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United States General Accounting Office
_____________________________________________________________________________
GAO Testimony
Before the Subcommittee on Government Information and
Regulation, Committee on Governmental Affairs,
United States Senate
________________________________________________________________________
For Release COMPUTER
on Delivery SECURITY
Expected at
1:00 p.m. EST
Wednesday,
November 20, 1991
Hackers Penetrate DOD
Computer Systems
Statement of
Jack L. Brock, Jr. Director
Government Information and Financial Management
Information Management and Technology Division
GAO/T-IMTEC-92-5
_____________________________________________________________________
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:
I am pleased to participate in the Subcommittee's hearings on
computer security. At your request, our work focused on hacker
intrusions into Department of Defense (DOD) unclassified,
sensitive computer systems during Operation Desert Storm/Shield.
My testimony today is based on our review of intrusions by a
group of Dutch hackers into Army, Navy, and Air Force computer
systems. In particular, we conducted a detailed review of the
hacker intrusions and system administration responsibilities at
three DOD sites. While our focus was on unclassified, sensitive
systems, some of the systems penetrated by this group of hackers
did not contain sensitive information.
The government faces increased levels of risk for information
security because of greater network use and computer literacy,
and greater dependency on information technology overall. For
years hackers have been exploiting security weaknesses of systems
attached to the Internet--an unclassified network composed of
over 5,000 smaller networks nationwide and overseas and used
primarily by government and academic researchers. Their
techniques have been publicized in hacker bulletin boards and
magazines, and even in a bestseller, The Cuckoo's Egg written by
Clifford Stoll. Hackers, however, continue to successfully
exploit these security weaknesses and undermine the integrity and
confidentiality of sensitive government information.
Between April 1990 and May 1991, computer systems at 34 DOD sites
attached to the Internet were successfully penetrated by foreign
hackers. The hackers exploited well-known security weaknesses--
many of which were exploited in the past by other hacker groups.
These weaknesses persist because of inadequate attention to
computer security, such as password management, and the lack of
technical expertise on the part of some system administrators--
persons responsible for the technical management of the system.
DUTCH HACKERS PENETRATE
-----------------------
DOD COMPUTER SYSTEMS
--------------------
Between April 1990 and May 1991, computer hackers from the
Netherlands penetrated 34 DOD sites. DOD officials, however, are
still unable to determine the full scope of the problem because
security measures for identifying intrusions are frequently
lacking. At many of the sites, the hackers had access to
unclassified, sensitive information on such topics as (1)
military personnel--personnel performance reports, travel
information, and personnel reductions; (2) logistics--
descriptions of the type and quantity of equipment being moved;
and (3) weapons systems development data.
Although such information is unclassified, it can be highly
sensitive, particularly during times of international conflict.
For example, information from at least one system, which was
successfully penetrated at several sites, directly supported
Operation Desert Storm/Shield. In addition, according to one DOD
official, personnel information can be used to target employees
who may be willing to sell classified information. Further, some
DOD and government officials have expressed concern that the
aggregation of unclassified, sensitive information could result
in the compromise of classified information.
Hackers Exploit Well-Known
--------------------------
Security Weaknesses
-------------------
The hackers generally gained access to the DOD computer systems
by travelling through several networks and computer systems.
Using commercial long-distance services, such as Tymnet, the
hackers weaved their way on the Internet through university,
government, and commercial systems, often using these sites as
platforms to enter military sites.
The hackers then exploited various security weaknesses to gain
access into military sites. The most common weaknesses included
(1) accounts with easily guessed passwords or no passwords, (2)
well-known security holes in computer operating systems, and (3)
vendor-supplied accounts--privileged accounts with well-known
passwords or no passwords at all that are used for system
operation and maintenance. Once the hackers had access to a
computer at a given site, access to other computers at that site
was relatively easy because the computers were often configured
to trust one another.
At several sites the hackers exploited a Trivial File Transfer
Protocol#1 (TFTP). Some versions of this program had a well-
known security hole that allowed users on the Internet to access
a file containing encrypted passwords without logging into the
system. Once the hackers accessed the password file, they (1)
probed for accounts with no passwords or accounts where the
username and password were identical, or (2) downloaded the
password file to another computer and ran a password cracking
program--a program that matches words found in the dictionary
against the encrypted password file. Finally, the hackers
entered the system, using an authorized account and password, and
were granted the same privileges as the authorized user.
At two of the sites we visited the hackers were able to enter the
systems because vendor-supplied accounts were left on the system
with a well-known password or with no password at all. Operating
systems and software are often delivered to users with certain
accounts necessary for system operation. When delivered, these
_________________________________________________________________
1 TFTP is a file transfer program that permits the copying of
files without logging in.
3
accounts--some of which include system administrator privileges
that allow them to do anything on the system without restriction-
-are often unprotected or are protected with known passwords, and
are therefore vulnerable until the password is changed.
Hackers Established
-------------------
Methods For Reentry
-------------------
The majority of the hackers' activities appeared to be aimed at
gaining access to DOD computer systems and then establishing
methods for later entry. In many of the intrusions, the hackers
modified the system to obtain system administrator privileges and
to create new privileged accounts. For example, at some sites
where the hacker entered the system using a vendor-supplied
password, the hackers ran a program that elevated the privileges
of the account and then erased evidence of the intrusion by
removing the program. The hackers then created new privileged
accounts with passwords known only to them and that blended in
with the sites' naming conventions, making detection more
difficult.
While there was little evidence that the hackers destroyed
information, in several instances the hackers modified and copied
military information. In a few cases, the hackers stored this
information at major U.S. universities. They modified system
logs to avoid detection and to remove traces of their activities.
The hackers also frequently browsed directories and read
electronic messages. In a few cases, they searched these
messages for such key words as military, nuclear, weapons,
missile, Desert Shield, and Desert Storm.
Agencies' Response
------------------
to the Incidents
----------------
In most cases, system administrators did not identify the
intrusion, but were instead notified of the intrusion by
university, contractor, or DOD officials. Once the system
administrators were notified, they usually secured their system--
such as changing the password of a vendor-supplied account. In a
few cases, however, the sites left the vulnerability open
temporarily in an effort to determine the intruder's identity.
At one site we visited where this was done, the intruders' access
to sensitive information was contained, and coordinated with law
enforcement agencies.
Only one of the three military services had written procedures
for incident handling prior to the intrusions. Since the
intrusions, however, the other two services have established
written procedures. Despite the lack of procedures, at two of
the sites we visited security personnel prepared an incident
4
report after they were notified about the intrusion. In
addition, one site we visited established computer hacker
reporting procedures for their organization. They also included
security tips, such as changing default passwords, using
randomly-selected passwords, and maintaining audit trails.
HACKER INTRUSIONS HIGHLIGHT
---------------------------
INADEQUATE ATTENTION TO
-----------------------
COMPUTER SECURITY
-----------------
The security weaknesses that permitted the intrusions and
prevented their timely discovery highlight DOD's inadequate
attention to computer security. Poor password management,
failure to maintain and review audit trails, and inadequate
computer security training all contributed to the intrusions.
DOD directives and military service regulations and instructions
require both adequate computer security training for those
responsible for systems, and audit trails--records of system
activities--that are reviewed periodically and detailed enough to
determine the cause or magnitude of compromise. In addition, the
military services require password management procedures. The
intrusions, however, indicate that these requirements were not
always followed.
Poor password management--easily-guessed passwords and vendor-
supplied accounts whose password had not been changed--was the
most commonly exploited weakness contributing to the intrusions,
including those at each of the sites we visited. At one site we
visited the hacker exploited a vendor-supplied account, left on
the system without a password, that in turn provided system
administrator privileges.
In addition, officials also noted that failure to maintain or
periodically review audit trails was a key reason why most system
administrators were unable to detect the intrusions or determine
how long their system had been compromised. For example, few of
the 34 sites whose systems were penetrated were able to identify
or verify the intrusions.
Several officials stated that system administration duties are
generally part-time duties and that administrators frequently
have little computer security background or training. At one
site, for example, the system administrator had little knowledge
of computers and system administrator responsibilities. In
addition, with the exception of a brief overview of computer
security as part of the introductory training for the system, the
system administrator had not received any computer security
training. Moreover, after the intrusion occurred, the newly
appointed system administrator did not receive any additional
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computer security training and did not know the proper security
reporting chain.
The security weaknesses that I have described here today have
been and continue to be exploited by various hacker groups. Two
years ago we issued a report, Computer Security: Virus
Highlights Need for Improved Internet Management, (GAO/IMTEC-89-
57), highlighting some of the same weaknesses--poor password
management and system administrators who lacked the technical
expertise to deal with security problems--that we discussed here
today. In addition, numerous Computer Emergency Response Team
(CERT) security advisories, available to anyone on the Internet,
have addressed these weaknesses. Yet, despite these warnings,
these security weaknesses continue to exist. Without the proper
resources and attention, these weaknesses will continue to exist
and be exploited, thus undermining the integrity and
confidentiality of government information.
This concludes my remarks. I will now answer any questions you
or members of the Subcommittee may have concerning these issues.
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