden cable management mechanisms at the workstations all according
to Jobs s uncompromising design standards.
Yet one of Jobs s most significant directives was that 80% of the nearly
200-acre site would be devoted to parkland. In fact, blurring the boundary
between architecture and nature became the defining idea for the project. Old
concrete parking lots gave way to new green landscapes and a wooded preserve
populated with 9,000 indigenous California trees, including ornamental and
fruit trees, selected to resist drought and the threat of future climate
change.
2-jun17-22-516864874
While many have awaited the opening of Apple Park with great anticipation, a
project of this scope and ambition inevitably isn t without its critics. In
that same Wired piece:
what began with aesthetic judgments of the digital renderings the Los Angeles
Times architecture critic called the Ring a retrograde cocoon has lately
turned to social and cultural critiques. That the campus is a snobby isolated
preserve, at odds with the trendy urbanist school of corporate headquarters.
(Amazon, Twitter, and Airbnb are all part of a movement that hopes to integrate
tech employees into cities as opposed to having them commute via fuel-gobbling
cars or numbing Wi-Fi-equipped buses.) That the layout of the Ring is too
rigid, and that unlike Google s planned Mountain View headquarters (which that
company has described as having lightweight blocklike structures, which can be
moved around easily as we invest in new product areas ), Apple Park is not
prepared to adapt to potential changes in how, where, and why people work. That
there is no childcare center.
Certainly some of those critiques may prove to be warranted, and others raise
valid points. Overall, it s probably fair to say that a project of this
complexity and scale can only be truly evaluated post-occupancy and over time.
As someone who studies the design of high-tech workspaces, I am drawn to ask a
more fundamental question: Why is Apple heading in such a different direction
than most of its Valley peers? In other words, what is this project really
about?
The answer starts, as in all things Apple, with Steve Jobs.
How We Got Here
To set this in context, it s important to first understand the fundamental
challenge of building contemporary (and future) workspaces, especially for
technology companies: Software and buildings operate on entirely different
timescales. Software, like information technology in general, is optimized for
speed and upgrades constant, sometimes radical change. Buildings, on the
other hand, are change averse, optimized to stand for decades. But despite the
different timescale, the challenge for real estate executives is not unlike the
one facing CIOs: to make sure a new investment will not quickly become
obsolete.
Silicon Valley has dealt with this challenge for decades, but the unique
culture of the region gives its companies a competitive advantage. Throughout
the 20th century, the Valley s ascent can be traced to close geographical
proximity and deep collaboration between tech companies, academia, and
government agencies a formula that produced some of the most significant
technology ventures in modern American history.
Influenced by this collaborative context, Valley founders prized proximity to
one another; face-to-face interactions; informal deal making; and changeable,
impermanent team and org structures. These values are reflected in their
buildings, which adopted design strategies to make workspace configurations
adaptable, or somewhat less permanent. The aim was to get the physical
workspace to perform at the speed of software or at least get a little closer
to it.
This led to open floor plans, rich amenities and services, informal attire, a
collegial atmosphere, and very distinct work cultures. The more successful
interior spaces foster collisions and spontaneous interactions among
employees through a variety of space typologies. Those collisions, as research
(mine and others ) shows, increase learning, collaboration, and ultimately
innovation.
In the last decade, however, the timescale gap between workspaces, buildings,
and technology has widened even more rapidly, as mobile phones, social media,
and other new technology have allowed companies to quickly reach massive scale.
New young tech companies Airbnb, Twitter, Instagram, Snap, and WeWork, among
others operate differently than Silicon Valley giants. They acquire huge
customer bases and receive staggering market valuations while employing a
relatively small number of people. Their business models are fluid. Their speed
and disruptive scale inevitably force them to choose workspaces that emphasize
extreme flexibility, impermanence, and the ability to be reconfigured to
accommodate rapid growth.
For this new tech workforce, work is less a place built through furniture,
and more a digital collaboration space built by networks. Having grown up
communicating and working through mobile devices and social networks, younger
workers and founders see themselves and their work as mobile by default. Not
surprisingly, this shapes their expectations of a workspace.
The model emerging to support them is a network of corporate offices
distributed among the commercial shops and public spaces of a neighborhood
community. Workers move freely through these different spatial contexts,
bumping into colleagues, collaborators, potential partners, and other
urbanites. Work happens anywhere and anytime within this urban fabric. It
mirrors the nature of online interactions, where personal, social, and
professional lives interconnect naturally at all hours.
These responses to the rapid change of technology seem reasonable when one
thinks about how most companies measure their real estate investments. Mostly,
the focus is on efficiency: cost and profitability per square foot, vacancy
rates, maintenance overhead.
When it comes to Apple Park, however, the metrics used to measure the reported
$5 billion investment appear more complex and nuanced. They belong to an
entirely different domain, and perhaps a different category of buildings
altogether.
Enduring Value Beyond Efficiency
This brings us back to Steve Jobs, who didn t think about corporate real estate
only in terms of efficiency, amortization, and physical adaptability. His final
interviews leave us with a clear sense that this project was intended to carry
great symbolic value: My passion has been to build an enduring company where
people were motivated to make great products. Everything else was secondary.
And, I want to leave a signature campus that expresses the values of the
company for generations.
He probably knew the Churchillian adage that we shape our buildings, and then
they shape us. In fact, his raw instinct for manipulating space to influence
behavior was well known since the days of designing the Pixar campus in 1998.
A decade later, the design concept for Apple Park expanded his approach and
legendary attention to (some say obsession with) functional detail to a higher
level of sophistication. Today the almost finished project conveys Jobs s
aspirations through significant breakthroughs in the building systems of our
time:
Innovation in exterior building systems. The ring is a curved glass fa ade. Not
a single flat sheet of exterior glass was used, and the company made a
manufacturing modification so that the hue of the glass would not be green. The
main caf is fronted by the single largest sheet of curved glass in the world.
This design maximizes the connection between the worker and nature just outside
the windows.
4-jun17-22-apple.
Photo courtesy of Apple
Innovation in structural systems. To achieve the curvature of a perfect circle
while minimizing landfill use, the project developed its own concrete plant.
Ninety-five percent of all the concrete from the old HP campus buildings,
parking lots, sidewalks was ground and recycled on-site to build the concrete
frame of the new building.
Innovation in mechanical and electrical systems. The building counts one of the
largest solar panel arrays in the world, with the aim of powering the entire
campus with electricity generated on-site. The mechanical air conditioning
system is designed to make this the largest naturally ventilated building in
the world. A former director of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency leads
the project s environmental aspects.
5-jun17-22-674538256
Innovation in workplace systems. Not an open plan. The overall strategy for the
workspace is based on modular pods dedicated to either teamwork, focused
work, or socialization. The rhythm of the pods permits serendipitous and fluid
meeting spaces along the circumference of the Ring, connecting interior
high-tech environments for productivity to panoramic views of the exterior
landscape, orchards, and sunlight.
It s not just these large-scale design moves that convey the building s
aspirations. Doorknobs, glass doors, desks, even faucets are formed to fit and
contribute to the overall experience of the space. No detail rushed, no
off-the-shelf solution used. Every touchpoint seems to present an opportunity
for timeless design. Arguably, like in an iPhone. Or, in the world of
buildings, a cathedral.
Apple Park may actually have more in common with that category of architectural
project than with other corporate workspace ventures. Cathedrals carry symbolic
value, aspirational visions that go far beyond their function. In fact, the
very great ones in Europe required significant innovations in the architectural
technology of their time in order to achieve their vision think Brunelleschi
s Dome in Florence, the flying buttresses in Chartres, the vaulted roof in the
Duomo of Milan. As with those types of buildings, technology breakthroughs were
necessary for Apple Park s vision to exist; extraordinary details and
craftsmanship were necessary for it to inspire.
Closer to home, a more practical analogue is this. In the world of technology
workspaces, we haven t seen this sense of timelessness and the deliberate
intent to build far into the future in over half a century, when the same
long-view ethos produced the Sandia National Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space
Center, Fermilab, or the Manhattan Project. These 20th-century projects were
symbols that inspired many generations of workers to see their work as part of
something bigger, to employ their talents in advancing new frontiers of science
and technology innovation for all.
Beyond its function as a workspace, Apple Park may ultimately aspire to a
21st-century version of this ethos. This project is about a legacy, timeless
design, and the belief that the design of a headquarters can shape a company s
trajectory and inspire generations of future workers and leaders for years to
come.
Contrarian and Obsolete?
To many critics, Jobs s vision doesn t make a lot of sense. From the Wired
article:
It s an obsolete model that doesn t address the work conditions of the future,
says Louise Mozingo, an urban design professor at UC Berkeley.
It s a spectacular piece of formal design, but it s contrarian to what s going
on in corporate headquarters across the tech industry, says Scott Wyatt, an
architect at NBBJ, a prominent international firm that has designed buildings
for Google, Amazon, and Tencent.
There s no doubt that Apple Park stands in stark contrast to the flexibility
and speed of successful contemporary workspaces for Silicon Valley and the tech
startup set. But it seems inaccurate to state that Jobs s vision wasn t taking
the future into account.
At a time when the future of work itself demands closer contact with machines,
Apple Park deliberately sets human workers in closer contact with nature. Jobs
s vision wasn t concerned with whether future employees will rely on AI
interfaces, telepresence robots for collaboration, or augmented reality for
prototyping. He envisioned an enduring building that would be relevant 100
years from now, like a cathedral or national lab.
Most technology companies want to build workspaces that can adapt over time.
Understandably, they want to hedge against unpredictability and rapid change.
Apple instead is building a campus that aims to inspire and stand the test of
time. It is not a hedge. Little that Steve Jobs did was.
Jennifer Magnolfi is founder of Programmable Habitats, a research firm that
specializes in the design of high-tech work environments. She is a graduate of
Harvard University s Graduate School of Design.