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2009-03-11 09:00:19
By Roger Harrabin
Environment analyst, BBC News
Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are acidifying the oceans and
threaten a mass extinction of sea life, a top ocean scientist warns.
Dr Carol Turley from Plymouth Marine Laboratory says it is impossible to know
how marine life will cope, but she fears many species will not survive.
Since the Industrial Revolution, CO2 emissions have already turned the sea
about 30% more acidic, say researchers.
It is more acidic now than it has been for at least 500,000 years, they add.
The problem is set to worsen as emissions of the greenhouse gas increase
through the 21st Century.
"I am very worried for ocean ecosystems which are currently productive and
diverse," Carol Turely told BBC News.
"I believe we may be heading for a mass extinction, as the rate of change in
the oceans hasn't been seen since the dinosaurs.
"It may have a major impact on food security. It really is imperative that we
cut emissions of CO2."
Dr Turley is chairing a session on ocean acidification at the Copenhagen
Climate Change Congress.
Testing times
The problem is most acute for creatures which make calcified shells.
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
has been absorbed by world's oceans
alkalinity - by 0.1
alkaline); 7 is neutral
over the 21st Century, adding to the present decrease of 0.1 units since
pre-industrial times"
Laboratory tests suggest starfish may be wiped out before the end of the
century if current emissions trends continue.
Scientists fear mussels may not be able to cope, either. Oysters may be less
vulnerable, and farmed oysters may fare better than wild oysters.
"One thing is certain," says Dr Turley. "Things will change. We just don't know
yet exactly how they will change.
"It is not a very wise experiment to be making."
Professor Andy Watson, an ocean biologist from the University of East Anglia,
believes climate change and overfishing may ruin the seas before acidification
does.
He condemns increases in CO2 from human activities, but points out that ocean
acidity also fluctuates naturally.
He also wonders if some creatures might adapt to the changes over time.
"(In) many of the experiments that are being done at the moment, sudden changes
are made; the CO2 is quickly raised, for example, or the acidity is quickly
raised.
"Of course, that's not really what will happen in the real world," he told BBC
News.
"There will be instead a gradual ramping up of CO2 and acidity. And we don't
know whether organisms will be able to adapt or how quickly they'll be able to
adapt."
Professor Tony Knapp runs the BIOS institute in Bermuda, where some of the key
measurements of acidity are taken.
He defends his conclusion that the recent increase in acidity has been caused
by CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels.
"It took me a long time to determine that I was convinced... I'm a cynic at
heart.
"But if you look at the data, and you're intimate with the data, there's really
no other conclusion you could make".
Stormy waters
On the island of Ischia, in the Bay of Naples, Italy, scientists believe they
have evidence that many creatures will fail to adapt to increased
acidification.
liquids: 13 - bleach
The seawater around a part of the island has been more acidic for thousands of
years thanks to volcanic CO2 vents that turn the seabed into a sort of jacuzzi.
If research here presents an accurate picture of future oceans, the prospects
for shell-forming organisms are bleak.
Some of the creatures that appear to survive increased levels of acidity in
short-term laboratory studies are not present here in the real world at the
same levels of pH.
"We are very worried," says Dr Jason Hall-Spencer from Plymouth University, who
researches the site with help from the Naples-based Benthic Ecology Laboratory
at Stazione Zoologica.
"The changes here have clearly made life impossible for shell-forming
creatures.
"When you start messing around with a complex ecosystem it is impossible to
tell what will happen."
The Ischia site does not present a perfect experiment for future oceans because
levels of acidity shift regularly as the currents change, whereas future
oceanic pH levels will be more stable.
But the site does show clear winners and losers: the lush seagrass,
hyper-fertilised by CO2, may be the tallest in the world.
The extra acidity will suit some creatures, but Dr Hall-Spencer argues that the
diversity of the site is reduced and therefore it is likely that productivity
of valuable species will diminish in future acidified oceans.
Ocean acidification is increasingly known as "the other CO2 problem".
It is a new branch of science and researchers were initially uncertain how
seriously to take the threat.
"In 2004, I did a Google search for ocean acidification and got 17 hits," says
Dr Turley.
"Now you get hundreds of thousands. There is much more evidence to show this
will be a problem for the future - indeed it may even be a problem for now."
For many people it will strike a sobering note that humans appear to be
changing the chemistry of the mighty oceans.