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Title: Socialism, Anarchism And Feminism
Author: Carol Ehrlich
Date: 1977
Language: en
Topics: feminist, situationist
Source: Retrieved on April 29th, 2009 from http://www.anarcha.org/sallydarity/CarolEhrlich.htm
Notes: Carol Ehrlich’s “Socialism, Anarchism, and Feminism” was first published as Research Group One Report 26 by Research Group One, 2743 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, Md 21218, USA, in January ’77, and ran to a second printing. It will appear in the anthology Reinventing Anarchy: What anarchists are thinking these days to be published by Routledge, Kegan & Paul, London, in Spring ’79. An abridged version of Socialism, Anarchism and Feminism appeared in the American feminist magazine Second Wave Vol. 5, No. 1.

Carol Ehrlich

Socialism, Anarchism And Feminism

You are a woman in a capitalist society. You get pissed off: about the

job, about the bills, about your husband (or ex), about the kids’

school, the housework, being pretty, not being pretty, being looked at,

not being looked at (and either way, not listened to), etc. If you think

about all these things and how they fit together and what has to be

changed, and then you look around for some words to hold all these

thoughts together in abbreviated form, you almost have to come up with

‘socialist feminism.’[1]

From all indications a great many women have “come up” with socialist

feminism as the solution to the persistent problem of sexism.

“Socialism” (in its astonishing variety of forms) is popular with a lot

of people these days, because it has much to offer: concern for working

people, a body of revolutionary theory that people can point to (whether

or not they have read it), and some living examples of industrialised

countries that are structured differently from the United States and its

satellites.

For many feminists, socialism is attractive because it promises to end

the economic inequality of working women. Further, for those women who

believe that an exclusively feminist analysis is too narrow to encompass

all the existing inequalities, socialism promises to broaden it, while

guarding against the dilution of its radical perspective.

For good reasons, then, women are considering whether or not “socialist

feminism” makes sense as a political theory. For socialist feminists do

seem to be both sensible and radical — at least, most of them evidently

feel a strong antipathy to some of the reformist and solipsistic traps

into which increasing numbers of women seem to be stumbling.

To many of us more unromantic types, the Amazon Nation, with its armies

of strong-limbed matriarchs riding into the sunset, is unreal, but

harmless. A more serious matter is the current obsession with the Great

Goddess and assorted other objects of worship, witchcraft, magic, and

psychic phenomena. As a feminist concerned with transforming the

structure of society, I find this anything but harmless.

Item One: Over fourteen hundred women went to Boston in April, 1976 to

attend a women’s spirituality conference dealing in large part with the

above matters. Could not the energy invested in chanting, swapping the

latest pagan ideas, and attending workshops on bellydancing and

menstrual rituals have been put to some better and more feminist use?

Item Two: According to reports in at least one feminist newspaper, a

group of witches tried to levitate Susan Saxe out of jail. If they

honestly thought this would free Saxe, then they were totally out of

touch with the realities of patriarchal oppression. If it was intended

to be a light-hearted joke, then why isn’t anyone laughing?

Reformism is a far greater danger to women’s interests than are bizarre

psychic games. I know that “reformist” is an epithet that may be used in

ways that are neither honest nor very useful — principally to

demonstrate one’s ideological purity, or to say that concrete political

work of any type is not worth doing because it is potentially

co-optable. In response, some feminists have argued persuasively that

the right kinds of reforms can build a radical movement.[2]

Just the same, there are reformist strategies that waste the energies of

women, that raise expectations of great change, and that are misleading

and alienating because they cannot deliver the goods. The best (or

worst) example is electoral politics. Some socialists (beguiled by the

notion of gradualism) fall for that one. Anarchists know better. You

cannot liberate yourself by non-liberatory means; you cannot elect a new

set of politicians (no matter how sisterly) to run the same old corrupt

institutions — which in turn run you. When the National Organisation of

Women (NOW)’s Majority Caucus — the radical branch of that organization

— asks women to follow them “out of the mainstream, into the revolution”

by means that include electoral politics, they will all drown in the

depths of things as they are.

Electoral politics is an obvious, everyday kind of trap. Even a lot of

non-radicals have learned to avoid it. A more subtle problem is

capitalism in the guise of feminist economic power. Consider, for

example, the Feminist Economic Network. The name might possibly fool

you. Ostensibly it was a network of alternative businesses set up to

erode capitalism from within by creating economic self-sufficiency for

women. That is an appealing idea. Yet, FEN’s first major project opened

in Detroit in April, 1976. For an annual membership fee of $100,

privileged women could swim in a private pool, drink in a private bar,

and get discounts in a cluster of boutiques. FEN paid its female

employees $2.50 per hour to work there. Its director, Laura Brown,

announced this venture as “the beginning of the feminist economic

revolution.”[3]

When two of the same old games — electoral politics and hip capitalism —

are labelled “revolution”, the word has been turned inside out. It’s not

surprising that a socialist brand of feminism seems to be a source of

revolutionary sanity to many women who don’t want to be witches,

primitive warriors, senators, or small capitalists, but who do want to

end sexism while creating a transformed society. Anarchist feminism

could provide a meaningful theoretical framework, but all too many

feminists have either never heard of it, or else dismiss it as the

ladies’ auxiliary of male bomb-throwers.

Socialist feminism provides an assortment of political homes. On the one

hand, there are the dingy, cramped quarters of Old Left sects such as

the Revolutionary Communist Party (formerly the Revolutionary Union),

the October League, and the International Workers Party. Very few women

find these habitable. On the other hand, a fair number of women are

moving into the sprawling, eclectic establishments built by newer Left

groups such as the New American Movement, or by various autonomous

“women’s unions”.

The newer socialist feminists have been running an energetic and

reasonably effective campaign to recruit nonaligned women. In contrast,

the more rigid Old Left groups have largely rejected the very idea that

lesbians, separatists, and assorted other scruffy and unsuitable

feminists could work with the noble inheritors of Marx, Trotsky

(although the Trotskyists are unpredictable), Stalin, and Mao. Many

reject the idea of an autonomous women’s movement that cares at all

about women’s issues. To them, it is full of “bourgeois” (most damning

of all Marxist epithets!) women bent on “doing their own thing”, and it

“divides the working class”, which is a curious assumption that workers

are dumber than everyone else. Some have a hysterical antipathy to

lesbians: the most notorious groups are the October League and the

Revolutionary Communist Party, but they are not alone. In this policy,

as in so many others, the anti-lesbian line follows that of the

communist countries. The RCP, for example, released a position paper in

the early 1970s (back in its pre-party days, when it was the plain old

Revolutionary Union) which announced that homosexuals are “caught in the

mire and muck of bourgeois decadence”, and that gay liberation is

“anti-working class and counter revolutionary”. All the Old Left groups

are uneasy with the idea that any women outside the “proletariat” are

oppressed at all. The working class, of course, is a marvellously

flexible concept: in the current debates on the Left, it ranges from

point-of-production workers (full stop) to an enormous group that takes

in every single person who sells her or his labor for wages, or who

depends on someone else who does. That’s almost all of us. (So, Papa

Kari, if ninety per cent of the people of the United States are the

vanguard, why haven’t we had the revolution yet?)

The newer socialist feminists have been trying in all manner of

inventive ways to keep a core of Marxist-Leninist thought, up-date it,

and graft it to contemporary radical feminism. The results are sometimes

peculiar. In July, 1975, the women of the New American Movement and a

number of autonomous groups held the first national conference on

socialist feminism. It was not especially heavily advertised in advance,

and everyone seemed to be surprised that so many women (over sixteen

hundred, with more turned away) wanted to spend the July 4^(th) weekend

in Yellow Springs, Ohio.

On reading the speeches given at the conference, as well as extensive

commentary written by other women who attended,[4] it is not at all

clear what the conference organizers thought they were offering in the

name of “socialist feminism”. The Principles of Unity that were drawn up

prior to the conference included two items that have always been

associated with radical feminism, and that in fact are typically thought

of as antithetical to a socialist perspective. The first principle

stated: “We recognize the need for and support the existence of the

autonomous women’s movement throughout the revolutionary process”. The

second read: “We agree that all oppression, whether based on race,

class, sex, or lesbianism, is interrelated and the fights for liberation

from oppression must be simultaneous and cooperative”. The third

principle merely remarked that “socialist feminism is a strategy for

revolution”; and the fourth and final principle called for holding

discussions “in the spirit of struggle and unity”.

This is, of course, an incredible smorgasbord of tasty principles — a

menu designed to appeal to practcally everyone. But when “socialist”

feminists serve up the independent women’s movement as the main dish,

and when they say class oppression is just one of several oppressions,

no more important than any other, then (as its Marxist critics say) it

is no longer socialism

However, socialist feminists do not follow out the implications of

radical feminism all the way. If they did, they would accept another

principle: that non-hierarchical structures are essential to feminist

practice. This, of course, is too much for any socialist to take. But

what it means is that radical feminism is far more compatible with one

type of anarchism than it is with socialism. That type is social

anarchism (also known as communist anarchism), not the individualist or

anarcho-capitalist varieties.

This won’t come as news to feminists who are familiar with anarchist

principles — but very few feminists are. That’s understandable, since

anarchism has veered between a bad press and none at all. If feminists

were familiar with anarchism, they would not be looking very hard at

socialism as a means of fighting sexist oppression. Feminists have got

to be sceptical of any social theory that comes with a built-in set of

leaders and followers, no matter how “democratic” this centralized

structure is supposed to be. Women of all classes, races, and life

circumstances have been on the receiving end of domination too long to

want to exchange one set of masters for another. We know who has power

and (with a few isolated exceptions) it isn’t us.

Several contemporary anarchist feminists have pointed out the

connections between social anarchism and radical feminism. Lynne Farrow

said “feminism practices what anarchism preaches”. Peggy Kornegger

believes that “feminists have been unconscious anarchists in both theory

and practice for years”. And Marian Leighton states that “the refining

destinction from radical feminist to anarcho-feminist is largely that of

making a step in self-conscious theoretical development.”[5]

We build autonomy

The process of ever growing synthesis

For every living creature.

We spread

Spontaneity and creation

We learn the joys of equality

Of relationships

Without dominance

Among sisters.

We destroy domination

In all its forms.

This chant appeared in the radical feminist newspaper It Aint Me Babe[6]

whose masthead carried the line “end all hierarchies”. It was not

labelled an anarchist (or anarchist feminist) newspaper, but the

connections are striking. It exemplified much of what women’s liberation

was about in the early years of the reborn movement. And it is that

spirit that will be lost if the socialist feminist hybrid takes root; if

goddess worship or the lesbian nation convince women to set up new forms

of dominance-submission.

Radical Feminism and Anarchist Feminism

All radical feminists and all social anarchist feminists are concerned

with a set of common issues: control over one’s own body; alternatives

to the nuclear family and to heterosexuality; new methods of child care

that will liberate parents and children; economic self-determination;

ending sex stereotyping in education, in the media, and in the

workplace; the abolition of repressive laws; an end to male authority,

ownership, and control over women; providing women with the means to

develop skills and positive self-attitudes; an end to oppressive

emotional relationships; and what the Situationists have called “the

reinvention of everyday life”.

There are, then, many issues on which radical feminists and anarchist

feminists agree. But anarchist feminists are concerned with something

more. Because they are anarchists, they work to end all power

relationships, all situations in which people can oppress each other.

Unlike some radical feminists who are not anarchists, they do not

believe that power in the hands of women could possibly lead to a

non-coercive society. And unlike most socialist feminists, they do not

believe that anything good can come out of a mass movement with a

leadership elite. In short, neither a workers’ state nor a matriarchy

will end the oppression of everyone. The goal, then, is not to “seize”

power, as the socialists are fond of urging, but to abolish power.

Contrary to popular belief, all social anarchists are socialists. That

is, they want to take wealth out of the hands of the few and

redistribute it among all members of the community. And they believe

that people need to co-operate with each other as a community, instead

of living as isolated individuals. For anarchists, however, the central

issues are always power and social hierarchy. If a state — even a state

representing the workers — continues, it will re-establish forms of

domination, and some people will no longer be free. People aren’t free

just because they are surviving, or even economically comfortable. They

are free only when they have power over their own lives. Women, even

more than most men, have very little power over their own lives. Gaining

such autonomy, and insisting that everyone have it, is the major goal of

anarchist feminists.

Power to no one, and to every one: To each the power over his/her own

life, and no others.[7]

On Practice

That is the theory. What about the practice? Again, radical feminism and

anarchist feminism have much more in common than either does with

socialist feminism.[8] Both work to build alternative institutions, and

both take the politics of the personal very seriously. Socialist

feminists are less inclined to think either is particularly vital to

revolutionary practice.

Developing alternative forms of organization means building self-help

clinics, instead of fighting to get one radical on a hospital’s board of

directors; it means women’s video groups and newspapers, instead of

commercial television and newspapers; living collectives, instead of

isolated nuclear families; rape crisis centers; food co-ops;

parent-controlled daycare centers; free schools; printing co-ops;

alternative radio groups, and so on.

Yet, it does little good to build alternative institutions if their

structures mimic the capitalist and hierarchical models with which we

are so familiar. Many radical feminists recognized this early: That’s

why they worked to rearrange the way women perceive the world and

themselves (through the consciousness-raising group), and why they

worked to rearrange the forms of work relationships and interpersonal

interactions (through the small, leaderless groups where tasks are

rotated and skills and knowledge shared). They were attempting to do

this in a hierarchical society that provides no models except ones of

inequality. Surely, a knowledge of anarchist theory and models of

organization would have helped. Equipped with this knowledge, radical

feminists might have avoided some of the mistakes they made — and might

have been better able to overcome some of the difficulties they

encountered in trying simultaneously to transform themselves and

society.

Take, for example, the still current debate over “strong women” and the

closely related issue of leadership. The radical feminist position can

be summarized this way:

Women have been kept down because they are isolated from each other

and are paired off with men in relationships of dominance and

submission.

Men will not liberate women; women must liberate themselves. This

cannot happen if each woman tries to liberate herself alone. Thus, women

must work together on a model of mutual aid.

“Sisterhood is powerful”, but women cannot be sisters if they

recapitulate masculine patterns of dominance and submission.

New organizational forms have to be developed. The primary form is the

small leaderless group; the most important behaviors are egalitarianism,

mutual support, and the sharing of skills and knowledge.

If many women accepted this, even more did not. Some were opposed from

the start; others saw first hand that it was difficult to put into

practice, and regretfully concluded that such beautiful idealism would

never work out.

Ideological support for those who rejected the principles put forth by

the “unconscious anarchists” was provided in two documents that quickly

circulated through women’s liberation newspapers and organisations. The

first was Anselma dell’Olio’s speech to the second Congress to Unite

Women, which was held in May, 1970 in New York City. The speech,

entitled Divisiveness and Self-Destruction in the Women’s Movement: A

Letter of Resignation, gave dell’Olio’s reasons for leaving the women’s

movement. The second document was Joreen’s Tyranny of Structurelessness,

which first appeared in 1972 in The Second Wave. Both raised issues of

organizational and personal practice that were, and still are,

tremendously important tothe women’s movement.

“I have come to announce my swan-song to the women’s movement... I have

been destroyed... I learned three and one-half years ago that women had

always been divided against one another, were self-destructive and

filled with impotent rage. I never dreamed that I would see the day when

this rage, masquerading as a pseudo-egalitarian radicalism under the

“pro-woman” banner, would turn into frighteningly vicious

anti-intellectual fascism of the Left, and used within the movement to

strike down sisters singled out with all the subtlety and justice of a

kangaroo court of the Ku Klux Klan. I am referring, of course, to the

personal attack, both overt and odious, to which women in the movement,

who have painfully managed any degree of achievement, have been

subjected... If you are... an achiever you are immediately labelled a

thrill-seeking opportunist, a ruthless mercenary, out to get her fame

and fortune over the dead bodies of selfless sisters who have buried

their abilities and sacrificed their ambitions for the greater glory of

Feminism... If you have the misfortune of being outspoken and

articulate, you are accused of being power-mad, elitist, racist, and

finally the worst epithet of all: a MALE IDENTIFIER.”[9]

When Anselma dell’Olio gave this angry farewell to the movement, it did

two things: For some women, it raised the question of how women can end

unequal power relationships among themselves without destroying each

other. For others, it did quite the opposite — it provided easy

justification for all the women who had been dominating other women in a

most unsisterly way. Anyone who was involved in women’s liberation at

that time knows that the dell’Olio statement was twisted by some women

in exactly that fashion: Call yourself assertive, or strong, or

talented, and you can re-label a good deal of ugly, insensitive, and

oppressive behavior. Women who presented themselves as tragic heroines

destroyed by their envious or misguided (and, of course, far less

talented) “sisters” could count on a sympathetic response from some

other women.

Just the same, women who were involved in the movement at that time know

that the kinds of things dell’Olio spoke about did happen, and they

should not have happened. A knowledge of anarchist theory is not enough,

of course, to prevent indiscriminate attacks on women. But in the

struggle to learn new ways of relating and working with each other, such

knowledge might — just might — have prevented some of these destructive

mistakes.

Ironically, these mistakes were motivated by the radical feminist

aversion to conventional forms of power, and the inhuman personal

relationships that result from one set of persons having power over

others. When radical feminists and anarchist feminists speak of

abolishing power, they mean to get rid of all institutions, all forms of

socialisation, all the ways in which people coerce each other — and

acquiesce to being coerced.

A major problem arose in defining the nature of coercion in the women’s

movement. The hostility towards the “strong” woman arose because she was

someone who could at least potentially coerce women who were less

articulate, less self-confident, less assertive than she. Coercion is

usually far more subtle than physical force or economic sanction. One

person can coerce another without taking away their job, or striking

them, or throwing them in jail.

Strong women started out with a tremendous advantage. Often they knew

more. Certainly they had long since overcome the crippling socialisation

that stressed passive, timid, docile, conformist behavior — behavior

that taught women to smile when they weren’t amused, to whisper when

they felt like shouting, to lower their eyes when someone stared

aggressively at them. Strong women weren’t terrified of speaking in

public; they weren’t afraid to take on “male” tasks, or to try something

new. Or so it seemed.

Put a “strong” woman in the same small group with a “weak” one, and she

becomes a problem: How does she not dominate? How does she share her

hard-earned skills and confidence with her sister? From the other side —

how does the “weak” woman learn to act in her own behalf? How can one

even conceive of “mutual” aid in a one-way situation? Of “sisterhood”

when the “weak” member does not feel equal to the “strong” one?

These are complicated questions, with no simple answers. Perhaps the

closest we can come is with the anarchist slogan, “a strong people needs

no leaders”. Those of us who have learned to survive by dominating

others, as well as those of us who have learned to survive by accepting

domination, need to resocialize ourselves into being strong without

playing dominance-submission games, into controlling what happens to us

without controlling others. This can’t be done by electing the right

people to office or by following the correct party line; nor can it be

done by sitting and reflecting on our sins. We rebuild ourselves and our

world through activity, through partial successes, and failure, and more

partial successes. And all the while we grow stronger and more

self-reliant.

If Anselma dell’Olio criticised the personal practice of radical

feminists, Joreen raised some hard questions about organisational

structure. The Tyranny of Structurelessness[10] pointed out that there

is no such thing as a “structureless” group, and people who claim there

is are fooling themselves. All groups have a structure; the difference

is whether or not the structure is explicit. If it is implicit, hidden

elites are certain to exist and to control the group — and everyone,

both the leaders and the led, will deny or be confused by the control

that exists. This is the “tyranny” of structurelessness. To overcome it,

groups need to set up open, explicit structures accountable to the

membership.

Any anarchist feminist, I think, would agree with her analysis — up to

this point, and no further. For what Joreen also said was that the

so-called “leaderless, structureless group” was incapable of going

beyond talk to action. Not only its lack of open structure, but also its

small size and its emphasis upon consciousness-raising (talk) were bound

to make it ineffective.

Joreen did not say that women’s groups should be hierarchically

structured. In fact, she called for leadership that would be “diffuse,

flexible, open, and temporary”; for organizations that would build in

accountability, diffusion of power among the maximum number of persons,

task rotation, skill-sharing, and the spread of information and

resources. All good social anarchist principles of organization! But her

denigration of consciousness-raising and her preference for large

regional and national organizations were strictly part of the old way of

doing things, and implicitly accepted the continuation of hierarchical

structures.

Large groups are organized so that power and decision-making are

delegated to a few — unless, of course, one is speaking of a

horizontally coordinated network of small collectives, which she did not

mention. How does a group such as NOW, with its sixty thousand members

in 1975, rotate tasks, share skills, and ensure that all information and

resources are available to everyone? It can’t, of course. Such groups

have a president, and a board of directors, and a national office, and a

membership — some of whom are in local chapters, and some of whom are

isolated members. Few such groups have very much direct democracy, and

few teach their members new ways of working and relating to one another.

The unfortunate effect of The Tyranny of Structurelessness was that it

linked together large organization, formal structure, and successful

direct action in a way that seemed to make sense to a lot of people.

Many women felt that in order to fight societal oppression a large

organization was essential, and the larger the better. The image is

strength pitted against strength: You do not kill an elephant with an

air gun, and you do not bring down the patriarchal state with the small

group. For women who accept the argument that greater size is linked to

greater effectiveness, the organizational options seem limited to large

liberal groups such as NOW or to socialist organizations which are mass

organizations.

As with so many things that seem to make sense, the logic is faulty.

“Societal oppression” is a reification, an over-blown, paralysing,

made-up entity that is large mainly in the sense that the same

oppressions happen to a lot of us. But oppressions, no matter how

pervasive, how predictable, almost always are done to us by some one —

even if that person is acting as an agent of the state, or as a member

of the dominant race, gender, or class. The massive police assaults upon

our assembled forces are few; even the police officer or the boss or the

husband who is carrying out his allotted sexist or authoritarian role

intersects with us at a given point in our everyday lives.

Institutionalized oppression does exist, on a large scale, but it seldom

needs to be attacked (indeed, seldom can be attacked) by a large group.

Guerilla tactics by a small group — occasionally even by a single

individual — will do very nicely in retaliation.

Another unfortunate effect of the Tyranny of Structurelessness mentality

(if not directly of the article) was that it fed people’s stereotypes of

anarchists. (Of course, people don’t usually swallow something unless

they’re hungry.) Social anarchists aren’t opposed to structure: They

aren’t even against leadership, provided that it carries no reward or

privilege, and is temporary and specific to a particular task. However,

anarchists, who want to abolish a hierarchical structure, are almost

always stereotyped as wanting no structure at all. Unfortunately, the

picture of a gaggle of disorganized, chaotic anarchist women, drifting

without direction, caught on. For example, in 1976 Quest reprinted an

edited transcript of an interview which Charlott Bunch and Beverly

Fisher had given the Feminist Radio Network in 1972. In one way, the

most interesting thing about the interview was that the Quest editors

felt the issues were still so timely in 1976.[11] (“We see the same

trashing of leaders and glorification of structurelessness that existed

five years ago.” (p. 13) ). But what Bunch had to say at that time was

also extremely interesting: According to her, the emphasis on solving

problems of structure and leadership was “a very strong anarchist

desire. It was a good desire, but it was an unrealistic one” (p. 4).

Anarchists, who are used to being called “unrealistic”, will note that

the unreality of it all apparently lay in the problems which the women’s

movement was having in organizing itself — problems of hidden

leadership, of having “leaders” imposed by the media, of difficulty in

reaching out to interested but uncommitted women, of over representation

of middle class women with lots of time on their hands, of the

amorphousness of the movement, of the scarcity of specific task groups

which women could join, of hostility towards women who tried to show

leadership or initiative. A heavy indictment! Yet, these very real

problems were not caused by anarchism, nor will they be cured by doses

of of vanguardism or reformism. And by labelling these organizational

difficulties “anarchist” feminists ignore a rich anarchist tradition

while at the same time proposing solutions that are — although they

apparently don’t know it — anarchist. Bunch and Fisher laid out a model

of leadership in which everyone participates in making decisions; and

leadership is specific to a particular situation and is time-limited.

Fisher criticized NOW for “hierarchical leadership that is not

responsible to the vast membership” (p. 9), and Bunch stated,

“leadership is people taking the initiative, carrying things through,

having the ideas and imagination to get something started, and

exhibiting particular skills in different areas” (p. 8). How do they

suggest we prevent the silencing of these women under false notions of

egalitarianism? “The only way women will stop putting down women who are

strong is if they are strong themselves” (p. 12). Or, as I said earlier,

a strong people needs no leaders. Right on!

Situationism and Anarchist Feminism

To transform the world and to change the structure of life are one and

the same thing.[12]

The personal is the political.[13]

Anarchists are used to hearing that they lack a theory that would help

in building a new society. At best, their detractors say patronizingly,

anarchism tells us what not to do. Don’t permit bureaucracy or

hierarchical authority; don’t let a vanguard party make decisions; don’t

tread on me. Don’t tread on anyone. According to this perspective,

anarchism is not a theory at all. It is a set of cautionary practices,

the voices of libertarian conscience — always idealistic, sometimes a

bit truculent, occasionally anachronistic, but a necessary reminder.

There is more than a kernel of truth to this objection. Just the same,

there are varieties of anarchist thought that can provide a theoretical

framework for analysis of the world and action to change it. For radical

feminists who want to take that “step in self-conscious theoretical

development”,[14] perhaps the greatest potential lies in Situationism.

The value of Situationism for an anarchist feminist analysis is that it

combines a socialist awareness of the primacy of capitalist oppression

with an anarchist emphasis upon transforming the whole of public and

private life. The point about capitalist oppression is important: All

too often anarchists seem to be unaware that this economic system

exploits most people. But all too often socialist — especially Marxists

— are blind to the fact that people are oppressed in every aspect of

life: work, what passes for leisure, culture, personal relationships —

all of it. And only anarchists insist that people must transform the

conditions of their lives themselves — it cannot be done for them. Not

by the party, not by the union, not by “organizers”, not by anyone else.

Two basic Situationist concepts are “commodity” and “spectacle”.

Capitalism has made all of social relations commodity relations: The

market rules all. People are not only producers and consumers in the

narrow economic sense, but the very structure of their daily lives is

based on commodity relations. Society “is consumed as a whole — the

ensemble of social relationships and structures is the central product

of the commodity economy”.[15] This has inevitably alienated people from

their lives, not just from their labor; to consume social relationships

makes one a passive spectator in one’s life. The spectacle, then, is the

culture that springs from the commodity economy — the stage is set, the

action unfolds, we applaud when we think we are happy, we yawn when we

think we are bored, but we cannot leave the show, because there is no

world outside the theater for us to go to.

In recent times, however, the societal stage has begun to crumble, and

so the possibility exists of constructing another world outside the

theater — this time, a real world, one in which each of us directly

participates as subject, not as object. The situationist phrase for this

possibility is “the reinvention of everyday life”.

How is daily life to be reinvested? By creating situations that disrupt

what seems to be the natural order of things — situations that jolt

people out of customary ways of thinking and behaving. Only then will

they be able to act, to destroy the manufactured spectacle and the

commodity economy — that is, capitalism in all its forms. Only then will

they be able to create free and un-alienated lives.

The congruence of this activist, social anarchist theory with radical

feminist theory is striking. The concepts of commodity and spectacle are

especially applicable to the lives of women. In fact, many radical

feminists have described these in detail, without placing them in the

Situationist framework.[16] To do so broadens the analysis, by showing

women’s situation as an organic part of the societv as a whole, but at

the same time without playing socialist reductionist games. Women’s

oppression is part of the over-all oppression of people by a capitalist

economy, but it is not less than the oppression of others. Nor — from a

Situationist perspective — do you have to be a particular variety of

woman to be oppressed; you do not have to be part of the proletariat,

either literally, as an industrial worker, or metaphorically, as someone

who is not independently wealthy. You do not have to wait breathlessly

for socialist feminist manifestoes to tell you that you qualify — as a

housewife (reproducing the next generation of workers), as a clerical

worker, as a student or a middle-level professional employed by the

state (and therefore as part of the “new working class”). You do not

have to be part of the Third World, or a lesbian, or elderly, or a

welfare recipient. All of these women are objects in the commodity

economy; all are passive viewers of the — spectacle. Obviously, women in

some situations are far worse off than are others. But, at the same

time, none are free in every area of their lives.

Women and the Commodity Economy

Women have a dual relationship to the commodity economy — they are both

consumers and consumed. As housewives, they are consumers of household

goods purchased with money not their own, because not “earned” by them.

This may give them a certain amount of purchasing power, but very little

power over any aspect of their lives. As young, single heterosexuals,

women are purchasers of goods designed to make them bring a high price

on the marriage market. As anything else — lesbians, or elderly single,

or self-sufficient women with “careers”, women’s relationship to the

marketplace as consumers is not so sharply defined. They are expected to

buy (and the more affluent they are, the more they are expected to buy),

but for some categories of women, buying is not defined primarily to

fill out some aspect of a woman’s role.

So what else is new? Isn’t the idea of woman-as-passive-consumer,

manipulated by the media, patronized by slick Madison Avenue men, an

overdone movement cliche? Well, yes — and no. A Situationist analysis

ties consumption of economic goods to consumption of ideological goods,

and then tells us to create situations (guerrilla actions on many

levels) that will break that pattern of socialised acceptance of the

world as it is. No guilt-tripping; no criticizing women who have

“bought” the consumer perspective. For they have indeed bought it: It

has been sold to them as a way of survival from the earliest moments of

life. Buy this: It will make you beautiful and lovable. Buy this: It

will keep your family in good health. Feel depressed? Treat yourself to

an afternoon at the beauty parior or to a new dress.

Guilt leads to inaction. Only action, to re-invent the everyday and make

it something else, will change social relations.

The Gift

Thinking she was the gift

they began to package it early.

they waxed its smile

they lowered its eyes

they tuned its ears to the telephone

they curled its hair

they straightened its teeth

they taught it to bury its wishbone

they poured honey down its throat

they made it say yes yes and yes

they sat on its thumbs

That box has my name on it,

said the man. It’s for me.

And they were not surprised.

While they blew kisses and winked

he took it home. He put it on a table

where his friends could examine it

saying dance saying faster.

He plunged its tunnel

he burned his name deeper.

Later he put it on a platform

under the Klieg lights

saying push saying harder

saying just what I wanted

you’ve given me a son.

— Carole Oles[17]

Women are not only consumers in the commodity economy; they are consumed

as commodities. This is what Oles’ poem is about, and it is what Tax has

labelled “female schizophrenia”. Tax constructs an inner monologue for

the housewife-as-commodity: “I am nothing when I am by myself. In

myself, I am nothing. I only know that I exist because I am needed by

someone who is real, my husband, and by my children”.[18]

When feminists describe socialisation into the female sex role, when

they point out the traits female children are taught (emotional

dependence, childishness, timidity, concern with being beautiful,

docility, passivity, and so on), they are talking about the careful

production of a commodity — although it isn’t usually called that. When

they describe the oppresiveness of sexual objectification, or of living

in the nuclear family, or of being a Supermother, or of working in the

kinds of low-level, underpaid jobs that most women find in the paid

labour force, they are also describing woman as commodity. Women are

consumed by men who treat them as sex objects; they are consumed by

their children (whom they have produced!) when they buy the role of the

Supermother; they are consumed by authoritarian husbands who expect them

to be submissive servants; and they are consumed by bosses who bring

them in and out of the labor force and who extract a maximum of labor

for a minimum of pay. They are consumed by medical researchers who try

out new and unsafe contraceptives on them. They are consumed by men who

buy their bodies on the street. They are consumed by church and state,

who expect them to produce the next generation for the glory of god and

country; they are consumed by political and social organizations that

expect them to “volunteer” their time and energy. The have little sense

of self, because their selfhood has been sold to others.

Women and the Spectacle

It is difficult to consume people who put up a fight, who resist the

cannibalizing of their bodies, their minds, their daily lives. A few

people manage to resist, but most don’t resist effectively, because they

can’t. It is hard to locate our tormentor, because it is so pervasive,

so familiar. We have known it all our lives. It is our culture.

Situationists characterize our culture as a spectacle. The spectacle

treats us all as passive spectators of what we are told are our lives.

And the culture-as-spectaele covers everything: We are born into it,

socialised by it, go to school in it, work and relax and relate to other

people in it. Even when we rebel against it, the rebellion is often

defined by the spectacle. Would anyone care to estimate the number of

sensitive, alienated adolescent males who a generation ago modelled

their behavior on James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause? I’m talking about

a movie, whose capitalist producers and whose star made a great deal of

money from this Spectacular.

Rebellious acts, then tend to be acts of opposition to the spectacle,

but seldom are so different that they transcend the spectacle. Women

have a set of behaviors that show dissatisfaction by being the opposite

of what is expected. At the same time these acts are cliches of

rebellion, and thus are almost prescribed safety valves that don’t alter

the theater of our lives. What is a rebellious woman supposed to do? We

can all name the behaviors — they appear in every newspaper, on prime

time television, on the best-seller list, in popular magazines — and, of

course, in everyday life. In a setting that values perfectionist

housekeeping, she can be a slob; in a subculture that values large

families, she can refuse to have children. Other predictable

insurgencies? She can defy the sexual double standard for married women

by having an affair (or several); she can drink; or use what is termed

“locker room” language; or have a nervous breakdown; or — if she is an

adolescent — she can “act out” (a revealing phrase!) by running away

from home and having sex with a lot of men.

Any of these things may make an individual woman’s life more tolerable

(often, they make it less so); and all of them are guaranteed to make

conservatives rant that society is crumbling. But these kinds of

scripted insurrections haven’t made it crumble yet, and, by themselves,

they aren’t likely to. Anything less than a direct attack upon all the

conditions of our lives is not enough.

When women talk about changing destructive sex role socialisation of

females, they pick one of three possible solutions: (a) girls should be

socialised more or less like boys to be independent, competitive,

aggressive, and so forth. In short, it is a man’s world, so a woman who

wants to fit in has to be “one of the boys”. (b) We should glorify the

female role, and realise that what we have called weakness is really

strength. We should be proud that we are maternal, nurturant, sensitive,

emotional, and so on. (c) The only healthy person is an androgynous

person: We must eradicate the artificial division of humanity into

“masculine” and “feminine”, and help both sexes become a mix of the best

traits of each.

Within these three models, personal solutions to problems of sexist

oppression cover a wide range: Stay single; live communally (with both

men and women, or with women only). Don’t have children; don’t have male

children; have any kind of children you want, but get parent and

worker-controlled child care. Get a job; get a better job; push for

affirmative action. Be an informed consumer; file a lawsuit; learn

karate; take assertiveness training. Develop the lesbian within you.

Develop your proletarian identity. All of these make sense in particular

situations, for particular women. But all of them are partial solutions

to much broader problems, and none of them necessarily require seeing

the world in a qualitatively different way.

So, we move from the particular to more general solutions. Destroy

capitalism. End patriarchy. Smash heterosexism. All are obviously

essential tasks in the building of a new and truly human world.

Marxists, other socialists, social anarchists, feminists — all would

agree. But what the socialist, and even some feminists, leave out is

this: We must smash all forms of domination. That’s not just a slogan,

and it is the hardest task of all. It means that we have to see through

the spectacle, destroy the stage sets, know that there are other ways of

doing things. It means that we have to do more than react in programmed

rebellions — we must act. And our actions will be collectively taken,

while each person acts autonomously. Does that seem contradictory? It

isn’t — but it will be very difficult to do. The individual cannot

change anything very much; for that reason, we have to work together.

But that work must be without leaders as we know them, and without

delegating any control aver what we do and what we want to build.

Can the socialists do that? Or the matriarchs? Or the

spirituality-trippers? You know the answer to that. Work with them when

it makes sense to do so, but give up nothing. Concede nothing to them,

or to anyone else.

The past leads to us if we force it to.

Otherwise it contains us

in its asylum with no gates.

We make history or it

makes us.[19]

[1] Barbara Ehrenreich, “What is Socialist Feminism?”, Win Magazine,

June 3, 1976, p.4.

[2] The best of these arguments I’ve encountered are “Socialist

Feminism; A Strategy for the Women’s Movement”, by the Hyde Park

Chapter, Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, 1972; and Charlotte Bunch,

“The Reform Tool Kit”, Quest, 1:1, Summer 1974, pp.37–51.

[3] Reports by Polly Anna, Kana Trueblood, C. Corday and S. Tufts, The

Fifth Estate, May, 1976, pp. 13, 16. The “ revolution” failed: FEN and

its club shut down.

[4] People who are interested in reading reports of the conference will

find them in almost every feminist or socialist newspaper that appeared

in the month or so after July 4^(th). Speeches by Barbara Ehrenreich,

Michelle Russell, and the Berkeley-Oakland Women’s Union are reprinted

in Socialist Revolution, No. 26, October-December 1975; and the speech

by Charlotte Bunch, “Not for Lesbians Only”, appears in Quest, 2:2, Fall

1975. A thirty-minute audiotape documentary is available from the Great

Atlantic Radio Conspiracy, 2743 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland

21218.

[5] Farrow, “Feminism as Anarchism”, Aurora, 4, 1974, p.9; Kornegger,

“Anarchism: The Feminist Connection”, Second Wave, 4: 1, Spring 1975,

p.31; Leighton, “Anarcho-Feminism and Louise Michel”, Black Rose, 1,

April 1974, p. 14.

[6] December, 1, 1970, p.11.

[7] Lilith’s Manifesto, from the Women’s Majority Union of Seattle,

1969. Reprinted in Robin Morgan (ed.), Sisterhood is Powerful. N.Y.:

Random House, 1970, p.529.

[8] The best and most detailed description of the parallels between

radical feminism and anarchist feminism is found in Kornegger, op cit.

[9] The speech is currently available from KNOW, Inc.

[10] The Second Wave, 2:1, 1972.

[11] “What Future for Leadership?”, Quest, 2:4, Spring 1976, pp.2–13.

[12] Strasbourg Situationists, Once the Universities Were Respected,

1968, p.38.

[13] Carol Hanisch, “The Personal is Political”, Notes from the Second

Year. N.Y.: Radical Feminism, 1970, pp. 76–78.

[14] Leighton, op cit.

[15] Point-Blank!, “The Changing of the Guard”, in Point-Blank, October

1972, p.16.

[16] For one of the most illuminating of these early analyses, see

Meredith Tax, “Woman and Her Mind: The Story of Everyday Life”, Boston:

Bread and Roses Publication, 1970.

[17] Carole Oles, “The Gift”, in 13^(th) Moon, II: 1, 1974, p. 39.

[18] Tax, op cit., p. 13.

[19] Marge Piercy, excerpt from “Contribution to Our Museum”, in Living

in the Open. N.Y.: Knopf, 1976, pp.74–75.