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Title: Patrick Joseph Read
Author: Ciaran Crossey
Date: 20th January 2008
Language: en
Topics: Spanish Civil War, Ireland, biography
Source: Retrieved on 3rd August 2021 from http://www.irelandscw.com/docs-PatRead.htm
Notes: This article could not have been written without the help of Matt White, who supplied notes on Pat and some articles, so he has my thanks and acknowledgement. One problem with writing this piece is that Pat Reads name has appeared in several different versions, so to simplify things, I have used the spelling Read throughout this article, but you should be aware that his name appears in places as Reid, Read and Reade.

Ciaran Crossey

Patrick Joseph Read

”In the hour of rejoicing at victory, we will think of the regular guys

who made the fight more worthwhile” – written by Pat Read, about Sept.

1937

Among the many men who fought in Spain but who don’t regularly feature

in the history pages is Pat Read, and this is an attempt to give him his

well deserved moment in history. Who was Pat Read who went on to become

an important figure in the American anarchist movement in the 1940s and

how does he relate to Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

His family was from Dublin, but like tens of thousands of others they

had decided to emigrate just before Pat was born. When Christopher

Patrick Read, from Capel St, Dublin, and his wife Emma McKay, also born

in Dublin, got on the Liverpool boat in February 1899 they didn’t expect

that they would be joined so quickly on the trip as their child, Pat was

born onboard on 25^(th) Feb. 1899.

Early Years

His family settled in London for a period, then back to Liverpool until

1912 when they emigrated to Canada. They were only there for a few years

as the family, except Patrick, moved back to Liverpool in 1915 Pat Read,

aged 16, stayed behind in Canada and he very quickly joined the army.

He joined the Canadian Expeditionary Forces around 1915 and for three

years he served until the end of World War One. He worked with

transmissions unit and saw service on the Western Front. After the Great

War he returned to Canada. According to his obituary in the Industrial

Worker, while he was in France he got married and had a child who was

later killed in WWII. [If anyone can provide information on this part of

his life I’d be very grateful, cc.] Also around this time his obituary

alludes to him starting a political relationship with French

anarcho-syndicalists.

Post War.

After WWI he moved back to Canada after demobilisation moved into

America. In 1919, according to his International Brigades file, he

joined the Industrial Workers of the World, an anarchist trade union

movement. In 1921 he moved to Ireland and took up residence in ‘the

Misses Ryan, at 2 Kings Terrace, Lower Clasmire Rd, Cork.’[1] He worked

as a freelance journalist with the Cork Examiner. He joined the newly

established Communist Party of Ireland and he also joined the

Anti-Treaty Forces in the Irish Civil War. There is one account in the

Irish National Archives that he served under Roderic Connolly, son of

James Connolly, in the occupation of Bridgman’s Tobacco Stores in

O’Connell St, [Dublin.] Emmet O’Connor, an historian of the CPI, has

said that the CPI military group, the Red Guard, consisted of ‘a dozen

or so, it could have little impact.’[2]

According to his obituary and reinforced by his articles in the Workers’

Republic, paper of the early CPI, Read placed more importance on

organizing at the “point of production”- industrial action over

electoral or “political” action which was, “a small but necessary

adjunct to the industrial struggle.”[3] Judging by his very in depth

coverage of the IWW in the Workers’ Republic it is to be assumed that he

either maintained his membership or was always very sympathetic.

Reflecting his odd sense of humour, Read’s articles in the paper were

generally signed O U Rube, an American term indicating that you are a

culchie, a Yokel.

As Milotte points out in his history of the CPI, Read played a leading

role in the party and was on the executive committee. The CPI ran his

articles stating that the “One Big Union” was the weapon “for the final

conflict with capitalism.”[4] The failure of the CPI to build a base in

the early 1920’s was, according to him, because the leadership were

“social republicans who demand that we as communists sing the Soldiers

Song louder and wave the green flag harder than any other group in

Ireland.” Milotte went onto say that Read stated that Roderic Connolly’s

view was for the CPI to lay down tactics for the republican leaders.[5]

Pat had written an article in the Workers’ Republic attacking the

Communist Parties subordination to ‘social republicans’. Within days of

Roderic Connolly taking over as Political Secretary on November 12^(th)

Read was expelled on the 16^(th). [6]

Back to America and in the IWW

Patrick left Ireland in 1924, staying in England until 1932 until he

moved again to America where I have very little idea of what he did

during the early 1930s. He does show up in the IWW files of the period.

His American address in this period was 2540 West Adams St, Chicago.

He also helped to found and was on the board of the Council for Union

Democracy. Here is one description of that group, “the Council for Union

Democracy was a 1930s and 1940s Chicago-based and IWW-influenced group

organized to help individual workers and groups of trade-unionists

combat the corruption and violence that afflicted many labour

organizations. Its co-founders included old-time Wobbly Myron “Slim”

Brundage and Pat Read, editor of the Industrial Worker at the time,

served on its Board. Its advisors included IWW orator Jack Sheridan

along with other Wobbly-influenced unionists such as Sidney Lens, and

labour attorney Francis Heisler.” Slim Brundage is another interesting

character especially because he was considered to be an American

surrealist and an influence on the beatniks. Like Brundage Read seemed

to dabble in surrealism and some of his jokes in his Industrial Worker

articles border on post-modern.

Travelling to Spain

With the start of the Spanish Civil War he decided to go, arriving in

Paris with a group of 6 others who had apparently been organised by the

American Socialist Party, in the Debs Column. One account says that only

25 members of the party joined this column, so any future volunteers

joined the International Brigades directly.[7]

“Sam, Al and I left the United States on February 20, 1937, on the Ile

de France. Some weeks later, after spending time in France and then

making our way over the Pyrenees, we found ourselves in Spain. “

Harry Fisher writing in his obituary for Sam Walters, a Lincoln veteran

in the Volunteer, Spring 2000, Vol. XXII, No. 2.

This is important as in his book he says that after a few days in

France, and he arrived on the 27^(th), they were joined by a group,

including Pat Read. On the 4^(th) Feb. they were told to get ready to

leave.

The thirty men were divided into groups of five. Each group left

separately for the railroad station. It was very crowded when we got

there. The French passengers, though curious about the groups of young

men milling around, said nothing, but looked at us with slight smiles

and warm eyes. We, on the other hand, were very nervous that our

identities would be revealed and that we might be arrested. It was with

a tremendous sense of relief that we finally boarded the train, even

though it was old and uncomfortable.

All night, as the train headed south, we gathered in small groups, and

in hushed tones talked about Spain and the future. The next day dawned

sunny and warm. I opened my window and gazed out at the flat and

colorless land, but the smell of spring was in the air; it was

beautiful. I saw my first French grapevines, and later, miles of them.

Our instructions were very clear. My group was to get off the train near

Perpignan, take a bus to town, and wait at a certain restaurant for

further instructions. When the train pulled in, we learned that the bus

was due in about an hour. A few of us went into a restaurant near the

train station for coffee. Before long a few townspeople came in, looked

us over, and approached us with questions.

‘They want to know if we’re going to Spain,’ said one of our boys who

understood French.

‘No’, he answered for us, ‘we’re just touring the southern part of

France. We are students from an American university.’

John [Murra, their contact] “explained that we were going to be part of

the first American group to attempt to climb the Pyrenees into Spain. He

warned us that this was not going to be easy. The border between France

and Spain had just been closed by the French Government, and the number

of border guards had been greatly increased. “

After driving for over 30 minutes and for several miles uphill, the

taxis stopped.

A small group of men were sitting on the ground in a circle, evidently

waiting for us. Altogether there were about 30 of us who would climb the

Pyrenees in the darkness of night. A Frenchman, a smuggler by trade,

with a dog by his side, was our guide. The dog, we were told, would stay

at the end of the line and would remain with anyone who was unable to

complete the journey until help arrived. We were asked not to smoke and

not to speak in loud voices.

The walk started easily enough; the night air was warm and pleasant.

After about an hour the hills became steeper and more treacherous. It

was beginning to get colder, and it was difficult to keep warm. After a

few more hours, the hills became even steeper, and the ground turned

white from a recent snowstorm. Everyone was huffing and puffing and

needing help to maneuver on some of the slippery spots. Pat Reid [sic],

older than the rest of us, was undaunted, spirited and energetic. He

kept encouraging us over the rough spots.

After six hours of this, I was exhausted. The snow was not deep, but in

many places the ground was icy and slippery. I wanted to stop to rest

and sleep. But I saw the others struggling, slipping, getting bruised

and scratched, yet still going on. I couldn’t stop. So I pushed ahead,

climbing, slipping, falling, and freezing.

Finally, just before dawn, the guide stopped us, put his fingers to his

lips, and sat us down around him. Quietly, he explained hat we less than

half a mile from the Spanish border, but that there were many unfriendly

French guards around us. We would have to proceed with extreme caution.

The walking was much easier now, as we were going slightly downhill. We

all seemed to have miraculously regained our energy and enthusiasm.

And then a white house appeared just ahead. Our guide began running. One

by one we broke into a run just behind him. Spain! We were on Spanish

soil!

We raised our clenched fists and shouted ‘Viva Espana’ We began to sing

‘The Internationale’, quietly at first, a little self-consciously at

first, then louder and louder. It was a moment I will never forget. We

were the first American group to climb the Pyrenees into Spain. But we

would not be the last.[8]

So Pat Read arrived on Spanish soil on February 5^(th) 1937.

In Spain

When they arrived at the training camp, they were asked if anyone had

previous military experience, so Pat replied that he’d been in WW1, and

so because of his war experiences Read was named as drill master of his

group. The problem with this appointment was that Pat, as an anarchist,

didn’t believe in officers leading men!

“As a result, our group would often sit around in a circle, listening to

Pat relate his experiences.” Despite Read’s position on training the

group of soldiers did get about 10 days intensive drilling, marching,

etc. He refused to take or give orders, opposing discipline “of any

kind....As we’d march to town, Pat would always, intentionally, be out

of step.”

A French Unit?

Several sources describe him as brave to the point of recklessness...a

die hard anarchist and an outspoken anti-Communist. When he questioned

the CP he was transferred from the French transmission company he was

working for into the Americans because they were thought to be more

amenable. This version of his period in Spain, by Carroll, is questioned

by Fisher who met up with Read in France, travelling with him into Spain

and then into action, all the Spanish period being in the Lincoln’s.

There is no disputing his anarchist opinions, just this detail of a

French unit.

Peter Carroll, p109, says that his politics made “his comrades to

question his anti-fascist loyalties. Such allegations, in this period of

Stalin’s anti-Trotsky purge trials, could jeopardize a man’s life.” He

goes onto say that Reade [sic] was ‘returned’ to the American battalion,

where he enjoyed greater political tolerance. The impression given by

Carroll is that this all occurred very early in 1937, but I can’t see

where there was a period when Read was out of the Lincolns, and it

doesn’t appear to be mentioned elsewhere. The only period when I haven’t

accounted for his time is after Madrigueras but before Brunete, in other

words, April-June 1937. [9]

While with the French unit it is alleged that he would stop laying the

lines to roll cigarettes and smoke them, showing his bravery,

foolhardiness under fire.

Leading from the front

Harry Fisher recalls that Read had been at the Madrigueras training base

in the run unto April 1937 when, along with about 40 others, they were

sent up to Jarama. His role in Spain was to lay telephone lines between

the different army units. In that period of war, there were very few

radios, etc, so links between the units had to be maintained either by

runners or by laying down phone lines, both highly dangerous jobs.

Fisher tells us that the transmission unit was operational before the

Battle of Brunete, July 1937. He also recounted how Pat allegedly

“acquired a lorry load of phone equipment” near Madrid, and that’s how

he operated as head of transmissions for the battalion. The first

instruction he gave his men, who included Pat Rehil an Irish-American

member of the CPUSA from New Jersey, was “that there was to be no

saluting. He refused to become an officer. Pat Read was a buck private

to begin with, and even though he was in charge of an important group,

he remained a buck private until the day he left Spain....he never

issued orders. He would ask his men to do a job; if they couldn’t, he

would do it himself. If the job was dangerous, he wouldn’t even ask,

he’d just do it.” Fisher credits Pat’s example as the reason why he

himself turned down the post of Lieutenant prior to his expected

departure in late 1937. (As it turns out he stayed for a lot longer.)

Ryan described his work. “Telephone wires, cut several times daily by

bombardment, were taped together with bits of cloth and paper, no other

material being available. One night, Pat Read, was running a telephone

wire from battalion HQ to the various companies along a route which led

him up and down several hills. Seeing a figure silhouetted against the

sky, first on one hill then on another, the fascists took alarm and

opened up....it was evident they were convinced that they had discovered

at least a Company trying to make a night attack. Read, disregarding the

fire, finished his work and returned unhurt.”.

There is one short article signed by Pat Reade from Nuesto Combate, No.

34, a paper which circulated among the International Brigaders in Spain:

A life for every line we laid

The title doesn’t mean that it is anything to be proud off. It just

happens that the conditions under which our Brigade was thrust into the

last action cost us just that: a life for every line laid.

We found ourselves at Brigade Headquarters at 10.00a.m. with the attack

scheduled for noon. We had the largest percentage of new troops of any

technical unit- faced with as tough a job as any telephone group ever

faced. Yet it is to the credit of our boys that not one faltered.

A new experiment, that of alternative lines, we left until dark. We came

back, sorrowful at losing a few of our boys in laying the lines, but

also proud that not one was lost in their maintenance – even

communication was consistently maintained.

Yet we were not to be left alone. The avion bombardment of the Lincoln

took from us Vernon Snow, a comrade with a loveable personality, calm

courage and plenty of ability.

In the hour of rejoicing at victory, we will think of the regular guys

who made the fight more worthwhile.

Later in the war one comrade reported that “Hard little Pat, hard as

teakwood, ..couldn’t hold back his tears when he heard of Cookson’s

death”.[10]

Political differences

In the summer of 1937 there were debates in the Brigades about the

political developments in Barcelona, etc.

Steve Nelson, an American Political Commissar, has written that Read,

who in one edition of his book is wrongly called Mead, had complained to

him about the non arrival of his IWW paper, the Industrial Worker. He

complained off political obstruction, Nelson said it was just chaos and

that sure enough a bundle of papers arrived shortly after.

On reading the papers Pat was very agitated to see that the IWW was

attacking the Spanish government. As Read himself pointed out, there

were only a handful of IWW members in Spain. He went onto say that

“there’s a lot of things about this war [that] I don’t much like myself.

There’s too damn many capitalists mixed up in the Spanish government if

you ask me.” Nelson, a leading member of the CPUSA, tried to provoke Pat

by using the slogan, that they might win the war but lose the

revolution”.

The reply from Pat was “is this a revolution” What’s comin’ out of all

this, anyway? We don’t claim to be fightin’ for socialism, not even the

Communists claim that. In fact, they insist we ‘re not fighting for it.”

The discussion ranged over the Spanish governments nationalisation of

some large industry and then on the theory of government. “What’s a

government but a policeman, when you come right down to it? The cop with

the star, and the club to bash in the head of the workin’ stiff? Just

show me the cop who ain’t the enemy of the workers!” [11]

Nelson goes onto say that there was

a political struggle which was raging throughout Spain – a struggle

which was basically a conflict between two theories, between anarchist

and Communist principles. The conflict reached into every phase of the

life in Spain. So it reached into the Army. Within two days the issues

were being debated hotly throughout the Battalion.

The CNT Group, Pat Read declared, “has the right idea. You can run a big

farm cheaper and better than you can ruin a lot of small ones. Look at

back home in the West. Isn’t it a fact, the big farms there yield more

per acre per worker than the small ones? Sure they do! On a big farm,

you use tractors, on the little ones you work with a hoe. Now, the UGT

supports a petty peasant economy, and that’s reactionary politically and

economically. It’s a step backward, and we shouldn’t support it!”

The discussion went on, various people arguing that to win the peasants

over you had to allow them to own the land themselves.

Nelson writes that ‘Low looked pleased, and Pat threw up his hands.

“Okay. So what do we do? Thrown in with the UGT, and blast the other

guys?”

“No, It seems to me we have to stay out of the whole thing,” I

said.[Steve Nelson] “We can’t take sides. But what we can do, is

discuss, and learn.” [12]

Whatever his political differences with the overwhelming majority of the

International Brigades, Pat Read consistently led his men in their job,

nothing very glamorous but it was essential to the war effort. Fisher

said that: “Teruel was a rough front for most Americans. The

transmissions unit didn’t suffer too much, except for Pat Read, who

never asked for volunteers and always did the most difficult jobs

himself.” [13]

Leaving Spain

In the Spring of 1938 Read had been quite ill, coughing up blood, but

Fisher says that he refused to go back for hospital treatment. Fisher

met Dave Doran, the Political Commissar, and was told that Read was

being sent back from the line, but not for treatment. Doran was sending

him back because “He’s doing a lot of harm, always talking against the

Communist Party.” This must have occurred in late March 1938 as Fisher

provides the detail that within days of sending Pat back from the line

Doran was dead, and that occurred on April 2^(nd). [Thanks to Jim

Carmody for clearing that date up for me.]

As one indication of how ill Pat must have been, there is a reference in

the Moscow Archives that he was a North American who was to be

repatriated. The note, dated 17^(th) October 1938, concludes, “Informe

del hospital antes de repatricion” – which I take to mean that someone

was to inform the hospital that he was to go. The likelihood is that he

was either in hospital for the entire period, or like a lot of wounded

men, ended up doing some behind the lines work, like hospital porter,

etc.

The National Archives of Ireland, Dublin contains a file, P10/55 — Irish

Volunteers in Spain (Repatriation of, etc.) which includes a letter from

Paris Legation to Dublin, 15^(th) November 1938.

This letter reports an appeal for a passport for a Patrick Joseph Read

‘who has just terminated his period of service with the International

Brigade in Spain.’ (my emphasis)

Given his nomadic past and his politics, it came as no surprise when

this was refused!

In Fisher’s memoir of his early life and the Spanish Civil War,

Comrades, Read is featured prominently and presented as an exemplar of

libertarian socialist values like humour, egalitarianism and bravery.

Read was thrown out of the Lincoln Battalion for his “Wobbly outlook”

and his anti-Communism and anti-Stalinism.[14] Pat had made links with

the Spanish anarchist movement and held membership in the CNT while in

Spain. Matt White wrote that Read apparently coined the IWW word

“Gumpet,” meaning government pet. I would not be surprised if in Spain

he used the IWW term for the Communist Party, “the comical party”, and

coined the word ‘comic-star” to refer to commissars. [15]

After Spain

When Read returned he became editor of the Industrial Worker. He wrote

poetry, he wrote jokes, and he constantly espoused his opinions. The

paper was about as anarcho-syndicalist as it ever was up until that

point and probably until very recently. At some point Read went from

being a follower of Connolly to a straight anarcho-syndicalist. Several

people still consider his Industrial Worker to be the most

light-hearted, artistic, and generally well-done Industrial Worker of

all time. While writing for the paper he wrote with several pseudonyms.

The name he used most was Con Dogan, but with appearances by Francis

O’Donahue and Patrick O’Connell.[16]

During his time with the paper He also wrote a small IWW pamphlet

entitled, “Chicago Replies to Moscow” condemning the Communist Party,

which apparently ended up getting widely translated and circulated

internationally.

Matt wrote to me saying that eventually Read was pushed out as editor as

he was accused of setting policy and alienating some members of the

union in various factories in Cleveland, Ohio who were Catholic. Despite

this dispute, according to an IWW member by the name of Jenny Lahti

Velsek, Pat Read was almost universally loved by the people he met.[17]

Near the end of his life, it was also assumed that his stories about

being in the IRA and being the editor of the CPI’s newspaper Workers’

Republic were false by some but especially a man by the name of Fred

Thompson.[18] However, the record seems to show that Read was telling

the truth. Matt was able to tell me that Thompson was the person that

strong-armed Pat out of the editorship of the Industrial Worker just as

he had done the same to Ralph Chaplin, the composer of “Solidarity

Forever”, in 1936 for the same reasons. [19]

Read definitely had ties to other unions at his death but especially

MESA which was a “non-political” industrial union in the Midwest. [20]

He died on Sunday November 16^(th), 1947 of a cerebral haemorrhage,

receiving an IWW organised funeral on the 18^(th). His obituary goes

onto end that: “The thinking of the labour movement is richer, and the

fires of revolt burn the brighter, because Pat Read lived and wrote and

fought.”[21]

The Industrial Worker carried this short piece of poetry in

commemoration:

The Pioneers In Memoriam Pat Read

By Covami [22]

We salute his memory.

Ciaran Crossey,

Belfast, 15^(th) January 2008

Sources

Peter Carroll, Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, Stanford

University Press, USA, 1994; 165–6

Harry Fisher, Comrades, University of Nebraska, 1998; 23, 27–8, 67, 119

Fearghal McGarry; Irish Politics in the Spanish Civil War, Cork

University Press, Cork, 1999; 70, 248

Mike Milotte, Communism in Modern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin,

1984, p67-9; Moscow Archives: National Archives of Ireland; P10/55

Steve Nelson, The Volunteers, Masses and Mainsteam, NYC, 1953 and then

with Seven Seas Books, Berlin, 1958.

Emmet O’Connor, Reds and the Green, University College Dublin, Dublin,

2004.

Frank Ryan, The Book of the XV Brigade, (reprinted by) Frank Graham,

Newcastle, 1986; 68

Robert Stradling, The Irish and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939;

Manchester University press, Manchester, 1999; 187–8

The Volunteer, newsletter of ALBA.

[1] National Archives of Ireland File — P10/55

[2] Emmet O’Connor, Red and Green, p66.

[3] Mike Millotte, Communism in Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and

Macmillan, 1984), p66

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid, 68

[6] O’Connor, p91; the Workers’ Republic, 3^(rd) Nov. 1923.

[7]

www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk

, Accessed 14/1/8

[8] Fisher, 25–6.

[9] Carroll, 108–9.

[10] Nelson, Volunteers, 187

[11] Nelson, 1953, p114-117

[12] Ibid, p147-8.

[13] Fisher, 97.

[14] Moscow Archive, File 969 (ref. from Matt White)

[15] Here is one example of the use of these terms: Jewish volunteers in

the Spanish Civil War: A case study of the Botwin company, Gerben

Zaagsma, September 2001

The popularity of a commissar depended not only on his political role.

As veteran Irving Weissman writes with regard to the American Lincoln

Brigade: “... while they knew from the start what they were fighting

for, they demanded to know what was goin on at the moment. Knowledge,

discussion and understanding were critical for their morale. However,

the commissar who limited himself to speechifying soon earned the

epithet “comic star”. On the other hand, one who soldiered in accordance

with the rule, “The commissar is the first to advance, the last to

retreat,” earned respect.” See: Irving Weissman, ‘The volunteers in

Spain’ (review — Our fight: writings by veterans of the Abraham Lincoln

Brigade, Spain, 1936-1939/ The Lincoln Brigade: a picture history),

Jewish Currents 45/1 (January 1991) pp. 22–24, 23–24.

[16] Matt White, Wobblies in the Spanish Civil War, Anarcho-Syndicalist

Review, No. 42–43, Winter 2006.

[17] Jenny Lahti Velsek (1913–2006) was born in northern Wisconsin to

Finnish immigrant parents who belonged and were active in the Industrial

Workers of the World (IWW). She lived in Chicago, Illinois for many

decades and was married to Charles Velsek, secretary of the Czech

American branch of the IWW. A close friend of Fred Thompson.

[18] “Fred Thompson (1900–1987) socialist, Wobbly, organizer, soapboxer,

editor, class-war prisoner, educator, historian, and publisher (it was

he who spearheaded the effort to get the Charles H. Kerr Company back on

its feet in the 1970s). Here are lively accounts of his career as a

teenage socialist in Canada during the World War I; adventures as a hobo

on the road; hard years in San Quentin; organizing for the IWW —

Colorado miners in the 1920s, Detroit auto-workers in the early ‘30s,

Cleveland metal-workers in the ‘40s; encounters with the mysterious

Wobbly philosopher, T-Bone Slim; teaching at the IWW Work People’s

College; and much more. From cover to cover, this book bristles with the

characteristic humour and wisdom of a self-taught working-stiff,

esteemed by intellectuals as diverse as George Rawick, Studs Terkel, and

Archie Green as one of the great men of our time.” Taken from website

www.akpress.org

Accessed 14/1/8

[19] Ralph Chaplin Chaplin was active with the I.W.W., serving in

Chicago as editor of its newspaper, the Industrial Worker, from 1932 to

1936.

He is credited with designing the now widely used anarcho-syndicalist

image, the black cat. As its stance suggests, the cat is meant to

suggest wildcat strikes and radical trade unionism.

en.wikipedia.org

, Accessed, 15^(th) January 2008

[20] While Matt seems to be critical of the political leadership of this

union, it doesn’t appear to have been a right wing body.

“The Mechanic’s Educational Society of America (MESA) represented

workers in the machine-tool, automotive, and steel industries as an

independent union until it affiliated with the CIO in 1954. Founded in

Detroit in 1933 for tool-and-die makers, MESA organized in Flint and

Pontiac and then moved to Toledo and Cleveland, sites of automotive

factories and job shops. Here, the union became the bargaining agent at

a number of companies, including Cleveland Graphite Bronze, Eaton Axle,

and S. K. Wellman, fighting for recognition of the special skills of

machinists through better wages and working conditions. Within months of

its founding, MESA staged a walkout of its entire membership, which

gained it recognition as an industry wide bargaining agent, and in 1935

it merged with the Associated Automotive Workers of America.

As an independent union, MESA was active in several Cleveland

war-production plants, and conflicts with its then-rival CIO and strikes

led to the military seizure of some plants. Major Cleveland war-material

manufacturers were at risk in March 1942 when MESA leader Matthew Smith

threatened to call out the area’s 42,000 war workers in order to obtain

the union’s admission to local WLB negotiations and representation on

the board. Plants such as Cleveland Graphite Bronze were also affected

by a series of strikes based on local issues and wages, work demands,

and work rules. After the war, MESA’s militant tactics were modified as

the union redefined strikes as incidents that momentarily disrupted

worker peace rather than battles to the death, and their officials

signed the Taft-Hartley non-communist affidavits without incident. By

1954 the union merged with the Metal & Machinery Workers of America,

representing 1,500 workers in 3 Cleveland plants. Later that year, after

more than 100 representation fights with the CIO, MESA affiliated with

that body and brought 12,000 local workers into the CIO fold.”

Encyclopedia of Cleveland History at

ech.case.edu

Accessed 14^(th) Jan 2008

[21] Industrial Worker, Nov. 22, 1947 Back to the Text

[22] The poet here is properly known as Covington Hall. He was a poet,

organizer and agitator who participated in the IWW’s battles in the

Alabama timber industry, which organized blacks and whites together in

the heart of the Jim Crow South. The IWW was also strong among black

longshoremen in Philadelphia, Baltimore and elsewhere.