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This document can be acquired from a sub-directory coombspapers via anonymous FTP and COOMBSQUEST gopher on the node COOMBS.ANU.EDU.AU The document's ftp filename and the full directory path are given in the coombspapers top level INDEX file. date of the document's last update/modification 03/09/93 This file is the work of Stan Rosenthal. It has been placed here, with his kind permission, by Bill Fear. The author has asked that no hard copies, ie. paper copies, are made. Stan Rosenthal may be contacted at 44 High street, St. Davids, Pembrokeshire, Dyfed, Wales, UK. Bill Fear may be contacted at 29 Blackweir Terrace, Cathays, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, Wales, UK. email fear@thor.cf.ac.uk. Please use email as first method of contact, if possible. Messages can be sent to Stan Rosenthal via the above email address - they will be forwarded on in person by myself. ................................Beginning of file............................. .....................................5 of 5................................... 40. BEING AND NOT BEING The motion of nature is cyclic and returning. Its way is to yield, for to yield is to become. All things are born of being; being is born of non-being. 41. SAMENESS AND DIFFERENCE On hearing of the Tao, the wise student's practice is with diligence; the average student attends to his practice when his memory reminds him so to do; and the foolish student laughs. But we do well to remember that with no sudden laughter, there would be no natural way. Thus it is said, "There are times when even brightness seems dim; when progress seems like regression; when the easy seems most difficult, and virtue seems empty, inadequate and frail; times when purity seems sullied; when even reality seems unreal, and when a square seems to have corners; when even great talent is of no avail, and the highest note cannot be heard; when the formed seems formless, and when the way of nature is out of sight". Even in such times as these, the natural way still nourishes, that all things may be fulfilled. 42. THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE TAO The Tao existed before its name, and from its name, the opposites evolved, giving rise to three divisions, and then to names abundant. These things embrace receptively, achieving inner harmony, and by their unity create the inner world of man. No man wishes to be seen as worthless in another's eyes, but the wise leader describes himself this way, for he knows that one may gain by losing, and lose by gaining, and that a violent man will not die a natural death. 43. AT ONE WITH TAO Only the soft overcomes the hard, by yielding, bringing it to peace. Even where there is no space, that which has no substance enters in. Through these things is shown the value of the natural way. The wise man understands full well, that wordless teaching can take place, and that actions should occur without the wish for self-advancement. 44. SUFFICIENCY A contented man knows himself to be more precious even than fame, and so, obscure, remains. He who is more attached to wealth than to himself, suffers more heavily from loss. He who knows when to stop, might lose, but in safety stays. 45. CHANGES In retrospect, even those accomplishments which seemed perfect when accomplished, may seem imperfect and ill formed, but this does not mean that such accomplishments have outlived their usefulness. That which once seemed full, may later empty seem, yet still be unexhausted. That which once seemed straight may seem twisted when seen once more; intelligence can seem stupid, and eloquence seem awkward; movement may overcome the cold, and stillness, heat, but stillness in movement is the way of the Tao. 46. MODERATING DESIRE AND AMBITION When the way of nature is observed, all things serve their function; horses drawing carts, and pulling at the plough. But when the natural way is not observed, horses are bred for battle and for war. Desire and wanting cause discontent, whilst he who knows sufficiency more easily has what he requires. 47. DISCOVERING THE DISTANT The Tao may be known and observed without the need of travel; the way of the heavens might be well seen without looking through a window. The further one travels, the less one knows. So, without looking, the sage sees all, and by working without self-advancing thought, he discovers the wholeness of the Tao. 48. FORGETTING KNOWLEDGE When pursuing knowledge, something new is acquired each day. But when pursuing the way of the Tao, something is subtracted; less striving occurs, until there is no striving. When effort is uncontrived, nothing is left undone; the way of nature rules by allowing things to take their course, not by contriving to change. 49. THE VIRTUE OF RECEPTIVITY The sage is not mindful for himself, but is receptive to others' needs. Knowing that virtue requires great faith, he has that faith, and is good to all; irrespective of others' deeds, he treats them according to their needs. He has humility and is shy, thus confusing other men. They see him as they might a child, and sometimes listen to his words. 50. THE VALUE SET ON LIFE In looking at the people, we might see that in the space twixt birth and death, one third follow life, and one third death, and those who merely pass from birth to death, are also one third of those we see. He who lives by the way of the Tao, travels without fear of ferocious beasts, and will not be pierced in an affray, for he offers no resistance. The universe is the centre of his world, so in the inner world of he who lives within the Tao, there is no place where death can enter in. 51. THE NOURISHMENT OF THE TAO All physical things arise from the principle which is absolute; the principle which is the natural way. All living things are formed by being, and shaped by their environment, growing if nourished well by virtue; the being from non-being. All natural things respect the Tao, giving honour to its virtue, although the Tao does not expect, nor look for honour or respect. The virtue of the natural way is that all things are born of it; it nourishes and comforts them; develops, shelters and cares for them, protecting them from harm. The Tao creates, not claiming credit, and guides without interfering. 52. RETURNING TO THE SOURCE The virtue of Tao governs its natural way. Thus, he who is at one with it, is one with everything which lives, having freedom from the fear of death. Boasting, and hurrying hither and thither, destroy the enjoyment of a peace filled life. Life is more fulfilled by far, for he who does not have desire, for he does not have desire, has no need of boasting. Learn to see the insignificant and small, grow in wisdom and develop insight, that which is irrevocable, do not try to fight, and so be saved from harm. 53. EVIDENCE When temptation arises to leave the Tao, banish temptation, stay with the Tao. When the court has adornments in profusion, the fields are full of weeds, and the granaries are bare. It is not the way of nature to carry a sword, nor to over-adorn oneself, nor to have more than a sufficiency of fine food and drink. He who has more possessions than he can use, deprives someone who could use them well. 54. CULTIVATING INSIGHT That which is firmly rooted, is not easily torn from the ground; just as that which is firmly grasped, does not slip easily from the hand. The virtue of the Tao is real, if cultivated in oneself; when loved in the family, it abounds; when throughout the village, it will grow; and in the nation, be abundant. When it is real universally, virtue is in all people. All things are microcosms of the Tao; the world a microcosmic universe, the nation a microcosm of the world, the village a microcosmic nation; the family a village in microcosmic view, and the body a microcosm of one's own family; from single cell to galaxy. 55. MYSTERIOUS VIRTUE He who has virtue is like a newborn child, free from attack by those who dwell in the way of nature, the way of the Tao. The bones of the newborn child are soft, his muscles supple, but his grip is firm; he is whole, though not knowing he was born of the creative and receptive way. The way of nature is in the child, so even when he shouts all day, his throat does not grow hoarse or dry. From constancy, there develops harmony, and from harmony, enlightenment. It is unwise to rush from here to there. To hold one's breath causes the body strain; exhaustion follows when too much energy is used, for this is not the natural way. He who is in opposition to the Tao does not live his natural years. 56. VIRTUOUS PASSIVITY Those who know the natural way have no need of boasting, whilst those who know but little, may be heard most frequently; thus, the sage says little, if anything at all. Not demanding stimuli, he tempers his sharpness well, reduces the complex to simplicity, hiding his brilliance, seemingly dull; he settles the dust, whilst in union with all natural things. He who has attained enlightenment (without contriving so to do) is not concerned with making friends, nor with making enemies; with good or harm, with praise or blame. Such detatchment is the highest state of man. 57. SIMPLIFICATION With natural justice, people must be ruled, and if war be waged, strategy and tactics used. To master one's self, one must act without cunning. The greater the number of laws and restrictions, the poorer the people who inhabit the land. The sharper the weapons of battle and war, the greater the troubles besetting the land. The greater the cunning with which people are ruled, the stranger the things which occur in the land. The harder the rules and regulations, the greater the number of those who will steal. The sage therefore does not contrive, in order to bring about reform, but teaches the people peace of mind, in order that they might enjoy their lives. Having no desires, all he does is natural. Since he teaches self-sufficiency, the people who follow him return to a good, uncomplicated life. 58. TRANSFORMATIONS ACCORDING TO CIRCUMSTANCES When the hand of the ruler is light, the people do not contrive, but when the country is severely ruled, the people grow in cunning. The actions of the sage are sharp, but they are never cutting, they are pointed, though never piercing, they are straightforward, not contrived, and not without restraint, brilliant but not blinding. This is the action of the sage, because he is aware that where happiness exists, there is also misery and strife; that where honesty may be found, there is occasion for dishonesty, and that men may be beguiled. The sage knows that no-one can foretell just what the future holds. 59. GUARDING THE TAO By acting with no thought of self-advancement, but with self-restraint, it is possible to lead, and genuinely care for others. This happens by acting virtuously, and leaving nothing to be done. A foundation virtuous and firm, rooted in receptivity, is a prerequisite of good leadership, and for a life both long and strong. He whose virtue knows no limit, is most fitting to lead. His roots are deep, and his life protected by his meditative practice, as the bark protects the tree. 60. RULING To rule a country, one must act with care, as when frying the smallest fish. If actions are approached, and carried out in the natural way, the power of evil is reduced, and so the ruler and the ruled are equally protected. They will not contrive to harm each other, for the virtue of one refreshes the other. 61. HUMILITY A great country remains receptive and still, as does a rich and fertile land. The gentle overcomes the strong with stillness and receptivity. By giving way to the other, one country may conquer another; a small country may submit to a large, and conquer it, though having no arms. Those who conquer must be willing to yield; to yield may be to overcome. A fertile nation may require a greater population, to use its resources to the full, whilst the country without such natural wealth may require them to meet its people's needs. By acting in unity, each may achieve that which it requires. 62. SHARING THE TREASURE The source of all things is in the Tao. It is a treasure for the good, and a refuge for all in need. Whilst praise can buy titles, good deeds gain respect. No man should be abandoned because he has not found the Tao. On auspicious occasions, when gifts are sent, rather than sending horses or jade, send the teaching of Tao. When we first discover the natural way, we are happy to know that our misdeeds are in the past, where they belong, and so are happy to realize that we have found a treasure. 63. BEGINNING AND COMPLETING Act without contriving; work naturally, and taste the tasteless; magnify the small; increase the few, and reward bitterness with care. Seek the simple in the complex, and achieve greatness in small things. It is the way of nature that even difficult things are done with ease, and great acts made up of smaller deeds. The sage achieves greatness by small deeds multiplied. Promises easily made are most easily broken, and acting with insufficient care causes subsequent trouble. The sage confronts problems as they arise, so that they do not trouble him. 64. STAYING WITH THE MYSTERY If problems are accepted, and dealt with before they arise, they might even be prevented before confusion begins, In this way peace may be maintained. The brittle is easily shattered, and the small is easily scattered. Great trees grow from the smallest shoots; a terraced garden, from a pile of earth, and a journey of a thousand miles begins by taking the initial step. He who contrives, defeats his purpose; and he who is grasping, loses. The sage does not contrive to win, and therefore is not defeated; he is not grasping, so does not lose. It is easy to fail when nearing completion, therefore, take care right to the end, not only in the beginning. The sage seeks freedom from desire, not grasping at ideas. He brings men back when they are lost, and helps them find the Tao. 65. VIRTUOUS GOVERNMENT Knowing it is against the Tao to try to enforce learning, the early sages did not contrive to teach the way of the Tao. There are two ways of government. One is to be cunning, to act with guile, and to contrive to cheat the people. When this way is used to rule, the people grow in cunning, and contrive to cheat the ruler. The second way to govern the land, is to do so without contriving. People so governed are truly blessed, for they are governed with virtue, and virtuous government is fair to all, thus leading to unity. 66. LEADING FROM BEHIND The sea is the ruler of river and stream, because it rules from well beneath. The teacher guides his students best, by allowing them to lead. When the ruler is a sage, the people do not feel oppressed; they support the one who rules them well, and never tire of him. He who is non-competitive invites no competition. 67. THE THREE PRECIOUS ATTRIBUTES Those who follow the natural way are different from others in three respects. They have great mercy and economy, and the courage not to compete. From mercy there comes courage; from economy, generosity; and from humility, willingness to lead from behind. It is the way of sickness to shun the merciful, and to acclaim only heroic deeds, to abandon economy, and to be selfish. They are sick, who are not humble, but try always to be first. Only he who is compassionate can show true bravery, and in defending, show great strength. Compassion is the means by which mankind may be guarded and saved, for heaven arms with compassion, those whom it would not see destroyed. 68. WITHOUT DESIRE An effective warrior acts not from nihilistic anger, nor from desire to kill. He who wins should not be vengeful. An employer should have humility. If we wish for peace and unity, our dealings with our fellow man must be without desire for self-advantage, and carried out without contention. 69. THE USE OF THE MYSTERIOUS TAO Arguments may be won by waiting, rather than making an aggresive move; by withdrawing rather than advancing. By moving without appearing to move, by not making a show of strength, but by conserving it well; by capturing without attacking, by being armed, but with no weapons, great battles may be won. Do not underestimate those you enjoin in battle, for this can result in losing what is of greatest value. When a battle is enjoined, by remembering this, the weaker may still win. 70. HIDDEN IDENTITY Though the words of the sage are simple, and his actions easily performed, they are few among many, who can speak or act as a sage. For the ordinary man it is difficult to know the way of a sage, perhaps because his words are from the distant past, and his actions naturally disposed. Those who know the way of the sage are few and far between, but those who treat him with honesty, will be honoured by him and the Tao. He knows he makes no fine display, and wears rough clothes, not finery. It is not in his expectancy of men that they should understand his ways, for he carries his jade within his heart. 71. WITHOUT SICKNESS To acknowledge one's ignorance shows strength of personality, but to ignore wisdom is a sign of weakness. To be sick of sickness is a sign of good health, therefore the wise man grows sick of sickness, and sick of being sick of sickness, 'til he is sick no more. 72. LOVING THE SELF The sage retains a sense of awe, and of propriety. He does not intrude into others' homes; does not harass them, nor interfere without request, unless they damage others. So it is that they return to him. 'Though the sage knows himself he makes no show of it; he has self-respect, but is not arrogant, for he develops the ability to let go of that which he no longer needs. 73. ACTING WITH A SUFFICIENCY A brave man who is passionate will either kill or be killed, but a man who is both brave and still might preserve his own and others' lives. No one can say with certainty, why it is better to preserve a life. The virtuous way is a way to act without contriving effort, yet, without contriving it overcomes. It seldom speaks, and never asks, but is answered without a question. It is supplied with all its needs and is constantly at ease because it follows its own plan which cannot be understood by man. It casts its net both deep and wide, and 'though coarse meshed, it misses nothing in the tide. 74. USURPING THE TAO If the people are not afraid of death, they have no fear of threats of death. If early death is common in the land, and if death is meted out as punishment, the people do not fear to break the law. To be the executioner in such a land as this, is to be as an unskilled carpenter who cuts his hand when trying to cut wood. 75. INJURING THROUGH GREED When taxes are too heavy, hunger lays the people low. When those who govern interfere too much, the people become rebellious. When those who govern demand too much of people's lives, death is taken lightly. When the people are starving in the land, life is of little value, and so is more easily sacrificed by them in overthrowing government. 76. AGAINST TRUSTING IN STRENGTH Man is born gentle and supple. At death, his body is brittle and hard. Living plants are tender, and filled with life-giving sap, but at their death they are withered and dry. The stiff, the hard, and brittle are harbingers of death, and gentleness and yielding are the signs of that which lives. The warrior who is inflexible condemns himself to death, and the tree is easily broken, which ever refuses to yield. Thus the hard and brittle will surely fall, and the soft and supple will overcome. 77. THE WAY OF THE TAO The Tao is as supple as a bow; the high made lower, and the lowly raised. It shortens the string which has been stretched, and lengthens that which has become too short. It is the way of the Tao to take from those who have a surplus to what they need, providing for those without enough. The way of the ordinary person, is not the way of the Tao, for such people take from those who are poor and give to those who are rich. The sage knows that his possessions are none, therefore he gives to the world; without recognition, doing his work. In this way he accomplishes that which is required of him; without dwelling upon it in any way, he gives of his wisdom without display. 78. SINCERITY There is nothing more yielding than water, yet when acting on the solid and strong, its gentleness and fluidity have no equal in any thing. The weak can overcome the strong, and the supple overcome the hard. Although this is known far and wide, few put it into practice in their lives. Although seemingly paradoxical, the person who takes upon himself, the people's humiliation, is fit to rule; and he is fit to lead, who takes the country's disasters upon himself. 79. FULFILLING ONE'S OBLIGATIONS When covenants and bonds are drawn between the people of the land, that they might know their obligations, it is commonplace for many to fail to meet their dues. The sage ensures his dues are met, 'though not expecting others to do the same; in this way he is virtuous. He is without virtue of his own, who asks of others that they fulfil his obligations on his behalf. The way of nature does not impose on matters such as these but stays with the good for ever, and acts as their reward. 80. STANDING ALONE A small country may have many machines, but the people will have no use for them; they will have boats and carriages which they do not use; their armour and weapons are not displayed, for they are serious when regarding death. They do not travel far from home, and make knots in ropes, rather than do much writing. The food they eat is plain and good, and their clothes are simple; their homes are secure, without the need of bolts and bars, and they are happy in their ways. 'Though the cockerels and dogs of their neighbours can be heard not far away, the people of the villages grow old and die in peace. 81. MANIFESTING SIMPLICITY The truth is not always beautiful, nor beautiful words the truth. Those who have virtue, have no need of argument for its own sake, for they know that argument is of no avail. Those who have knowledge of the natural way do not train themselves in cunning, whilst those who use cunning to rule their lives, and the lives of others, are not knowledgeable of the Tao, nor of natural happiness. The sage seeks not to have a store of things or knowledge, for he knows, the less of these he has, the more he has, and that the more he gives, the greater his abundance. The way of the sage is pointed but does not harm. The way of the sage is to work without cunning. ...................................End of file............................. ......................................5 of 5...............................