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Title: The spirituality ripoff
Author: Peggy Kornegger
Date: Spring 1976
Language: en
Topics: feminism, anarcha-feminism, class struggle, esotericism, spirituality, religion, patriarchy
Source: Second Wave, Spring 1976; digitalized for https://www.anarchisme.nl

Peggy Kornegger

The spirituality ripoff

In the past year, the national and local media have given a great deal

of coverage to the spread of spirituality in this country. Feature

articles on Transcendental Meditation (TM), Erhard Seminars Training

(EST), and the general trend toward therapeutic mysticism have appeared

in newspapers and magazines of the right, left, and center. In addition,

feminist publications have devoted entire issues to women and

spirituality. There is no doubt that “something is happening here.” What

exactly is happening is a matter that needs to be examined with some

thoroughness. In general, both straight and alternative presses have

viewed the phenomenon with scepticism. That scepticism has varied in

degree and kind depending on the politics of the writer, but none of the

articles I have read have made connections between the spiritual

revival, patriarchal power, and women’s oppression. Feminist

publications have concentrated mainly on redefining spirituality, an

exciting and necessary activity (and one which I’ll discuss later).

However, we need also to talk about what it means, and what it means

specifically to women, that patriarchal spirituality is spreading like

wildfire in the 1970’s. And that it is catching on not only with men,

and women who were never too interested in the women’s movement, but

with feminists, and many times strongly political, radical feminists.

Probably most of us know someone, even a close friend, who has suddenly

gone the spirituality route and “become a different person,” one who

unfortunately is often, no longer “into” politics or such “narrow”

concerns as feminism. The Rennie Davis—Sally Kempton transformation[1]

is no isolated occurrence; it keeps happening—over and over, and to more

and more of us. The question is: why?

“Meditation, Mind Control, and the Politics of ‘Inner Peace’

Psychologically, the political perspective has become alienating and

unsettling as support drains and the circumstances of the “real world”

seem to change only for the worse....Now, mysticism, spiritualism and

therapeutics provide the ready shelters for the politically lost or

strayed...” [2]

—Andrew Kopkind

“...They wanted someone to set matters right again, to tell them what to

do, and it did not matter how that was done, or who did it, or what it

required them to believe.”[3]

—Peter Marin

There are doubtless as many reasons why people turn to spirituality for

answers as there are individuals who do the turning. The fact that they

are turning at all, though, suggests a commonality of need which goes

beyond the simple desire to understand the meaning of life. The need to

be directed, to have someone else provide answers, rules, laws, is one

which our society not only fosters but actually creates. From the time

we are bom, we are taught to submit to an authority greater than our

own; we learn subservience and passivity at the feet of god. the father,

and father, the god. This is the basic nature of patriarchy, as

feminists have pointed out again and again. The mythical “separation of

church and state” means nothing when the lesson we learn in both places

is the same: follow the rules, law’s, commandments. Accept whatever

father, teacher, god tells you. Is there real difference between a

policeman and a priest? We are told we are free, but the only freedom we

have is in choosing which man to follow. And women, of course, can’t be

trusted to will-lessly participate in this system without constant

supervision (those at the bottom are always somewhat dangerous). So we

need our own personal husband/dictator to accompany us through life. And

if you escape somehow, if you turn out to be a witch, dyke, or amazon,

all the power of the patriarchy is turned against you to silence or

destroy that voice of rebellion. The insidious ways in which this power

can be exerted have direct relevance to the increasing popularity of

spirituality in the past few years.

If the women’s movement has stood for one thing, it is resistance to

hierarchical structure and blind obedience. Feminists across the country

have worked to break the leader/follower pattern of personal and

political organization. The issues that women have raised are a threat:

by questioning the necessity for either power or authority, we have

shaken the very foundations of religion and government. Those in

authority and those who live by power will do anything to turn our

questions aside, indeed, to keep them from being heard. But in order to

stay on top they need to provide the American public with new answers,

answers that will smooth over all the turmoil and confusion that the

60’s churned up, ease the guilt and disillusionment, and above all, tell

us that everything is okay, that we an okay, or will be soon. If

anything can do all these things, it is the new spirituality, which, in

every one of its many forms, throws us back to the pursuit of happiness,

the search for “inner peace.” which comes from losing ourselves in

something greater than our individual egos, which comes from following:

the Perfect Master, the Mahareshi, Reverend Moon, Werner Erhard, Oscar

Ichazo. etc., etc. And, if there’s one thing our government knows, it’s

that, good followers make... good followers, especially if they’re

“blissed out.”

The most frightening aspect of the new spiritual/therapeutic groups is

that they all, without exception, easily plug into our patriarchal,

capitalist society. The government has funded no less than thirty TM

teaching and research programs involving alcoholics, drug addicts,

prisoners, students, and civil servants.[4] Similar programs for EST and

the Divine Light Mission have also been government-funded, but TM seems

to be the most adaptable to a wide variety of “trouble areas.” The

Mahareshi himself says: “Crime, delinquency and the different patterns

of anti-social behavior arise from a deep discontent of the mind; they

arise from a weak mind and unbalanced emotions [...] [I]t has been made

clear that the conscious mind may be enlarged to its fullest capacity

and strengthened to its greatest extent by the practice of

transcendental meditation.”[5] Stanford law professor John Kaplan calls

it “a nonchemical tranquilizer with no unpleasant side effects.”[6] The

potential uses of such a quickie “cooling-out” process are endless.

The basic TM method involves two 20-minute periods of meditation a day.

For many nervous, unhappy Americans unable to put a finger on the

political roots of their personal misery’, it is a fast easy solution,

the perfect tranquilizer. And, quite handily, it can be used by those

who make the laws as well as those punished by them. Thus, at one end of

the spectrum is the anxiety ridden businessperson who pops into the

executive washroom twice a day to emerge a calmer, happier capitalist,

more adept at ruthless. cutthroat competition. The other end of the

spectrum is the man or woman locked in a prison cell, whose jailers hope

to use TM as part of the “rehabilitation” process.

This universal applicability is not mere speculation. One of the

sub-organizations of the TM World Plan Executive Council is the American

Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence, a group formed in

1971 for business and professional people. It lists among its goals: “to

bring fulfillment to the economic aspirations of individuals and

society,” “to eliminate the age-old problem of crime and all behavior

that brings unhappiness to the family of man.” and “to improve

governmental achievements.” (Emphasis mine.) The strong links between

big business and government are, of course, no secret, but now the links

are being extended to a spirituality which helps both government and big

business function more effectively.[7] In the June 1973 issue of The New

Englander, an article entitled “Business Tries Meditating” includes a TM

course description:

Mounting grievances, job alienation, absenteeism, reduced productivity,

low quality of output, and lack of innovation constitute major “people

problems” confronting management. One technique that is showing positive

results in these problem areas is Transcendental Meditation.[8]

The same article shows a photograph of the Mahareshi meeting Illinois

Governor Daniel Walker, with a caption explaining that the Illinois

House of Representatives, in Resolution No. 677, adopted May 24. 1972.

“formally encouraged all educational institutions in the slate to study

feasibility of TM courses.” The resolution itself points out: “school

officials have noted a lessening of student unrest and an improvement in

grades and student-parent-and-teacher relationships among practitioners

of Transcendental Meditation.” In like manner, a TM booklet entitled

Fundamentals of Progress features a series of graphs which illustrate

“increased productivity, improved job performance and job satisfaction”

as well as “improved relations with supervisors” for meditating

workers.[9] Motivated by the possibility of greater corporate

efficiency. A T & T, General Foods, Connecticut Life Insurance Co., Blue

Cross/Blue Shield of Chicago, and Crocker National Bank of San Francisco

have all offered TM courses to their employees.[10]

TM brochures proclaim endless accomplishments for meditators. On

request, they will send you a whole series of pamphlets and reprints

which allege greater efficiency and success in everything from athletics

to the military. Probably the most revealing application of TM is

discussed in a reprint from the Kentucky Law Journal, which describes a

project in La Tuna Federal Penitentiary in Texas, where twenty-three

volunteer inmates were instructed in TM. The article states: “[...]

preliminary findings indicate that pre-meditation stress as measured by

GSR, blood pressure, etc., is higher in inmates than in members of the

public at large, and that TM is an effective mode of stress release and

normalization of bodily processes.”[11] Obviously, what is being pedaled

here is an instant cure for all “deviant” behavior. TM proponents are

covering all bases: education, business, and the “criminal justice

system” — each a prison of one kind or another. And TM helps us learn to

accept peacefully the iron bars in all our lives.

Transcendental Meditation is, of course, not the only spiritual group in

the business of selling normality and “inner peace.” The cults are

multiplying so fast that it is difficult to keep up with them. I won’t

attempt to discuss or even name them all here. What seems more important

is to talk about the similarities they share, most significantly, the

perpetuation of the leader-follower syndrome. The group which most

blatantly exemplifies this education for submissiveness is EST. EST is a

multi-million dollar corporation headed by Werner Erhard, a former

salesman of such diverse products as used cars, Grolier, Inc.

encyclopedias, and Mind Dynamics. (The latter two organizations have

been sued by the state of California for deceptive business practices.)

Erhard established the EST trainer style: visually hip. cool, casual;

verbally authoritarian, manipulative, militaristic. The purpose of the

training is to “tear you down and put you back together,” a kind of

psychological Humpty Dumpty process which leaves the participants

virtually at the mercy (or more usually, cruelty) of the EST group

leaders.

During the course of the two-weekend seminars, the trainees are verbally

abused (“You’re all assholes!”) and psychologically browbeaten to the

point where they are so confused and will-less that they will accept

whatever they are told. And what they are finally told is that “you are

perfect the way you are.” a notion which seems to imply that the

pinnacle of perfection is assholedom. Whatever the contradictions, the

message is comforting, and that after all is what each person paid

$250*** for — comfort, solace, an Answer. Although the Answers may vary

from spiritual group to therapy group, the actual process. whether it is

called ego-reduction (Arica) or mind control (Silva), is the same in

that it promotes passivity and prepares individuals for happy,

“well-adjusted,” acquiescent lives within an authoritarian, patriarchal

society. “The end result is [...] a kind of soft fascism,”[12] in which

“finding yourself” means losing yourself to something or someone else.

Fascism has many faces, and until we exorcise the spectre of leadership,

until we abolish hierarchy in all phases of our lives (political,

personal, spiritual), we will all be susceptible to it. In 1976, nearly

a decade after the era of male-defined politics and instant

“Revolution,” women are slowly working our way out of the old power

traps and learning together new ways of being and action which will

create a future untainted by either domination or passivity. But we must

be extremely careful. Confusion, disillusionment, and exhaustion are

everywhere these days, in or out of the women’s movement. And women,

always conditioned to look for answers outside of ourselves will have to

be especially vigilant against the lies which will be told in order to

keep us from actualizing the dreams we hold so precariously in our

hands. The “new” spirituality is a weapon which is being used against

us. At its most destructive, it hands us a whole new set of myths to

replace those we have debunked: from romantic to spirtual love. We must

resist it with all our collective strength.

Women and Spirituality: An Affair with God

The weapons that modern technology is developing for social control of

deviants, particularly women, are more subtle than burning at the stake.

They merely destroy minds — the capacity for creativity, imagination,

and rebellionwhile leaving hands and uteruses intact to perform the

services of manual work and breeding.[13]

—Mary Daly

“Falling in love again, what am I to do?”

—Marlene Dietrich in Blue Angel

** The price tag on personal salvation/transfomiation is always high.

Only the rich can afford to “find themselves,” except, of course, when

“tranquility” is part of a package deal imposed on workers, prisoners,

etc. by those in power. Spring, 1976.

About ten years ago, Time magazine carried a cover story with the banner

“Is God Dead?”. Last year Ms. magazine ran a similar feature story with

one word changed -“Is Romance Dead?” At first glance, these two queries

may seem to have little in common. However, if one sees the challenge to

patriarchal religion in the context of a more general challenge to all

patriarchy, the connection begins to come clear. The conclusions of both

articles were that neither god nor romance are really dead, a rather

depressing observation for those women who came to realize that, these

two institutions were at the root of their oppression. Sadly enough,

these conclusions are more than likely valid; at least there are those

who would like us to believe they are, and that’s the crucial point.

Any challenges to god the father and father (husband) the god, are met

with absolute denial, while in the meantime new disguises are being made

for both so that the old myths can be swallowed unquestioningly again.

Power is a chameleon-like entity; it can change colors in order to

survive. And survive it has. over and over again. That survival has

depended upon the cleverness of the disguise, and now as the new

spirituality attempts to legitimize all patriarchal power, it is time

for women to point out that the emperor’s new clothes arc indeed an

illusion.

This action on the part of women is a necessity now. We must prevent the

godfather from reinstating himself in our heads or our bodies. It will

not be an easy task. For many of us the godfather has never been totally

exorcised; we carry him around inside of us as we fight the

double-passivity bind which was handed us at birth. Women have been

taught- to submit themselves to all authority and to all men (usually

they’re the same). To be assertive in any way is a struggle against

outer and inner forces which attempt to hold us down, to keep us

submissively “feminine.” The “eternal feminine ” has been promulgated by

religion and romance for centuries. And now when our frustration and

anger are beginning to take concrete, active forms, all the power and

cunning of the patriarchy are enlisted to stop us cold. The results are

frightening:

“A Long Island “housewife” reports that “when she found herself

screaming at her two children and wondering ‘Why can’t I control

myself?’, she signed up for TM. By the end of her second week, she felt

noticeably less tense and realized that her ‘boiling point’ had been

raised to a reasonable level. ‘Whatever TM does’, she says, ‘it releases

those pressured, tense, harried feelings we all have from life

today.’”[14]

** *** *

“A few months ago, I went to dinner at the house of a woman who had just

been through a weekend of EST [...] she assured me that her life had

radically changed, that she felt different about herself, that she was

happier and more efficient, and that she kept her house much cleaner

than before.”[15]

** *** *

Joan Apter: “I have never met a woman working in an ashram kitchen that

wasn’t happy, and that’s what matters [...] service is service, whether

designing plans for the perfect city or cooking a meal. You get the same

satisfaction because of Maharaj Ji’s Grace.”[16]

** *** *

Joanna Rotte: “[...] since my experience of deepened spirituality and

femininity had been spontaneously concurrent, and since woman and mother

appeared to be inextricable — might not motherliness be kin to

godliness?”[17]

These women are being swept along in the wave of the new spirituality.

Each is part of a different group; each no doubt has a somewhat

different spiritual perspective. Yet each one is expressing the same

kind of mystical joy about woman’s traditional role as housewife and

mother. The questions and concerns of feminism are literally swept under

the rug as women turn to the gurus for easy answers that will make them

happy. Happiness, you remember, was the prime selling point of that old

standby ‘‘romantic love.” To surrender to a love which would be all,

which would give meaning to one’s entire life, this was the hope and

desire of all little girls growing up in the 50’s and 60’s. This was the

promise that romance made to us all. Then along came the women’s

movement and turned all the fairy tales upside down. Prince Charming

wasn’t so charming after all. And even though some of us were so buried

in diapers and dishrags we couldn’t hear, the seeds of truth had been

sown.

Old myths die hard, however, and if there is one person who wants us to

keep believing in fairy godmothers, it’s god the father. So suddenly we

are presented with an updated romance-isn’t-really-dead story and an

even-if-it-is, spiritual-love-is-alive-and-well sequel. If you find you

can’t believe one. there is always the second.

And many women are finding that they can believe both simultaneously.

The high incidence of women falling in love with an individual man in a

spiritual group either immediately before or after their own

“conversion” is alarming. Then there’s always the “bride of Christ”

syndrome, where women substitute god (guru or therapist) for husband,

and subsume themselves to that romantic image. Any way you look at it,

it’s the same old “individual solution,” the same old romantic bullslut,

which they try to pretend isn’t outright slavery.

Needless to say, most of this new line is in direct reponse to the

growing strength of the feminist movement. It is an attempt to fool

women back to their old role by remythologizing it, by legitimizing it

in mystical terms. In a recent issue of the East West Journal, an

internationally distributed spiritual publication, the editors came out

with a stand that was not only pro-femininity and pro-heterosexual but

anti-abortion and anti-lesbian as well. In response to a reader’s

feminist critique of the Journal, the following was printed:

“[...] we do not accept the extreme feminist view that all traditional

sex roles are imposed art ificially by society with no basis in nature.

We see man and woman as complementary rather than as interchangeable...

We feel that birth control and abortion are to be avoided — not “lest we

do something sinful, ” but simply because life is more enjoyable when

all our actions express full awareness of our responsibility...

In our opinion, homosexuality is not a crime or a ‘sin,’ but is the

manifestation of a blockage in the lower chakras which limits the

natural expression of the truth inside a man or woman. People are free

to dissolve that blockage — if they wish to — by dietary and other

methods...”[18]

This kind of attack is not surprising when one realizes that radical

feminist, radical lesbian women probably constitute the greatest threat

to any patriarchal structure, including the new spirituality.

Independent, woman-identified anti-authoritarian women have the

potential to topple the old system of power/subservience entirely. We

are not only redefining the meaning of politics and spirituality, we are

also trying to eliminate the dialectical/hierarchical mentality

altogether. We are attempting to abolish the godfather within as well as

without. It is no wonder that all the forces of patriarchy — spiritual

and political — have been rallied against us.

Feminist Spirituality: Consciousness Leaping

“The journey of women becoming, then, involves exorcism of the

internalized Godfather, in his various manifestations....the very

process of exorcism, of casting off the blinding veils, is movement

outside the patriarchally imposed sense of reality and identity.”[19]

—Mary Daly

“I submit that the evolutionary leap of consciousness to which Daly

refers as necessary for a woman’s be-coming, pvenlually must include

this choice of a total commitment to women [...] lesbianism is a

spiritual/political issue [...] it is a totally integrated commitment to

women.”[20]

—Jacqueline St. Joan

“I have visions of becoming and

I dream in female.”[21]

—Barbara Starrett

Why have women, sometimes radically feminist women, fallen into the

traps laid by the new spirituality? Why have they failed to see women’s

liberation as spiritual revolution? I would say that is is because of

the lingering presence of that old monarch, god the father, in our minds

as well as in the outside world. His presence, what we have been

conditioned to believe is Reality and Truth, follows us even when we

separate ourselves from as many male institutions as possible.

It is the patriarchal either/or mentality that causes so many men and

women to leave politics behind for a spiritual solution when Revolution

becomes an “impossible dream.” And remnants of this dualistic mind-set

still persist within the women’s movement. The process of eradicating

this last and most persistent stronghold of patriarchy will be long and

difficult. It will require of women an action one step beyond the old

consciousness-raising, a revolutionary action which can only be

described as a “leap of consciousness” so great that it will thrust us

into totally new ways of being and becoming. Ways that eliminate all

schisms, splits and dualities, ways that deny the necessity of one final

answer.

Some women are beginning to make these leaps now. But because we are

pushing out against nothingness, because we are defining ourselves and

our world as we go along, without any one person or set of principles to

tell us exactly what to do, it is a frightening process. Frightening too

because we are trying not to fill up the gap left by god the father with

a female equivalent, a penultimate Great Goddess. We seek change as a

permanent process, revolution that is participatory and

non-authoritarian, and being inseparable from be-coming. The world that

we have “split open” is one full of uncertainty and fear. Sometimes it

may seem very seductive (especially to those who have been struggling a

long time) to return to an easy answer, a simple solution. To have all

the holes filled up and all the dots connected would be so comforting;

but oh so dangerous. For the answers and solutions are there, waiting to

trap us, to enslave our minds and bodies, and pull us backward into

romanticism and a spirituality based on power and mind control. Now,

more than ever, we need each other’s strength and support to escape the

pitfalls that lie all around us.

The healing of schisms, the denial of authorities. is a long process

which requires both dreams and action on the part of women. It means

that we will be attempting to integrate political analysis and

spiritual/psychic awareness.

“Our political analysis tells us what must-change; our spiritual

awareness shows us how. In the process of living out the ‘how’, new

visions arise giving birth to new political analysis, which in turn

stretches our spiritual awareness.”[22]

At times discussions of spirituality drift into a vagueness and

generality which can be both confusing and alienating. What we as women

need to do is keep ourselves well-grounded in the real world of economic

and political oppression while simultaneously dreaming and living toward

our collective vision of a Utopian future. This means thought and action

occurring in unison with each other. It also means that the elimination

of dualism can only come from a non-dualistic process.

A woman friend of mine, who recently went through Arica training, told

me that she was no longer concerned with “dialectical”, “confrontation”

politics, that she now realized that change can only come from “within”,

that the process must be “inner to outer.” What she was actually doing

in her anti-dialectical statement was perpetuating dialectics, i.e.,

seeing inner and outer as separate, opposing entities. She also talkod

of “ego-reduction” while at the same time affirming a solution which was

individualistic and focused on personal “inner change.” This kind of

behavioral and intellectual contradiction springs from the dualistic

foundations of patriarchal philosophical and theological systems.

“[And] [...] duality, no matter which opposite is preferred, gives us

only two choices. We may choose the reasoning, observing, dominating

ego; or we may choose the annihilation of the personality. But if we

learn to think beyond that binary, beyond the given choices, we can

honor, equally, the conscious and the unconscious mind. We need not

believe that the only alternative to mind is its annihilation. Both of

these choices express a death pattern.

In the same way, we are often forced to choose between individuality and

community. But we can at least imagine the possibility that we can

choose both alternatives.... We can refuse to consider one half of the

dualism better than the other half. We can refuse to make ethical

choices of either/or when it is possible to choose both.”[23]

This is what women are learning to do now as we redefine spirituality

and politics. As we “leap” beyond patriarchal world views, we are

creating both new words and new actions.

“Renaming ourselves and the world”[24] means that we need no longer

separate being and action into two categories. It means that we need no

longer call ourselves “cultural feminists” or “political feminists” but

must see ourselves as both. It means developing our psychic, intuitive

powers while simultaneously learning to confront daily oppression in

concrete, specific actions. It means teaching ourselves womancraft and

selfdefense. We need both psychic energy and physical energy to change

the world and ourselves. They rely on each other for effectiveness; one

at the expense of the other leaves us trapped on one side or the other

of a patriarchal duality. We have to leap these male-defined,

male-perpetuated barriers in order to come together as

women-loving-women without barriers, without sides, and without

mono-istic definitions of ourselves, spirituality, or the future. We

“seek the twin gifts of self-reliance and interdependence”[25] and the

end to all external “answers” which sink us deeper into passivity and

inaction.

In turning to each other for love, for dreams, for active participation

in new ways of Being, we are creating a space in which our individual

and collective schisms can be healed. “The presence of women to

ourselves which is absence to the oppressor is the essential dynamic

opening up the women’s revolution...”[26] The significance of that

absence (and the presence which is lesbianism) is that because of it a

circle of strength and energy is formed which includes all women. It is

from that point that we move forward to create the future in

present-time. In choosing to be witches, dykes, and amazons, to be

radical feminists, to be lesbian feminists, to be whole

spiritual/sexual/political beings, we are choosing to make that leap of

consciousness which is in the truest (female) sense of the word

“revolutionary.”

[1] New leftist Davis became the follower of Guru Maharaj Ji, and Sally

Kempton went from radical feminism to Arica.

[2] Andrew Kopkind. “Mystic Politics, Refugees from the New Left.”

Ramparts, June 1973.

[3] Peter Marin. “The Now Narcissism.” Harper’s Magazine. October, 1975.

[4] Eugene L. Meyer. “The Business of Meditation.” Boston Globe.

November 23, 1975.

[5] Quoted in “Transcendental Meditation and the Criminal Justice

System.” Staphen B. Cox, Kentucky Law Journal. Vol.60, no.2, 1971 72.

[6] Gerald Clarke & Anne Hopkins, “The TM Craze: Forty Minutes to

Bliss,” Time. Oct. 13. 1975.

[7] TM is actually a business itself, last year clearing $20 million in

this country alone, and because TM is classified as a “nonprofit

educational organization,”’ all of it was tax-exempt.

[8] Richard N. Livingstone. “Business Tries Meditating.” The New

Englander. Vol.20. No.2, June 1973.

[9] Fundamentals of Progress. A Transcendental Meditation Publication,

1975.

[10] Clarke and Hopkins.

[11] Cox.

[12] Marin.

[13] Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father, Toward a Philosophy of Women’s

Liberation. Beacon Press, Boston, 1973. p.65.

[14] Clarke and Hopkins.

[15] Marin.

[16] Ken Kelley. “Blissed Out with the Perfect Master.” Ramparts, June

1973.

[17] Joanna Rotte, “Women and Gurus,” East West Journal, Vol.5, No.8,

August 15. 1975.

[18] East West Journal. Vol.5, No.8. August 15. 1975.

[19] Mary Daly, “The Qualitative Leap beyond Patriarchal Religion.”

Quest. Vol.l, No.4, spring, 1975.

[20] Jacqueline St. Joan, “Beyond God the Father—Toward a New Theology.”

Big Mama Rag. Vol.3, No.6. Dec. Jan. 1975.

[21] Barbara Starrett, “I Dream in Female: the Metaphors of Evolution.”

Amazon Quarterly, Vol.3. No.l.

[22] Dorothy Riddle. “New Visions of Spiritual Power,’ Quest. Vol.l,

No.4. spring. 1975.

[23] Starrett.

[24] Judy Davis and Juanita Weaver, “Dimensions of Spin*uality.” Quest.

Vol.l. No.4, spring 1975.

[25] Sally Gearhart and Peggy Cleveland, “On the Prevalence of Stilps.”

Quest. Vol.l, No.4. spring 1975.

[26] Daly. Quest.