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Midnight Pub

ื—ื˜ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ - the Sins of Zion an Essay

~ron77

;.cื™ื•ืžืŸ1

;.l1,6,60,66,1,0,12,72,192,2,17,42,127,12,1,

ื—ื˜ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืžืืช: ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ

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ื‘1946 ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชโ–ˆื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืื˜ืžืจ ื™ื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ืโ–ˆื•ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืœืโ–ˆื™ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืื‘ืœโ–ˆืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง - ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ื•ืœื ืœืื•ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืชโ–ˆืžืคืœืฆืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืขื˜ื ื– ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืงื•ื—ื”โ–ˆืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช )ื—ืœื•ืžื• ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ( ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื˜ืโ–ˆื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื‘ืœืื‘ื ื˜ - ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืžื” ืขืœ "ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ"โ–ˆืขืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœ"ืžื›ื‘ื™ื" ืœ"ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชโ–ˆื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื" ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืงืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื” )ื•ื’ื ืกื•ืคื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื”(โ–ˆืชื”ื™ื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื - ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืชโ–ˆื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ - ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื˜ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช - ื™ืฉืจืืœโ–ˆื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช "ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืšโ–ˆืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืŸ!!! ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืžืจืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฆืขโ–ˆืžื“ืžื - ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื‘ืฆื” ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™โ–ˆื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื–ืจืงื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ื›"ื—ื•ืžืจโ–ˆื’ืœื" ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจืก ืžื•ืจืฉืชื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื - ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื™ืŸโ–ˆืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชโ–ˆื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื” ื ื™ืžื—ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” - ืžื“ื™ื ืชโ–ˆื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื”โ–ˆ"ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•"ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ–ˆืœืฆื”"ืœ" )ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ–ˆื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื“ืฉ ื‘โ–1956(

ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” "ืฉื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื" ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืชโ–ˆื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช "ืฉืœื•ื" ื›ืงื™ื•ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื ื•โ–ˆืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืืœื ื›ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ–ˆื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื™ื•ืœื“ืชื...

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืœื ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืื˜ืžืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื -โ–ˆืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘"ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช" ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ืโ–ˆื‘ื‘ื˜ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ–ˆืชืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื ืฆื— ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ ืงื•ืงื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœโ–ˆืขืกืงื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื - ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืื˜ืžืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ื•ืžืคืจื ืกื™ืโ–ˆืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ื•ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืโ–ˆื‘ื—ืกื“ ืื• ื‘ืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืช... ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืกืื˜ืžืจ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืœื’ื•ืœื”โ–ˆื‘1946 ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™โ–ˆืฉื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ... ืœื“ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืกืื˜ืžืจโ–ˆืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื“ ื‘ืืœ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืโ–ˆื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžื›ื‘ื™ื" ื•ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืโ–ˆื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืกืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืชโ–ˆื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช )ื•ืขืžื™( ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืื– ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™...

ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื:

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ื™ืฆื ืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืกื˜ืœ ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื™ ื ืคืฉ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืžื ื• ื ื™ืคื’ืข ื ืคืฉ ื–ืงืŸโ–ˆื”ืœื•ื ืงืจื‘ ื ื™ืคื’ืข ื”ืœื ื•ืฉืจื•ื˜ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจโ–ˆืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ "ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•" ื•"ืขืจื›ื™ื•" ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจโ–ˆืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชโ–ˆืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื )ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื•(โ–ˆื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืขืจื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืคืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ–ˆื‘ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื )ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ืงืจื‘ื™( ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœโ–ˆ"ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื”ืœืšโ–ˆืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขื” ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ "ืกื’ืจื• ืื™ืชื•โ–ˆื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ" ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• "ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช" ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื˜ื™ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจโ–ˆืœื ื• ืขืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉืœืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื )ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื(โ–ˆื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ...

ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•โ–ˆืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ ืจืžืื™ ืคื•ืฉืข ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืงืจืŸ ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ืขื“โ–ˆืœืขื•ืžืงื™ ื ื™ืฉืžืชื• ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืคืงื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืโ–ˆื”ืขืœื™ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ ืžืคืฉืขื™ื•...

ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸโ–ˆื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื•โ–ˆื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคืฉืขื™ื...

ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœืœืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ืžืŸโ–ˆืœืงืจื•ื ืืช "ืชืฉ"ื—" ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื–"ืœ ื™ื•ืจื ืงื ื™ื•ืง - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืขืจื™ืโ–ˆื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸโ–ˆื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืื•ืชื• ืงื ื™ื•ืง ืฉื ื™ืคืฆืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืชโ–ˆื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื™ืฉืจืง ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื ืงืจื‘ ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืโ–ˆื–ืืช "ืื™ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื›ื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ื›ื ืกื™ืโ–ˆืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœ24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉืคื™ื•ืชื ืœืขื“"โ–ˆืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืื• ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชโ–ˆื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื ืงืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืชโ–ˆืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ - ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืคืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ืขื“ ืœืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื•โ–ˆื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ - ืืกื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื›ืจ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจืชโ–ˆืชืงื ื” ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื•ืœืกืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื )ืื•ืžื ื ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœโ–ˆืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™(

ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื™ื "ื‘ืฉืžื ื•" ื‘ืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ–ˆื•ื”ื’ื ืชื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ืโ–ˆื‘ืฉื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”...

"ืขืจื›ื™ื™" ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช:

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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ืฆื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจืžื™ืโ–ˆืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืœืฆืืช ืคืจืื™ื™ืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืกืžื•ืš" ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืคื™ืคื ื™ืงื™ื•ืชโ–ˆื›ื•ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช - ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘"ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™โ–ˆืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืจืจ" ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ–ˆืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืฉืœื ืงื™ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ื›ืœื•ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ–ˆืฉืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืงืœืœ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ–ˆืฉืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ืจืžืื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืกโ–ˆืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™...

ืืœื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชโ–ˆื‘ืืจืฅ... ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืขื“ื” ืืชื” ืื• ืžื’ื–ืจ ืืชื”...

ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœ 10 ืื• 20 ืื•โ–ˆ30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื–ื•ืจืง ืœืืฉืคื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืžื ืกื”โ–ˆืœ"ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืืคืก" ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืกื’ืจื• ืืช "ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ" ื•ืืช "ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"โ–ˆื•ืืช "ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช" ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ "ื›ืืŸ" ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ื–ื”โ–ˆืœื ืžืกืคืง ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ "ื›ืืŸ" ื•ืžื”โ–ˆืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื–ื” ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื—ื™ื ื™ืโ–ˆืžืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืื™ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืคื˜ืช ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸโ–ˆืœื”ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื" ืžื˜ืขื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืš ืงืจืโ–ˆื ื’ื“ ืงืžื˜ื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืžื•ืก ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืš ืืชโ–ˆื”"ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื -

ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืโ–ˆืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืฉื‘ื•ื™ื”โ–ˆื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื›ื•ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื™ื ืœื”โ–ˆืœืจืื•ืช - ืฉืœ ืœื˜ืื˜ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื ืคืฉโ–ˆื•ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื“โ–ˆื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ "ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช"โ–ˆื•ื”"ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื" ืฉืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื•ืชื—ืชโ–ˆื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœโ–ˆื”ืฉืชืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื•ืชโ–ˆื•ื”ื™ืชืžืžื•ืช...

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื›"ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”" ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸโ–ˆื•ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”โ–ˆืื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื‘ื˜ื—โ–ˆืฉืœื "ืคืจืื™ื™ืจ"

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืžืคื•ืฆืœื•ืช ืœืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื“ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ืชโ–ˆื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœโ–ˆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืชโ–ˆื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื”ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” )ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช( ื•ื›ืŸโ–ˆื”ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื "ืš ื–ื” ื›ืŸโ–ˆืื‘ืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชโ–ˆื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื "ืš ืื™ืŸโ–ˆื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื– ืžื” ื›ืŸ? "ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื" ื•ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืœืžื“ โ–ˆื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืชื—ืชืŸ ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื“ืื’ื• ืœืš ืœืงืฆื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืœืš ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืšโ–ˆืœื›ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืืš ืื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื”โ–ˆื™ืœื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืžืจื•ื“ ื•ืชืฆื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื™ื–ืจืงื• ืื•ืชืš ืžื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื™ืšโ–ˆืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื™ืžื—ืงื• ืื•ืชืš )ื•ื™ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืชืื‘ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ืโ–ˆื‘ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ(

ืžื”ืคื›ื™ื:

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ื”ืžืคืš 1977 ืขืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืคื"ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“โ–ˆื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื ืžืืก ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจืงื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœโ–ˆื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ

ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื“ื™ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขืช ืคืจื—ื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื™โ–ˆื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืโ–ˆื•ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื - ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืงโ–ˆื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช )1979( ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™โ–ˆื‘ืขื™ืจืง )1981( ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” )1982( ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”โ–ˆื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื )1987( ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื

ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ืœืจืกืง ืืชโ–ˆืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืโ–ˆืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช )400%( ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™โ–ˆื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ )"ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ"( ื‘ืื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ื›ืจืืฉโ–ˆื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”"ืžืขืจืš" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ืขื“โ–ˆืฉื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” )1991( ื•ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืกืงืื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจืื™ื )39โ–ˆื‘ืžืกืคืจ( ืขืœ ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1992 ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–โ–ˆืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉ"ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื“ ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื ืกืชโ–ˆืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื”...

ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• )1993( ืขื ืืฉ"ืฃ ื ื“ืžื• ื›ืžืขื™ืŸโ–ˆืืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื" ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ )ืฉื ื™โ–ˆืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื( ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืชโ–ˆืขื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชื ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ืื™ื”...

ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžื• ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘โ–ˆื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื )ื—ืžืืก( ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ )ื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฅโ–ˆื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ื™( ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืชโ–ˆื”ื”ืกืชื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื” ื“ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื” ืขื“ ืœืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘โ–ˆ1995 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืงืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจืก ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸโ–ˆื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘1996...

ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื”โ–ˆื•ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืขื )"ื”ืคืจื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœ"( ืื“ื ืฉื ื™ืฆืžื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸโ–ˆื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจื™ืโ–ˆื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื’ื–ื’ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืจ ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“โ–ˆืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ - ืื“ื ื–ื”โ–ˆืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœโ–ˆืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ - - -

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืžืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืชโ–ˆื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช )ื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื( ื•"ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœโ–ˆื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ืžื™ื”โ–ˆืžืžืฉืœื” "ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืœื" ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉืœ 64 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ ืžืคื"ื™ ื—ืฉื• ืฉ"ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื‘ 1977 ืื• ื›ืคื™โ–ˆืฉื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ - ืžืจื›ื– )ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“" ืฉืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“โ–ˆื•ื›ื•'( ืฉ"ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื‘โ–ˆื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœ ื› 30โ–40 ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื™ื ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืœื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจโ–ˆื•ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช - ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจโ–ˆื ื•ืฉืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื›ื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™" ื•ื ื—ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ื ื•ืจืื”โ–ˆืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•...

ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื”ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœโ–ˆื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืœื ืืœื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ "ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”" ื”ืœืโ–ˆื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื? ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ืโ–ˆื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•โ–ˆืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘"ื’ื™ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื™" ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸโ–ˆืžื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื )ืกืกืžืื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื" "ื›ื”ื ืโ–ˆืฆื“ืง" "ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื - ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื" ื•ื›ื•'(

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ืื”โ–ˆื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™โ–ˆื”ืฉื ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื” )ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืโ–ˆืืคื™ืœื• ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ]ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜[( ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืขืโ–ˆื”ื–ื” ืžื“ืขืชื•...

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช:

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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ืขื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืชืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืžื’ืžื•ืชโ–ˆื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื...

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื‘ืœื‘ืื ื˜โ–ˆืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘โ–ˆื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ -

ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50โ–ˆื•ื”-60 ืœืฉื ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื”โ–ˆืื—ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ )ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ 1956( -

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸโ–ˆื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ืฉืง ื•ื’ื ื›ืกืฃโ–ˆื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื ืง ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ -

ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ–ˆืฉืชื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืขื ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘1993 ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœโ–ˆื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื•ืืœ ื–ืจื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ "ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ - ืžืœื—ืžื”โ–ˆื”ืงืจื”" ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž - ื•ืœืืžืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ื—ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸโ–ˆ"ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื" "ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช" "ื ื™ืื•-ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื" ื•"ื”ื›ืคืจโ–ˆื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™"...

ื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืชโ–ˆืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืชโ–ˆืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืโ–ˆื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืโ–ˆื•ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืœืขื•ืœื...

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืชโ–ˆื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›"ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœืโ–ˆืื ื•ืฉื™" ืขื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื•โ–ˆืืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ–ˆื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื”โ–ˆื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืจื” ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืโ–ˆืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืชโ–ˆ- ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจืข ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ืŸโ–ˆื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืื•ืชื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื›ืšโ–ˆืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช - ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื”โ–ˆืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื—ืกืœ" ืืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืœื™ื” ืืชโ–ˆ"ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ )"ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชืกืชืœืงื• ืžืคื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ–ˆืฉืœื›ื!"(...

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ:

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ืœื›ื•ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื "ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื”" )ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ–ˆื”ื—ื“ืฉื”( ืื• ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื‘ "ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื•ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืงื•ื ืคื”โ–ˆ"ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœื›ื”" - - -

ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืขื”โ–ˆืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืœื’ืชโ–ˆืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืกื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”โ–ˆ- ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžืคืœืฆืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืœืฃ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื "ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ืžื—ื–ื•ืŸโ–ˆื“ื ื™ืืœ...

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœ ื•ืขืœโ–ˆืื™ ืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืžื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจืฅโ–ˆืฉื ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื - ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื”? ืœืžื”โ–ˆื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”? ืฉืœื•ื? ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ? ืืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸโ–ˆ"ืืœื˜ื ื•ื™ืœื ื“" ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ? ื”ืฆื—ืงืชื ืื•ืชื™! ืœื ืฆื— ื ืื›ืœ ื—ืจื‘! ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืšโ–ˆื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืคืœืฆืช...

ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืงืช ืžืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืฉืข ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืชโ–ˆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื - ืืฉืจ ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื ื™ืคื’ืขื™ ื ืคืฉ ื•ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–โ–ˆื”ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” )ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ( ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™โ–ˆืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœโ–ˆื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื - ื™ื•ื ืคื”... ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืœืขืจื›ื™โ–ˆืฉืœื•ื ื•ืคืฆื™ืคื™ื–ื ืื• ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ืจ - ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืโ–ˆื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืโ–ˆืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชโ–ˆื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืงืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื -โ–ˆืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืชโ–ˆื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืจื•ื‘... ื–ื” ืœื ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจโ–ˆื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงื ื” ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™...

ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘"ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™" ื›ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ื”ื•โ–ˆืจืง ืงื™ืฉืงื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ - ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ืโ–ˆืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืชื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœโ–ˆื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ - ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™โ–ˆืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื ืข ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื ืขโ–ˆืžืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืโ–ˆืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื›ืคืจื™โ–ˆื‘ืฉืœ...

ืกื•ืฃ.

THE ESSAY TRANSLATED WITH MICROSOFT TRANSLATOR

;.cLog1

;.l1,6,60,66,1,0,12,72,192,2,17,42,127,12,1,

The Sins of Zion

Short essay by: Aaron Weisslinger

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In 1946, two years before the end of the British Mandate and when Ben Gurion announced the establishment of the stateโ–ˆ the Chief Rabbi of the Satmar Hasidic movement, Yoel Teitelbaumโ–ˆ and begged and pleaded with Ben-Gurion not to expel the British from Palestine and not to declare the establishment of a state I don't know what exactly he said or claimed butโ–ˆI know he was right - Judaism is a religion and not a nationality and Zionism is a distortionโ–ˆmonstrous Judaism a kind of shatnaz of Judaism with a nationalism takenโ–ˆFrom Europe and German nationalism (Herzl's wet dream) together with sinโ–ˆEuropean colonialism in Lavant - Zionism dreamed of The "new Jew"โ–ˆAbout turning the old exiled Jew and turning him into a "Maccabee" into "Judaismโ–ˆthe muscles" and the State of Israel that arose on its sword (and also ended up falling on its sword(โ–ˆWill be and indeed is - a militaristic state that sanctifies power and violenceโ–ˆAt all costs - Israel is a disaster for the Jewish people National Sparta - Israelโ–ˆIt is a war machine a corrupting tool The "iron beast" of Daniel's vision withinโ–ˆArmed war zone!!! Israel is a war that does not end is a woundโ–ˆBleeding - fromDinat Yisrael brought together all the Jewish refugees survivorsโ–ˆThe Holocaust and the Jews of Arab countries who were thrown out of their countries and used them as "materialโ–ˆraw" for its own purposes while destroying their heritage and culture - culturally the State of Israel has no cultural heritage from the Diaspora except for the books of the Jewish religionโ–ˆAll the Yiddish or Ladino culture that was before it was erased by it - the stateโ–ˆIsrael imitated the Jews who came to it and assigned them its valuesโ–ˆThe "Zionists" of settlement and socialist Zionism and "well doneโ–ˆto the IDF" (Ben Gurion and his pathetic vision of settling the Negev or the warโ–ˆThe colonialist His and Dayan's with Britain and France in the Kadesh War in 1956(

Zionism is not a "peace-seeker" Zionism is a violent and racist movementโ–ˆAnd conquers "peace" as a normal humanistic human existence pacifist is notโ–ˆExists in its values or lexicon but as a vision of the end times the State of Israelโ–ˆAnd Zionism are violent entities that are cynical and forceful and in the sin of their birth...

It is no wonder that Satmar Hasidism in the Diaspora is the richest Hasidism in the world -โ–ˆBecause its Hasidim and its Jews do not depend on "allowances" from the state and are engagedโ–ˆin the idleness of studying Torah falafels and superstitious commandments and expect the State of Israelโ–ˆ to feed them forever like sweet cuckoo chicks thanks to parties of corrupt businessmen - Satmar Hasidim and Jews work for a living and provide for themselvesโ–ˆtheir families and their Hasidism and their community honestly and they live by right and notโ–ˆby charity or extortion... The Chief Rabbi of Satmar left Palestine for the Diasporaโ–ˆin 1946 shortly after failing to convince Ben Gurion and two years beforeโ–ˆthat Ben Gurion had declared the establishment of the State of Israel... According to the Satmar Hassidimโ–ˆThe State of Israel is a rebellion against God and the Law of Israel and the will of God that the Jews return to being "extinguishers" and establish a state and do not wait patiently to comeโ–ˆThe Messiah and redemption according to the sages of Israel in all the generations that have forbidden rebellionsโ–ˆIn the nations (and the people) of the world since the destruction of the Second Temple...

The most moral army in the world:

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I got to live in a hostel for the mentally ill where an old man was injured with usโ–ˆCombat shock was hit and scratched from his military service in Israel's wars and he already told us about the "heroism" and "values" of the Israel Defense Forces - he told us how he received a direct order to kill Jordanian prisoners of war in the warโ–ˆThe Six Days )He carried out the order and until his last day it haunted him(โ–ˆHe told us about the rape of sick or wounded Palestinian women and girlsโ–ˆIn ambulances in the Occupied Territories )He served as a combat medic( He told us aboutโ–ˆ"Account closure" In the army by killing with friendly fire a soldier who wentโ–ˆ to evacuate in the middle of an ambush of the terrorist unit in the Jordan Valley and when he returned "close with himโ–ˆaccount" and kill him "by mistake" and after that they covered up the incident he told us about taking war booty and looting from the homes of Palestinians (the Six Days(โ–ˆAnd this is just the tip of the iceberg...

It is worth starting but with Moshe Dayan one of the illustrious chiefs of staff of himโ–ˆArmy who was a rogue thief a criminal crook a liar steals antiquities and is also corrupt untilโ–ˆTo the depths of his soul but as long as he was able to command and succeed in beating the Arabsโ–ˆTurn a blind eye to his crimes...

It must be said that every military force commits crimes and injustices at any timeโ–ˆ and in the world and in Israel the use of force and the state of war at low intensity orโ–ˆin full wars is endless and constant so that there are endless crimes...

Anyone who wants to read more about what war does to those who fight in it is invited to read "1948" a book by the late author Yoram Kaniuk - how are boysโ–ˆwent to fight in the service of the Palmach and the IDF for the sake of fulfilling Ben's declarationโ–ˆGurion of the establishment of the state - the same Kaniuk who was wounded in the war in battleโ–ˆJerusalem was whistled and was in a battle until his last day or as he expressedโ–ˆThis is "If the Prime Minister or any Israeli politician had enteredโ–ˆMy shoes for 24 hours they would have gone crazy and lost their sanity forever" โ–ˆMany of the battlefields of Israel's wars found refuge in the alcohol in the beginningโ–ˆThe days of the state such as another battle of the Six-Day War in battlesโ–ˆThe Syrians on the Golan - Yehonatan Geffen who drinks to this day orโ–ˆThe son of the same Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan - Assi Dayan who indulged in an incomplete addictionโ–ˆRegulation to cocaine and psychiatric drugs (although not as a direct result of โ–ˆMilitary service)

All these crimes and injustices and killings are committed "on our behalf" in the name of the existence of the stateโ–ˆand its protection and for the protection of its citizens or for the purpose of settlement in occupied territoriesโ–ˆIn the name of the whole land of Israel...

The "values" of Israeli society:

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Israeli society admires power it is a belligerent and violent society everyone cheatsโ–ˆeveryone the main thing is not to go out suckers culture of "next door" and of overlapsโ–ˆeveryone tries to cheat - on the one hand get paid in "black" cash withoutโ–ˆreceipts so as not to pay taxes on the other hand "culture of snorer" from the stateโ–ˆthat the state will pay allowances and grants culture of take and give nothing cultureโ–ˆof going to beat and swearing at each other on the roads of being pushed as a cultureโ–ˆof lies and small cheating of big and small crooks of tax evasionโ–ˆof running over each other...

But in the big way the values of the daily reality of Jewish Israeli societyโ–ˆIn Israel... And it doesn't matter what ethnicity you're from or sector you're from...

Israeli culture is usually a miserable commercial culture every 10 or 20 or โ–ˆ30 years, whoever comes and throws everything that was in front of him and triesโ–ˆto "start from scratch" This was the case when they closed the Broadcasting Authority and Kol Israelโ–ˆ and the "Educational Television" and turned it into a corporation "Kan" and now that tooโ–ˆdoes not satisfy the masters of the country and they want to close the corporation "here" and whatโ–ˆthat will remain rotten and foul-smelling commercial tv and radio channelsโ–ˆFrom advertisements and items and headlines of news and chatter and eating of heads that do not have the end of a convoy of " Self-proclaimed experts who try to sell you creamโ–ˆagainst wrinkles or chickpeas on sale or lottery tickets and sell you their "conception" according to commercial and political interests -

Israeli culture is a culture of falsehood of a society that cannot and cannotโ–ˆwant to look in the mirror and see the truth about itself A culture of a society that is captiveโ–ˆIn the midst of lies and self-deception A culture that ignores everything that is unpleasant for itโ–ˆSeeing - of sweeping under the rug the disabled and the poor and the mentally damagedโ–ˆand the weak in society and of course ignoring what is happening in the territories among the Palestinians on the sideโ–ˆThe settlers and the security forces A culture of ratings and the values of "Judaism"โ–ˆand the "modern Zionism" that celebrates the army a culture that does not stretchโ–ˆCriticism and turning a blind eye to the injustices done in the name of the The state is a culture of โ–ˆSilencing the victims and the weak in a society of beautiful lies and beautifyingโ–ˆand orphanage...

A culture in which every criticism is perceived as a "betrayal" with which one must close an accountโ–ˆ and silence that culture and society in which one must not be different one must not think differentlyโ–ˆor believe in things different from the norm and especially one must not be weak and certainlyโ–ˆNot a "sucker"

The education systems in Israel are split into a state religious systemโ–ˆHaredi education and the Arab sector in any way in the state education system ofโ–ˆSecular Jewish Israelis educate about the values of Zionism and love of the homelandโ–ˆAnd what is important there are core studies (English, mathematics 5 units) and yesโ–ˆpreparation for military service Zionism values and Jewish holidays and Bible lessons it isโ–ˆBut democratic values and citizenship is at the bottom of the priority order - in the systemsโ–ˆHaredi education will not learn about democratic values and citizenship because in the Bible there is noโ–ˆdemocracy So what is? "What the rabbis say" and if you become a good child and study โ–ˆIn a yeshiva and get married and start a family they will take care of you for a living allowance for you and your familyโ–ˆFor your whole life thanks to the ultra-Orthodox and religious parties in the Knesset but if you are not โ–ˆA good boy and rebel and come out with a question they will throw you off all the stairs and sit on youโ–ˆSheva and erase you (and hope that you will commit suicide as happens to many exportedโ–ˆIn the question in Israel)

Inverters:

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The 1977 upheaval when the Mapai party lost power in favor of the Likudโ–ˆAnd the right came because the people were fed up with mapai's rotten socialism and also becauseโ–ˆThe failure of the Yom Kippur War

The Likud government was an interim period of twilight when the factories flourishedโ–ˆThe settlement in the territories and the ultra-Orthodox parties learned how to get budgetsโ–ˆand allowances for their ultra-Orthodox autonomy - while the public was busy โ–ˆThe peace agreement with Sadat's Egypt (1979) with the bombing of the nuclear reactorโ–ˆin Iraq (1981) in the First Lebanon War (1982) and the outbreak of the intifadaโ–ˆin the Occupied Territories (1987) They built their infrastructure in the shadows

The Likud worked to destroy mapai's socialist economy and crush the infrastructure of mapai's factories and the smooth settlement of the kibbutz movements with an insane inflation (400%) and build in its place a capitalist economy according to the vision of the Revisionists of liberty

After Begin's resignation ("I can no longer") came the years of Yitzhak Shamir as prime ministerโ–ˆThe government with a unity government and rotation with the "Array" headed by Shimon Peres untilโ–ˆthat he formed a narrow government only of the Likud and the right

After the first Gulf War (1991) and the fall of the Scuds 39โ–ˆ in number, on the cities of Israel in the 1992 elections, it seems that the left and center have returned to power when "Labor" headed by Yitzhak Rabin was elected on the basis of one vote in the Knessetโ–ˆForming a narrow government...

The second Rabin government and the Oslo Accords (1993) with the PLO seemed like a kind of sweet illusion of a "peace agreement with the Palestinians" and the division of the land (twoโ–ˆstates for two peoples), as if Israel could mend its ways and turn its skin upside downโ–ˆ and cleanse its past and cleanse itself of its sins...

The peace agreements of the Rabin government had many bitter enemies both among the Palestinians (Hamas) and among Israel (the settlers and the right-wing followers of the landโ–ˆGreater Israel and so on), the murderous terrorist attacks, the stormy demonstrationsโ–ˆThe incitement against Rabin and the government were all Via Delorosa until Rabin's assassination in โ–ˆ1995 by a Jewish assassin and the loss of his successor, Yitzhak Peres, to the right-wing governmentโ–ˆthe new Likud party headed by Benjamin Netanyahu in 1996...

Benjamin Netanyahu is a man who has built his power and political power by incitementโ–ˆand hatred and increased division in the people ("divide and rule") a man who clings to powerโ–ˆat all costs and lies about right and left who changes positions and opinions according to pollsโ–ˆand trends that are constantly zigzagging until he constantly lies to everyone and the only valueโ–ˆhis is staying in power by fascist populism - this personโ–ˆconstitutes the true face of the Zionist enterprise of the Zionist movement of the State of Israel and of the people and society in the country - - -

Netanyahu is currently working on forming his sixth government together with the partiesโ–ˆHaredi, religious Zionism (the settlers) and "Jewish Power" The party of โ–ˆBen Gvir This is the most right-wing government that has ever been established in the State of Israelโ–ˆ A "full right" government with a solid majority of 64 mandates in the Knesset

As mapai voters felt that they had "stolen their state" in 1977 or as the left-center voters now feel (Yair Lapid's Yesh Atid partyโ–ˆetc.) that the "state of Halacha Halacha HaMedina" is in fact just another stageโ–ˆin the evolution of the Zionist enterprise and Zionism and the State of Israel which every 30โ–40 years is becoming more extreme and more violent โ–ˆand less humanistic - very simple when there is no longer a need to pretend anymoreโ–ˆAnother mask falls off the face of the "Zionist experiment" and a terrible truth is revealedโ–ˆabout its nature...

Who could better tell us what the true face and nature of โ–ˆZionism and the State of Israel really is if not those who always "eat it" non-Palestinians? They will be able to tell us how the settlers treat themโ–ˆand the security forces in the Occupied Territories or how the state and the Jewish public and its leaders treat themโ–ˆConsider them a "fifth column" in the country - how the Prime Minister and the right-wing partiesโ–ˆ establish and support incitement against them (slogans such as "Death to Arabs", "Kahaneโ–ˆJustice", "No Arabs - No Attacks", etc.)

The most obvious thing from the results of the last elections is that hatredโ–ˆand violence and incitement and racism are the real fuel of Zionism and that โ–ˆthe hatred of the other and its language (left-wing LGBT Arabs, secular liberalsโ–ˆeven Ashkenazi [who are already in the minority] is overflowing and driving the people out of their minds...

The State of Israel and the World War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness:

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Zionism and the State of Israel have always been able to connect and channel in their favor trends and phenomena and global and international currents in their favor...

As Zionism knew how to ride on the back of European colonelism in the Levantโ–ˆFor the purpose of achieving the Balfour Declaration and applying the British Mandate over Palestine to the settlementโ–ˆThe establishment of the Jewish settlement in the land and the pioneering Zionist settlement in the land -

And as the young State of Israel knew how to form an alliance with France in the 1950โ–ˆ and 1960s for the purpose of arming and obtaining nuclear weapons and the reactor in Dimona and even a warโ–ˆone against Nasser's Egypt (the Kadesh War in 1956) -

As the State of Israel knew how to forge an alliance with the US as part of a struggle between the USSR and the US in the Cold War and to win again armaments and weapons as well as moneyโ–ˆ and financial support in the form of a security and civilian aid grant -

And as Israel of the early 1990s knew how to elect the second Rabin governmentโ–ˆ to sign the Oslo Accords with the PLO in 1993 and thus join the liberal leftโ–ˆ and the globalization current and the values of the "post-war worldโ–ˆcold" after the dissolution of the USSR - and to flatly adopt values such asโ–ˆ"postmodernism", "multiculturalism", "neo-capitalism" and "the villageโ–ˆglobal"...

Thus, today the State of Israel joins the neo-fascist right-wing movementsโ–ˆpopulist movements emerging around the world and Christian religious movementsโ–ˆMessianic movements such as the evangelicals in the United States who believe in the Jewish stateโ–ˆand the construction of the Third Temple in Jerusalem as part of the end-times processโ–ˆand the return of Jesus to the world...

The State of Israel, which sees itself as the solution to the Jewish question, continues to seeโ–ˆThe Jewish Diaspora and Jewish communities around the world as "raw materialโ–ˆhuman" potential immigrants on the one hand it wants them to make Aliyah and joinโ–ˆThe Zionist enterprise and become Israeli citizens and help build the stateโ–ˆAnd on the other hand for political and international support it cooperatesโ–ˆand conducts a fruitful dialogue with right-wing nationalist forces and movements and factionsโ–ˆAnti-Semites who despise those Jews who live in Diaspora countriesโ–ˆ- As far as the State of Israel is concerned, the worse the situation of the Jews in the Diaspora isโ–ˆThe better and there will be an incentive for those Unhappy Jews to make aliyah to Israel and thusโ–ˆto be swallowed up within the Zionist state - the State of Israel in this way cooperatesโ–ˆwith anti-Semites in order to "eliminate" Diaspora Jewry and absorb into it the "Jewish refugees" for the purpose of settling the land )"Jews will get out of here to Israelโ–ˆyours!" (...

Summary:

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To all those who are currently sitting at home and worried about "what will happen" (with the new governmentโ–ˆ) or who feel that they have once again "stolen their country" and that it is going to be established hereโ–ˆ"State of Halacha" - - -

This is just the beginning of another new stage in the evolution of Zionism, which it has always knownโ–ˆTo use and throw at its loyal supporters and betray them when it is comfortable for it as it skipsโ–ˆTowards its next goal and adopt a new face and a new identity and a new maskโ–ˆ- The State of Israel - a monster with a thousand faces "the iron beast" from a visionโ–ˆDaniel...

The State of Israel, which was born in sin and rose from its sword and lives on robbery and injustice and injusticeโ–ˆInjustice for violence and discrimination and racism A well-oiled war machine within a landโ–ˆ that has been poured into a war zone of everyone against everyone - what should be expected of it? Whyโ–ˆ Is it already to be hoped for or to get out of it? Hello? Equality? Herzl's "Altneuland" vision? You made me laugh! Forever we will eat a sword! And on the wayโ–ˆWe will become a monster...

Israeli society, scarred by violence and terrorism and wars and crime and worriesโ–ˆdaily - about a quarter of a million of whose citizens are mentally ill and about forty percentโ–ˆthe population (some say even more) consumes psychiatric drugs in order toโ–ˆ survive another day in the madness of the Israeli reality and the eternal war of โ–ˆdaily life here... One cannot expect from such a society democracy and valuesโ–ˆpeace and pacifism or tolerance towards the different and the other - the politiciansโ–ˆThe Israelis are the worst corrupt and cynical scum because they areโ–ˆdering their political power from exploiting the weaknesses of Israeli societyโ–ˆand deeply playing on existential fears and encouraging old hatreds and divisions in the people -โ–ˆThere is no Israeli politician who is interested in peace and a democratic societyโ–ˆAnd rights also for minorities and not just for the majority... It's not a good commodity for Israeli politiciansโ–ˆIt doesn't confer power and political capital...

Netanyahu says he intends to fight the "Iranian threat" apparently this isโ–ˆjust a scribble designed to reap political capital and intimidate the voter - the truth isโ–ˆthat there is not so much difference between the Iran of the ayatollahs and the State of Israel of โ–ˆNetanyahu who both act as terrorist states for everything - Iran will have sometimeโ–ˆthat it is an atomic bomb and there is nothing to prevent it as there is nothing to prevent settlers from settling in the territories or anxious to extort budgets from the governmentโ–ˆfor their autonomy and enact religious laws for a country that has fallen into their hands as a villagerโ–ˆcooked...

End.

the translation is poor and may not be accurate -

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