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At its most basic, we're looking to answer a question like: what value of x maximizes (or minimizes) f(x)?
Often, this is explained as finding the most efficient means to some end. For example, what mix of staple foods constitutes a nutritionally complete diet at least cost?
But descriptive modeling also involves optimization, when we are confronted with a logical space of possible descriptions and need to pick one to move ahead. We typically optimize to model the world (e.g. running a regression to estimate technical coefficients) before optimizing to choose a course of action (e.g. using such technical coefficients to plan production).
Eyal Kazin - A Gentle Introduction to Multi-Objective Optimisation
International Society on MCDM - Multiple Criteria Decision Making History
Lavrov - Math 482: Linear Programming (Spring 2020)
Lofti, Stewart, Zionts - An aspiration-level interactive model for multiple criteria decision making
International Society for Ecological Economics: Multicriteria Assessment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-criteria_decision_analysis
Introduction to Scalarization Methods for Multi-objective Optimization
https://arjzaidi.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/revellechp5.pdf
Saltelli - Slides on Social Choice and Multi-Criteria Decision Making