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2009-12-13 05:29:29
February 3rd, 2008
It does not matter if it s in the kitchen or the office; there appears to be a
difference in the way that men and women handle multiple tasks. No offense to
all you dads out there reading my blog, but I believe that most women feel that
we do it better. (Please dads keep reading I have good things to say about you
as well).
Recent psychological studies have looked at this perceived difference.
A study by Dr. Glenn Wilson (2005) was performed for Hewlett Packard to explore
the productivity of multitasking. What he discovered is definitely food for
thought. In his study the average worker s functioning IQ, a temporary
qualitative state, drops 10 points when multitasking. That is more than double
the four point drop that occurs when someone smokes marijuana.
Interestingly, the functioning IQ drop was more significant in men
participating in the multitasking study by Wilson. This brings us to the
controversial debate over if there are differences between genders in their
abilities to multitask.
In the link section below is a study performed at Missouri Western State
University in 2006. The results are summarized in the abstract and the brief
discussion. They make for some interesting thoughts which I will share with
you. I suggest reading the study as well as this article
In my life as a mom with a home business and a child that I m homeschooling, I
find that I am more likely to multi-task than my husband. I often play with my
daughter, make lunch and answer the phone all at the same time. My husband
finds that he has trouble focusing on making dinner unless our daughter is
occupying herself. Most moms I know can get the whole family out the door to go
skiing and arrive at the destination on time with everyone s ski gear, warm
clothes plus assorted snacks. Most of the dads I know would choose to live in
Florida if they had to do that.
Moms tend to multi-task because they have to. Since they don t often have the
opportunity to do just one thing at a time, they have learned how to do many.
The downside is that men seem to be more able to screen out other needs and
distractions and truly focus on a task. As the research stated, their
productivity is just a good as women s. I think in some ways men might
ultimately be more efficient since their focus is more directed. Then again,
women might have the capacity for the same level of efficiency (or even
greater?!) when they have the opportunity to focus uninterrupted.
When you work home, whether you are male of female, it is important to clear
space when you can concentrate on your tasks for the day without distractions.
Especially when you need to make business phone calls, or do any kind of
writing or analysis, having clarity of thought allows you to be more
professional and proficient.
In terms of overall brain functioning, there are a number of herbs and fruits
which appear to help. Ginko Bilboa is one. Another is a relatively unknown (in
the western world) Chinese fruit called schizandra, which is stated to be
asuperior brain tonic ; and mental function enhancer.
Schizandra develops the primary energies of life, and generates vitality and
radiant beauty when used regularly for some time. If used for 100 days
successively, Schizandra is said to purify the blood, sharpen the mind, improve
memory, rejuvenate the Kidney energy (especially the sexual functions in both
men and women), and cause the skin to become radiantly beautiful.
Whether you are multi-tasking or singularly focused working at home with the
addition of homeschooling takes its toll on the best of brains. Remember to
take time for self-care. That means good nutrition, exercise, sleep and fun.
Psychological study of the differences between men and women in multi-tasking
situations
--- Mobile internet site for reading on mobile phones, smartphones, small
screens and slow internet connections. ---http://mpggalaxy.mine.bz/www/BB/
mobile_news/threads/index_last.html
Posted: 2009948@446.63
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stranger
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MULTITASKING
BRANDY R. CRISS
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
MWSU
Sponsored by: PATRICIA MARSH (pmarsh1@missouriwestern.edu)
ABSTRACT
This ex post facto study looked for gender differences in multitasking. The
participants were fifty-eight students from a small university in the Midwest.
The participants were given an assignment of performing specified multiple
tasks simultaneously. Afterwards, the participants were asked to fill out a
brief survey that included questions about how they felt about the study and
other questions to control for confounding variables. While there was no
significant difference found in regards to the relationship between gender and
productivity when multitasking, a significant difference was found between the
genders in the area of accuracy when multitasking.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MULTITASKING
Multitasking and divided attention are two words that have similar meanings.
They can cause both adverse and useful consequences in our lives. Merriam
Webster s Collegiate Dictionary defines multitasking as the performance of
multiple tasks at one time (2002, 816). In Principles of Cognitive Psychology,
Michael Eysenck describes divided attention as a situation where attention must
be allocated to more than one task (1993, 51). By association it seems these
two terms are closely related.
Psychologist Dr. Kelly Henry (personal communication, March 21, 2004) a
professor at Missouri Western State University says that the relationship
between the terms does seem to correlate, but it is a stretch to use the terms
interchangeably (2004). Finding an exact date when divided attention began
being examined was extremely difficult. What researchers do know is that many
people have studied divided attention tasks since the science of psychology was
initially discovered in the mid 1800 s.
In contrast, the term multitasking has only recently been coined. According
to the Merriam Webster dictionary the word has been in use since around 1966.
There is speculation that the computer age has popularized the word. Another
theory as to why this word has become so widely used is the ever-increasing
amount of mothers and fathers who take care of the children while doing
laundry, cooking dinner, and helping with homework.
An example of a negative impact that divided attention or multitasking can
cause is when someone s attention is stretched as in divided attention,
memory is negatively affected. Psychologist John Arden (2002) writes in his
book about theories on multitasking that Multitasking decreases your memory
ability. He also claims that for every new task that you take on you dilute
your investment in each task. (Arden, 2002)
This reasoning makes sense. We have all seen the people who get overly involved
in activities. They take on so much that they cannot possibly do everything to
the best of their ability.
Another example of this reasoning can be easily illustrated by the overabundant
use of cell phones while driving. Most people will agree that someone who is
talking incessantly on their phone, such as making flight arrangements, while
driving cannot possibly be giving their full, undivided attention to the
road. Those same people would also probably agree that the radio could be just
as distracting. So where do we draw the line on what should and should not be
considered permissive behavior while driving a motor vehicle?
Dr. David Meyer, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, claims
that multitasking can actually slow you down (Seven, 2004). He says that
through research he has discovered that the more complex activities a person
takes on, the more time it actually takes in the long run. His point is in
agreement with Arden s (2002) written views. Again, when you take on multiple
tasks, you cannot perform them all at an optimum level. Meyer is also in
agreement with Arden that when you are multitasking too much, you can
experience short-term memory problems or difficulty concentrating.
With this being noted, multitasking or divided attention cannot be entirely
bad. There has to be balance and some good that can come from it. Example of
some benefits of multitasking and divided attention tasks can be found in
various situations. One of these is combat operations. Richard Pew and Anne
Mavor co-author a book about human and organizational behavior and how it
applies to military situations. They stress the importance of divided attention
and multitasking when in battle. They explain that these processes are
ubiquitous in combat operations (Pew & Evans, 1995, 112).
The authors give examples of what an infantryman might have to do
simultaneously. Things like decide on a general course of action, plan his
path of movement, run, and fire his weapon are included in the illustration of
the importance of divided attention and multitasking (Pew & Evans, 1995, 112).
The process of multitasking or divided attention in this proposed situation
could very well prevent the infantryman from losing his life. How much more
important can that be?
In this case, multitasking may still produce some of what psychologists claim
are the negative side effects of multitasking including an increase in the
possibility of short term memory loss and the increase in time being taken to
perform the tasks (Rubinstein, Meyer, & Evans, 2001). However, the obvious
positive end result of the infantryman maintaining his life outweighs any
side-effect that a scientist might attribute to the performance of
multitasking.
In contrast, think back to the example of the distractions that divided
attention or multitasking can cause in a vehicle. The potential positive result
of finalizing flight arrangements or finding a really good song on the radio
cannot possibly outweigh the negative risk of causing a fatal car accident
because you chose to do those very things.
Dr. Glenn Wilson (2005) recently performed a study for Hewlett Packard to
explore the productivity of multitasking. What he discovered is astonishing.
The average worker s functioning IQ, a temporary qualitative state, drops 10
points when multitasking. That is more than double the four point drop that
occurs when someone smokes marijuana.
Interestingly, the functioning IQ drop was more significant in men
participating in the multitasking study by Wilson. This brings us to the
controversial debate over if there are differences between genders in their
abilities to multitask.
There is speculation that women are more efficient at multitasking. Dr.
Christina Williams, the chair of the Psychology Department at Duke University,
has done studies with rats, where the male rats have exhibited more tunnel
vision than female rats (Williams & Meck, 1990). Williams study discovered
that female rats use multiple cues, including examining landmarks of the maze
and geometry to navigate a maze, while male rats just used geometry. This
implies that women use their minds to synthesize multiple cues from the
environment, while men would rather use single cues.
Additionally, there is a biological difference. According to MRIs performed,
women have a larger corpus callossum (Halpern, 2000). The corpus collossum is
the area of the brain that handles communication between the two hemispheres.
It is responsible for synthesizing the information from the left and right side
of the brain. In women, the corpus callosum is wider than that of men s brains,
which might enable the two sides to communicate better with each other. This is
a theory as to why women might multitask more efficiently.
There are people (e.g., Meyers, 2003) opposed to the idea of women being better
multitaskers. However, they do not make a case for men being superior with
multitasking abilities. Instead, they claim that there is no significant
difference between the genders with multitasking. According to Dr. David Meyer
(2003) the genders are fairly even in their multitasking abilities. He says
that, The two sexes typically come out about the same, on average
(Shellenbarger).
Dr. Marcel Just, Director of the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging at Carnegie
Mellon University agrees with Meyer. His studies on brain mapping, with
participants between the ages of 18 and 32, show that women only score higher
when asked to listen to two things at the same time (Just, 2001). In every
other cognitive tasks pairing, there are no statistical differences. His
conclusion is that men and women are equally productive with multitasking
(Mahany, 2005).
My hypothesis is that women will score higher on the assessment of multitasking
skills. This is based on the new evidence that is emerging about the corpus
callosum.
METHOD
Participants
The participants were 58 college undergraduates at a small Midwestern
university from classes including business, communication, and introductory
psychology classes. There were 25 males and 33 females that participated.
Material
Students were each given a folder that included an informed consent for the
participant to read and sign, piece of lined paper, and a copy of a printed
book review. The test facilitator played music from a CD and rang a small bell.
Procedure
The participants were each given a piece of lined paper and were instructed to
transcribe the provided printed book review. It was explained to the
participants that while they were writing, they would also be listening to
music. They were to tally how many times they heard the word You from the
songs, in the box at the top right hand side of their lined paper. In addition,
when they heard the bell ring, which rang on average every minute, they were to
gather their materials and move to a different chair. When the song was
finished, the participants were to stop writing. The folders were collected by
the facilitator. The participants also filled out a small survey to control for
confounding variables. An example of the questions on the survey is Please
rate how familiar you are with this song on a scale between 1 and 5.
RESULTS
In order to control for the participants not being part of a random sample, an
ANOVA was run comparing the groups to look for a statistical difference between
the groups. There were no significant differences found. The classes were then
combined into a single group to be further analyzed.
The participants were evaluated on two criteria to assess their level of
efficiency when multitasking. These criteria were production and accuracy.
Production was determined by the number of words transcribed from the book
review during the eight minutes, fifteen seconds that the songs played.
Accuracy was judged by the difference of the number of tally marks recorded by
the participants, from the actual number of times the word you was vocalized
in the songs. The scores were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA, to see if a
statistical difference was present between the genders.
In regards to production, although the females (134.7) did have a mean score
that was slightly higher than that of the males (132.7), there was no
significant difference. Although both groups means showed that they
underestimated the number of you s in the songs, there was a significant
difference showing that women were more accurate, F(1,56) = 8.57, p<.01.
DISCUSSION
My hypothesis that females would score higher on the assessment of multitasking
skills was proved correct in the area of accuracy. However, again, there was no
significant difference in the area of production. These results indicate that
while men and women are both equally productive in the area of multitasking,
women make fewer mistakes.
Researchers have been studying productivity as the sole component of efficiency
in multitasking. This new proposed component of multitasking, accuracy,
provides a new perspective. While the idea of productivity is an important
facet, accuracy is equally important. Even typing tests that judge a typist s
words per minute take accuracy into account in combination with productivity
(Wpm Typing Test, 2005).
Accuracy without productivity is useless. You can be the most accurate person
in the world, but if you cannot efficiently produce what is required of you,
you are not useful in that environment. The same can be said about outstanding
productivity without accuracy. If you are constantly making errors in your
productivity, you are actually slowing down the process you are involved in.
Multitasking efficiently is simply the balance of accuracy and production. The
implications from this study make the case that women are more detail oriented,
meaning that they pay closer attention to the little things, like listening for
the word you in the songs. However, women also hold their own in regard to
production while maintaining a detail oriented perspective.
The origin for these acquired skills can be related to the always popular
social psychology debate of nature vs. nurture. Do women naturally possess
these skills, a question of nature, or do they acquire these skills through
routine exposure to their environment, a question of nurture? Women might be
born with the ability that allows them to be more accurate and equally
productive when multitasking, when compared to men. This idea would support the
corpus collosum theory that a wider corpus collosum in women makes it possible
for the women to multitask more efficiently. However, it could also be that
these skills that women possess are acquired in response to a demanding
environment, including housework, responsibilities relating to children, along
with a job outside the home, etc. Further research should be done to determine
if gender differences in multitasking are a biological issue or a social one.
REFERENCES
Arden, J. (2002). Improving your memory for dummies. New York: Wiley
Publishing, Inc.
Eysenck, M.W. (1993). Principles of cognitive psychology. Hove, UK: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Halpern, D. (2000). Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Mahway, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hewlett Packard. (2005, April). Abuse of technology can reduce UK workers
intelligence: HP calls for more appropriate use of always-on technology to
improve productivity. UK: Author.
Just, M. A., Carpenter P. A., Keller T. A., Emery, L., Zajac, H., & Thulborn,
K. (2001). Interdependence of nonoverlapping cortical systems in dual cognitive
tasks. NeuroImage, 14, 417-426.
Mahany, B. (2005, November 26).The trouble with multitasking. KansasCity Star,
pp. Features E9.
Merriam-webster`s collegiate dictionary. (2002). (10th ed.) Springfield, MA:
Merriam- Webster, Incorporated.
Pew, R., & Mavor, A.(Eds.). (1995). Modeling human and organizational behavior:
Application to millitary simulations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Rubinstein, J.S., Meyer D.E., & Evans, J.E. (2001). Executive control of
cognitive processes in task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance, 27(4), 763-797.
Seven, R. (2004, November 28). Life interrupted: Plugged into all, we`re
stressed to distraction. Pacific Northwest: The Seattle Times Magazine,
Retrieved April 1, 2006, from http://seattletimes. nwsource.com/pacificnw/2004/
1128/cover.html.
Shellenbarger, S. (2003, February 28). Juggling too many tasks could make you
stupid. Career Journal, Retrieved January 31, 2006, from http://
www.careerjournal.com/columnists/workfamily/20030228-workfamily.html.
Williams, C.L. & W.H. Meck. (1990). Organizational effects or early gonadal
secretions on sexual differentiation in spatial memory. Behavioral
Neuroscience, 104(1), 84- 97.
Wpm Typing Test. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2006, from http://
www.customtyping.com/on-line-typing-tests.htm
Author Contact Information:e-mail crissfamily@hotmail.com
Manuscript Submitted 5/8/2006 12:17:54 PM
Manuscript Last Edited 5/8/2006 12:33:33 PM