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Title: On Anarchy
Author: Leo Tolstoy
Date: 1900
Language: en
Topics: Christian, nonviolence
Source: Retrieved on 7 February 2011 from http://tolstoyandpeace.wordpress.com/tolstoy-on-non-violence/on-anarchy-1900/

Leo Tolstoy

On Anarchy

The Anarchists are right in everything; in the negation of the existing

order and in the assertion that, without Authority there could not be

worse violence than that of Authority under existing conditions. They

are mistaken only in thinking that anarchy can be instituted by a

violent revolution. But it will be instituted only by there being more

and more people who do not require the protection of governmental power

and by there being more and more people who will be ashamed of applying

this power.

“The capitalistic organization will pass into the hands of workers, and

then there will be no more oppression of these workers, and no unequal

distribution of earnings.” [Marxist]

“But who will establish the works; who will administer them?”

[Anarchist]

“It will go on of its own accord; the workmen themselves will arrange

everything.” [Marxist]

“But the capitalistic organization was established just because, for

every practical affair, there is need for administrators furnished with

power. If there be work, there will be leadership, administrators with

power. And when there is power, there will be abuse of it — the very

thing against which you are now striving.” [Anarchist]

To the question, how to be without a State, without courts, armies, and

so on, an answer cannot be given, because the question is badly

formulated. The problem is not how to arrange a State after the pattern

of today, or after a new pattern. Neither I, nor any of us, is appointed

to settle that question.

But, though voluntarily, yet inevitably must we answer the question, how

shall I act faced with the problem which ever arises before me? Am I to

submit my conscience to the acts taking place around me, am I to

proclaim myself in agreement with the Government, which hangs erring

men, sends soldiers to murder, demoralizes nations with opium and

spirits, and so on, or am I to submit my actions to conscience, i.e.,

not participate in Government, the actions of which are contrary to

reason?

What will be the outcome of this, what kind of a Government there will

be — of all this I know nothing; not that I don’t wish to know; but that

I cannot. I only know that nothing evil can result from my following the

higher guidance of wisdom and love, or wise love, which is implanted in

me, just as nothing evil comes of the bee following the instinct

implanted in her, and flying out of the hive with the swarm, we should

say, to ruin.[1] But, I repeat, I do not wish to and cannot judge about

this.

In this precisely consists the power of Christ’s teaching and that not

because Christ is God or a great man, but because His teaching is

irrefutable. The merit of His teaching consists in the fact that it

transferred the matter from the domain of eternal doubt and conjecture

on to the ground of certainty. You are a man, a being rational and kind,

and you know that today or tomorrow you will die, disappear. If there be

a God then you will go to Him and He will ask of you an account of your

actions, whether you have acted in accordance with His law, or, at

least, with the higher qualities implanted in you. If there be no God,

you regard reason and love as the highest qualities, and must submit to

them your other inclinations, and not let them submit to your animal

nature — to the cares about the commodities of life, to the fear of

annoyance and material calamities.

The question is not, I repeat, which community will be the more secure,

the better — the one which is defended by arms, cannons, gallows or the

one that is not so safeguarded. But there is only one question for a

man, and on it is impossible to evade: “Will you, a rational and good

being, having for a moment appeared in this world, and at any moment

liable to disappear — will you take part in the murder of erring men or

men of a different race, will you participate in the extermination of

whole nations of so-called savages, will you participate in the

artificial deterioration of generations of men by means of opium and

spirits for the sake of profit, will you participate in all these

actions, or even be in agreement with those who permit them, or will you

not?”

And there can be but one answer to this question for those to whom it

has presented itself. As to what the outcome will be of it, I don’t

know, because it is not given to me to know. But what should be done, I

do unmistakably know. And if you ask: “What will happen?”, then I reply

that good will certainly happen; because, acting in the way indicated by

reason and love, I am acting in accordance with the highest law known to

me. The situation of the majority of men, enlightened by true brotherly

enlightenment, at present crushed by the deceit and cunning of usurpers,

who are forcing them to ruin their own lives — this situation is

terrible and appears hopeless.

Only two issues present themselves, and both are closed. One is to

destroy violence by violence, by terrorism, dynamite bombs and daggers

as our Nihilists and Anarchists have attempted to do, to destroy this

conspiracy of Governments against nations, from without; the other is to

come to an agreement with the Government, making concessions to it,

participating in it, in order gradually to disentangle the net which is

binding the people, and to set them free. Both these issues are closed.

Dynamite and the dagger, as experience has already shown, only cause

reaction, and destroy the most valuable power, the only one at our

command, that of public opinion.

The other issue is closed, because Governments have already learnt how

far they may allow the participation of men wishing to reform them. They

admit only that which does not infringe, which is non-essential; and

they are very sensitive concerning things harmful to them — sensitive

because the matter concerns their own existence. They admit men who do

not share their views, and who desire reform, not only in order to

satisfy the demands of these men, but also in their own interest, in

that of the Government. These men are dangerous to the Governments if

they remain outside them and revolt against them — opposing to the

Governments the only effective instrument the Governments possess —

public opinion; they must therefore render these men harmless,

attracting them by means of concessions, in order to render them

innocuous (like cultivated microbes), and then make them serve the aims

of the Governments, i.e., oppress and exploit the masses.

Both these issues being firmly closed and impregnable, what remains to

be done?

To use violence is impossible; it would only cause reaction. To join the

ranks of the Government is also impossible — one would only become its

instrument. One course therefore remains — to fight the Government by

means of thought, speech, actions, life, neither yielding to Government

nor joining its ranks and thereby increasing its power.

This alone is needed, will certainly be successful.

And this is the will of God, the teaching of Christ. There can be only

one permanent revolution — a moral one: the regeneration of the inner

man.

How is this revolution to take place? Nobody knows how it will take

place in humanity, but every man feels it clearly in himself. And yet in

our world everybody thinks of changing humanity, and nobody thinks of

changing himself.

Leo Tolstoy

1900

[1] Tolstoy’s point seems to be that death is inevitable and that we

should not fear it