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Title: Anarchism, insurrections and insurrectionalism
Author: Joe Black
Date: July 20, 2006
Language: en
Topics: insurrectionary, insurrection, history, Red & Black Revolution
Source: Retrieved on 9th November 2020 from https://www.anarkismo.net/article/3430
Notes: This article is from Red & Black Revolution No. 11.

Joe Black

Anarchism, insurrections and insurrectionalism

Anarchist communists have no principled objection to insurrections, our

movement has been built out of the tradition of insurrections within

anarchism and we draw inspiration from many of those involved in such

insurrections. In the present, we continue to defy the limitations the

state seeks to put on protest where ever doing so carries the struggle

forward. Again that is not just a judgement for us to make — in cases

where we claim to be acting in solidarity with a group (eg of striking

workers) then it must be that group that dictates the limits of the

tactics that can be used in their struggle.

Insurrectionalism offers a useful critique of much that is standard left

practise. But it falsely tries to extend that critique to all forms of

anarchist organisation. And in some cases the solutions it advocates to

overcome real problems of organisation are worse than the problems it

set out to address. Anarchist communists can certainly learn from

insurrectionalist writings but solutions to the problems of

revolutionary organisation will not be found there.

---

Insurrections — the armed rising of the people — has always been close

to the heart of anarchism. The first programmatic documents of the

anarchist movement were created by Bakunin and a group of European

left-republican insurrectionists as they made the transition to

anarchism in Italy in the 1860’s. This was not a break with

insurrectionism but with left-republicanism, shortly afterwards Bakunin

was to take part in an insurrection in Lyon in 1870.

European radical politics of the previous hundred years had been

dominated by insurrections ever since the successful insurrection in

France of 1789 had sparked off the process leading to the overthrow of

the feudal order across the globe. The storming of the Bastille on 14

July 1789 showed the power of the people in arms, this insurrectionary

moment which changed the history of Europe probably involved only around

one thousand people.

Insurrection and class politics

1789 also set a pattern where although the working people made up the

mass of the insurrectionists it was the bourgeoisie who reaped the

rewards — and suppressed the masses in the process of introducing their

class rule. This lesson was not lost on those who saw freedom as

something that had to involve the economic and social liberation of

everyone, not the right of a new class to carry on ‘democratic’

exploitation of the masses.

In the republican insurrections that broke out in Europe in the century

that followed, and in particular in 1848, the conflict between the

republican capitalist and small capitalist classes and the republican

masses became more and more pronounced. By the 1860’s this conflict had

led to the emergence of a specifically socialist movement that

increasingly saw freedom for all as something that the republican

bourgeoisie would fight against not for — alongside the old order if

necessary. For Bakunin, it was the experience of the 1863 Polish

insurrection where it became clear that the bourgeois republicans feared

a peasant insurrection more than the Czar that conclusively proved this

point. So now the fight for freedom would need to take place under a new

flag — one that sought to organise the working masses in their interests

alone.

The early anarchists embraced the new forms of workers’ organisation

that were emerging, and in particular the International Workers

Association or First International. But although they saw the power of

the working class organised in unions, unlike the majority of the

marxists they did not see this as meaning that capitalism could be

reformed away. The anarchists insisted that insurrections would still be

needed to bring down the old ruling class.

Early anarchist insurrections

Anarchist attempts at insurrection spread with the growing movement. In

fact, even before the Lyon attempt the anarchist Chávez López was

involved in an indigenous insurrectionary movement in Mexico which in

April 1869 issued a manifesto calling for “the revered principle of

autonomous village governments to replace the sovereignty of a national

government viewed to be the corrupt collaborator of the hacendados”.[1]

In Spain in the 1870’s, where workers’ attempts to form unions were met

with repression, the anarchists were involved in many insurrections, and

in the case of some small industrial towns were locally successful

during the 1873 uprisings. In Alcoy for instance after paper workers who

had struck for an eight-hour day were repressed “The workers seized and

burned the factories, killed the mayor and marched down the street with

the heads of the policemen whom they had put to death.” [2] Spain was to

see many, many anarchist led insurrections before the most successful —

that which greeted and almost defeated the fascist coup of July 1936.

In Italy in 1877 Malatesta, Costa and Cafiero led an armed band into two

villages in Campania. There they burned the tax registers and declared

an end to Victor Emmanuel’s reign — however their hope of sparking an

insurrection failed and troops soon arrived. Bakunin had already been

involved in an attempt to spark an insurrection in Bologna in 1874.

The limits of insurrections

Many of these early attempts at insurrection led to severe state

repression. In Spain the movement was forced underground by the mid

1870’s. This led into the ‘Propaganda by Deed’ period when some

anarchists reacted to this repression by assassinating members of the

ruling class, including a number of kings and presidents. The state in

turn escalated the repression, after a bombing in Barcelona in 1892 some

400 people were taken to the dungeon at Montjuich where they were

tortured. Fingernails were ripped out, men were hung from ceilings and

had their genitals twisted and burned. Several died from torture before

they were even brought to trial and five were later executed.

Arguably the fatal theoretical flaw of this period was the belief that

the working people were everywhere willing to rise and that all the

anarchist group had to do was light the touchpaper with an insurrection.

This weakness was not limited to anarchism — as we have seen it was also

the approach of radical republicanism, which meant sometimes, as in

Spain or Cuba the anarchists and the republicans found themselves

fighting together against state forces. Elsewhere the left sometimes

slotted into this role — the Easter Rebellion of 1916 in Ireland saw a

military alliance between revolutionary syndicalists and nationalists.

However the original organisational approach of the anarchists around

Bakunin was not limited to making attempts at insurrection, but also

included the involvement of anarchists in the mass struggles of the

working people. While some anarchists responded to circumstances by

constructing an ideology of ‘illegalism’ the majority started to turn to

these mass struggles and, in particular, entering or constructing mass

unions on a revolutionary syndicalist base. In the opening years of the

20^(th) century anarchists were involved in or simply built most of the

revolutionary syndicalist unions that were to dominate radical politics

up to the Russian revolution. Very often these unions were themselves

then involved in insurrections, as in 1919 in both Argentina and Chile

which included in Chile workers who “took possession of the Patagonian

town of Puerto Natales, under the red flag and anarcho-syndicalist

principles.”[3] Earlier, in 1911, the Mexican anarchists of the PLM,

with the help of many IWW members from the USA, “organised battalions

…in Baja California and took over the town of Mexicali and the

surrounding areas”.

Insurrections and anarchist communists

The anarchist communist organisational tradition within anarchism can be

traced back to Bakunin and the first programmatic documents produced by

the emerging anarchist movement in the 1860’s. But these organisational

ideas were not developed in any collective way again until the 1920’s.

Still there were individuals and groups that advocated the key features

of organised anarchist communism; involvement in the mass struggle of

the working people and the need for specific anarchist organisation and

propaganda.

Anarchist communism was clarified in 1926 by a group of revolutionary

exiles analysing why their efforts to date had failed. This resulted in

the publication of the document known in English as the ‘Organisational

Platform of the Libertarian Communists’ which we have analysed at length

elsewhere.

Here the relevance is to note that, like their predecessors of the

1860’s, this grouping of anarchist communists were trying to learn from

the anarchist involvement in insurrections and revolution of the 1917–21

period. They include Nestor Makhno who had been the key figure of a

massive anarchist led insurrection in the Western Ukraine. The

Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine fought the Austro

Hungarians, anti-semitic pogromists, various white armies and the

Bolshevik controlled Red army over those years.

These platformists as they have come to be known wrote “The principle of

enslavement and exploitation of the masses by violence constitutes the

basis of modern society. All the manifestations of its existence: the

economy, politics, social relations, rest on class violence, of which

the servicing organs are: authority, the police, the army, the

judiciary... The progress of modern society: the technical evolution of

capital and the perfection of its political system, fortifies the power

of the ruling classes, and makes the struggle against them more

difficult… Analysis of modern society leads us to the conclusion that

the only way to transform capitalist society into a society of free

workers is the way of violent social revolution.” [4]

The Spanish experience

The next development of anarchist communism once more involved those at

the centre of an insurrection — this time the Friends of Durruti group

who were active during the Barcelona insurrection of May 1937. The FoD

“members and supporters were prominent comrades from the Gelsa

battle-front” [5]

The FoD was composed of members of the CNT but was highly critical of

the role the CNT had played in 1936 “The CNT did not know how to live up

to its role. It did not want to push ahead with the revolution with all

its consequences. They were frightened by the foreign fleets... Has any

revolution ever been made without having to overcome countless

difficulties? Is there any revolution in the world, of the advanced

type, that has been able to avert foreign intervention? … Using fear as

a springboard and letting oneself be swayed by timidity, one never

succeeds. Only the bold, the resolute, men of courage may attain great

victories. The timid have no right to lead the masses...The CNT ought to

have leapt into the driver’s seat in the country, delivering a severe

coup de grace to all that is outmoded and archaic. In this way we would

have won the war and saved the revolution... But it did the opposite… It

breathed a lungful of oxygen into an anaemic, terror-stricken

bourgeoisie.” [6]

Across much of the world anarchism had been crushed in the period up to,

during and after World War Two. Anarchists were involved in partisan

movements across Europe during the war but in the aftermath were

repressed by eastern ‘communism’ or western ‘democracy’. In Uruguay, one

of the few places where a sizeable anarchist communist movement

survived, the FAU waged an underground armed struggle against the

military dictatorship from the 1950’s. Cuban anarcho-syndicalists, in

particular tobacco workers, played a significant role in the Cuban

revolution only to be repressed in its aftermath by the new regime.

The ideology of insurrectionalism

There is a long tradition within anarchism of constructing ideologies

out of a tactic. The long and deep involvement of anarchists in

insurrections has, not surprisingly, given rise to an anarchist ideology

of insurrectionalism.

An early self-definition of insurrectionalism in English is found in

this 1993 translation: “We consider the form of struggle best suited to

the present state of class conflict in practically all situations is the

insurrectional one, and this is particularly so in the Mediterranean

area. By insurrectional practice we mean the revolutionary activity that

intends to take the initiative in the struggle and does not limit itself

to waiting or to simple defensive responses to attacks by the structures

of power. Insurrectionalists do not subscribe to the quantitative

practices typical of waiting, for example organisational projects whose

first aim is to grow in numbers before intervening in struggles, and who

during this waiting period limit themselves to proselytism and

propaganda, or to the sterile as it is innocuous counter-information”[7]

As an ideology insurrectionalism originates in the peculiar conditions

of post war Italy and Greece. Towards the end of World War Two there was

a real possibility of revolution in both countries. In many areas the

fascists were driven out by left partisans before the allied armies

arrived. But because of the Yalta agreement Stalin instructed the

official revolutionary left of the Communist Party to hold back the

struggle. As a result, Greece was to suffer decades of military

dictatorship while in Italy the Communist Party continued to hold back

struggles. Insurrectionalism was one of a number of new socialist

ideologies which arose to address these particular circumstances.

However the development of insurrectionalism in these countries is

beyond the scope of this article. Here we want to look at the

development of an insurrectionalist ideology in the Anglo world.

Insurrectionalism in the anglo world

One insurrectionalist has described how the ideas spread from Italy

“Insurrectionary anarchism has been developing in the English language

anarchist movement since the 1980s, thanks to translations and writings

by Jean Weir in her “Elephant Editions” and her magazine

“Insurrection”... In Vancouver, Canada, local comrades involved in the

Anarchist Black Cross, the local anarchist social center, and the

magazines “No Picnic” and “Endless Struggle” were influenced by Jean’s

projects, and this carried over into the always developing practice of

insurrectionary anarchists in this region today ... The anarchist

magazine “Demolition Derby” in Montreal also covered some

insurrectionary anarchist news back in the day” [8]

That insurrectionalism should emerge as a more distinct trend in English

language anarchism at this point in time should be no surprise. The

massive boost anarchism received from the summit protest movement was in

part due to the high visibility of black bloc style tactics. After the

Prague summit protest of 2000, the state learned how to greatly reduce

the effectiveness of such tactics. Soon after the disastrous experience

of Genoa and a number of controlled blocs in the USA, arguments arose

that emphasised greater militancy and more clandestine organisation on

the one hand and a move away from the spectacle of summit protesting on

the other.

Alongside this, many young people who were entering anarchist politics

for the first time often made the incorrect assumption that the militant

image that had first attracted their attention on the TV news was a

product of insurrectionalism in particular. In fact, most varieties of

class struggle anarchists, including anarchist communists and members of

the syndicalist unions, had participated in black bloc style protests at

the summits. As these all see actual insurrections as playing a

significant role in achieving an anarchist society, there should be

nothing surprising in them being involved in a little street fighting on

the occasions when that tactic appears to make sense. By the time of

Genoa, when the state had obviously greatly upped the level of

repression it could deploy, anarchist communists were debating whether

such tactics had a future in the columns of this magazine and other

publications.

The ideas of insurrectionalism

It is probably useful to dispel a couple of myths about

insurrectionalism at the start. Insurrectionalism is not limited to

armed struggle, although it might include armed struggle, and most

insurrectionalists are quite critical of the elitism of armed struggle

vanguards. Nor does it mean continuously trying to start actual

insurrections, most insurrectionalists are smart enough to realise that

this maximum program is not always possible, even if they are also keen

to condemn other anarchists for waiting.

So what is insurrectionalism? Do or Die 10 published a useful[9]

introduction with the title “Insurrectionary Anarchy : Organising for

Attack!”[10]. I use substantive quotes from this article in the

discussion that follows.

The concept of ‘attack’ is at the heart of the insurrectionist ideology,

this was explained as follows

“Attack is the refusal of mediation, pacification, sacrifice,

accommodation, and compromise in struggle. It is through acting and

learning to act, not propaganda, that we will open the path to

insurrection, although analysis and discussion have a role in clarifying

how to act. Waiting only teaches waiting; in acting one learns to act.”

This essay drew from a number of previously published insurrectionalist

works, one of these ‘At Daggers Drawn’ explained that

“The force of an insurrection is social, not military. Generalised

rebellion is not measured by the armed clash but by the extent to which

the economy is paralysed, the places of production and distribution

taken over, the free giving that burns all calculation ... No guerrilla

group, no matter how effective, can take the place of this grandiose

movement of destruction and transformation.” [11]

The insurrectionalist notion of attack is not one based on a vanguard

achieving liberation for the working class. Instead they are clear that

“what the system is afraid of is not these acts of sabotage in

themselves, so much as their spreading socially.” [12]. In other words

the direct actions of a small group can only be successful if they are

taken up across the working class. This is a much more useful way to

discuss direct action that the more conventional left debate that

polarises extremes of ‘Direct Action crews’ who see their actions in

themselves as achieving the objective versus revolutionary organizations

that refuse to move beyond propagandising for mass action — and all too

often actually argue against ‘elitist’ small group actions.

Riots and class struggle

Insurrectionalists often recognize class struggle where the reformist

left refuse to, so writing of Britain in the early 1980’s Jean Weir

observed that “The struggles taking place in the inner city ghettos are

often misunderstood as mindless violence. The young struggling against

exclusion and boredom are advanced elements of the class clash. The

ghetto walls must be broken down, not enclosed.”[13]

The idea that such actions need to be taken up across the working class

is also seen by insurrectionalists as an important answer to the

argument that the state can simply repress small groups. It is pointed

out that “It is materially impossible for the state and capital to

police the whole social terrain”[14].

As might be imagined, individual desires are central to

insurrectionalism but not as with the rugged individualism of the

‘libertarian right’. Rather “The desire for individual

self-determination and self-realization leads to the necessity of a

class analysis and class struggle”[15].

Much of the insurrectionalist theory we have looked at so far presents

no real problems in principle for anarchist communists. On the

theoretical level, the problems arise with the organisational ideology

that insurrectionists have constructed alongside this. Much of this has

been constructed as an ideological critique of the rest of the anarchist

movement.

The organiser

The insurrectionist criticism of ‘the organiser’, while a useful warning

of the dangers that come with such a role, has expanded into an

ideological position that presents such dangers as inevitable. We are

told “It is the job of the organiser to transform the multitude into a

controllable mass and to represent that mass to the media or state

institutions” and “For the organiser... real action always takes a back

seat to the maintenance of the media image”

Probably most of us are familiar with left campaigns run by a particular

party where exactly this has happened. But our experience is that this

is not inevitable. It is quite possible for individuals to help organise

a struggle without this happening. A comrade has more time than anyone

else so they take on a number of tasks that need to be done — are they

not therefore an organiser?

The problem with the apparent blanket ban on ‘organisers’ is that it

prevents analysis of why these problems arise and thus how they can be

prevented.

In the case of media work there is no mystery. Anyone doing media work

for a controversial struggle will be bombarded with questions about the

likelihood of violence — in media terms this is a ‘sexy’ story. If they

are getting this day after day, week after week then they will start to

try to shape the struggle to follow this media agenda.

The solution is simple. This problem arises because the left tends to

have their ‘leader’ who is doing the key organising of a protest also as

the media contact for that protest. Our experience is that if you

divorce the two roles so that the organisers of a specific event are not

the people who speak to the media about it then the problem is greatly

reduced if not eliminated. The actual organisers are isolated from the

media but feed information to whoever is nominated as a media

spokesperson. That media spokesperson however has no particular say

about the organisation of the protest.

The media and popular opinion

This leads onto the insurrectionalist description of the media. “An

opinion is not something first found among the public in general and

then, afterwards, replayed through the media, as a simple reporting of

the public opinion. An opinion exists in the media first. Secondly, the

media then reproduces the opinion a million times over linking the

opinion to a certain type of person (conservatives think x, liberals

think y). Public opinion is produced as a series of simple choices or

solutions (‘I’m for globalization and free trade,’ or ‘I’m for more

national control and protectionism’). We are all supposed to choose — as

we choose our leaders or our burgers — instead of thinking for

ourselves.”

This all sounds pretty good — and there is considerable truth in it. But

this blanket analysis again prevents a discussion about how these

problems can be overcome. Until the time we have our own alternative

media — and in that case some of the problems above would still apply —

we would be crazy not to use those sections of the media through which

we might be able to reach the millions of people that lack of resources

otherwise cut us off from.

And while the media likes to simplify the story by reducing it to binary

choices, this does not mean that everyone who gets information from the

media accepts this division. Many if not all people have an

understanding that the media is flawed and so tend not to accept its

binary divisions.

Waiting for the revolution?

We are told the left in general and the rest of the anarchist movement

in particular hold

“a critique of separation and representation that justifies waiting and

accepts the role of the critic. With the pretext of not separating

oneself from the ‘social movement’, one ends up denouncing any practice

of attack as a ‘flight forward’ or mere ‘armed propaganda’. Once again

revolutionaries are called to ‘unmask’ the real conditions of the

exploited, this time by their very inaction. No revolt is consequently

possible other than in a visible social movement. So anyone who acts

must necessarily want to take the place of the proletariat. The only

patrimony to defend becomes ‘radical critique’, ‘revolutionary

lucidity’. Life is miserable, so one cannot do anything but theorise

misery.” [16]

Here we see the chief weakness of insurrectionalism — its lack of

serious discussion of other anarchist tendencies. We are led to believe

that other revolutionaries, including all other anarchists, favour

waiting around and preaching about the evils of capitalism rather than

also taking action. There are some very few groups for whom this is

true, but the reality is that even amongst the non-anarchist

revolutionary movement most organisations also engage in forms of direct

action where they think this makes tactical sense. In reality this is

also the judgement that insurrectionalists make — like everyone else

they recognise the need to wait until they think the time is right. They

recognise that tomorrow is not the day to storm the White House.

Critique of organisation

Another place to find fault with the ideology of insurrectionalism is

where it comes to the question of organisation. Insurrectionalism

declares itself against ‘formal organisation’ and for ‘informal

organisation’. Often quite what that means is unclear as ‘formal’

organization is simply used as a label for all the things that can go

wrong with an organisation.

Insurrectionalists attempt to define formal organisation as “permanent

organisations [which] synthesise all struggle within a single

organisation, and organisations that mediate struggles with the

institutions of domination. Permanent organisations tend to develop into

institutions that stand above the struggling multitude. They tend to

develop a formal or informal hierarchy and to disempower the multitude

... The hierarchical constitution of power-relations removes decision

from the time such a decision is necessary and places it within the

organisation ... permanent organisations tend to make decisions based

not on the necessity of a specific goal or action, but on the needs of

that organisation, especially its preservation. The organisation becomes

an end in itself”

While this is quite a good critique of Leninism or Social Democratic

forms of organisation, it doesn’t really describe ongoing forms of

anarchist organisation — in particular anarchist communism organisation.

Anarchist communists don’t, for instance, seek to “synthesise all

struggle within a single organisation”. Rather we think the specific

anarchist organisation should involve itself in the struggles of the

working class, and that these struggle should be self-managed by the

class — not run by any organisation, anarchist or otherwise.

Solutions to the problems of organisation

Far from developing hierarchy, our constitutions not only forbid formal

hierarchy but contain provisions designed to prevent the development of

informal hierarchy as well. For instance considerable informal power can

fall to someone who is the only one who can do a particular task and who

manages to hold onto this role for many years. So the WSM constitution

says no member can hold any particular position for more than three

years. After that time they have to step down.

These sorts of formal mechanisms to prevent the development of informal

hierarchy are common in anarchist communist organizations. In fact, it

is an example of where formal organisation is a greater protection

against hierarchy, our formal method of organisation also allows us to

agree rules to prevent informal hierarchy developing. Insurrectionalism

lacks any serious critique of informal hierarchy but, as anyone active

in the anarchist movement in the anglo world knows, the lack of sizeable

formal organisation means that problems of hierarchy within the movement

are most often problems of informal hierarchy.

If you strip out the things that can go wrong with an organisation, then

the insurrectionalist concept of ‘formal’ organisation boils down to an

organisation that continues to exist between and across struggles.

Although even here the distinction is clouded because insurrectionalists

also see that sometimes informal organisation may be involved in more

than one struggle or may move from one struggle to another.

From an anarchist communist perspective, the major point of an

organisation is to help create communication, common purpose and unity

across and between struggles. Not in the formal sense of all struggles

being forced into the one program and under the one set of leaders. But

in the informal sense of the anarchist communist organisation acting as

one channel of communication, movement and debate between the struggles

that allows for greater communication and increases the chance of

victory.

The insurrectionalist alternative — Informal organisation

The method of organisation favoured by insurrectionists is guided by the

principle that “The smallest amount of organisation necessary to achieve

one’s aims is always the best to maximize our efforts.” What this means

is small groups of comrades who know each other well and have a lot of

time to spend with each other discussing out issues and taking action —

affinity groups.

We are told “to have an affinity with a comrade means to know them, to

have deepened one’s knowledge of them. As that knowledge grows, the

affinity can increase to the point of making an action together

possible..”[17]

Of course insurrectionalists know that small groups are often too small

to achieve an objective on their own so in that case they say that

groups can federate together on a temporary basis for that specific

goal.

There have even been attempts to extend this to the international level.

“The Anti-authoritarian Insurrectionalist International is aimed at

being an informal organisation... [It]is therefore based on a

progressive deepening of reciprocal knowledge among all its adherents...

To this end all those who adhere to it should send the documentation

that they consider necessary to make their activity known... to the

promoting group.” [18]

Autonomous Base Nucleus

It is obvious that a successful libertarian revolution requires the mass

of the people to be organised. Insurrectionalists recognise this and

have attempted to construct models of mass organisation that fit within

their ideological principles. Autonomous Base Nucleus, as they are

called, were originally based on the Autonomous Movement of the Turin

Railway Workers and the Self-managed leagues against the cruise missile

base in Comiso.

Alfredo Bonanno in The Anarchist Tension described the Comiso experience

“A theoretical model of this kind was used in an attempt to prevent the

construction of the American missile base in Comiso in the early ‘80s.

The anarchists who intervened for two years built “self-managed

leagues”. [19]

He summarized them as follow “These groups should not be composed of

anarchists alone, Anyone who intends to struggle to reach given

objectives, even circumscribed ones, could participate so long as they

take a number of essential conditions into account. First of all

“permanent conflict” that is groups with the characteristic of attacking

the reality in which they find themselves without waiting for orders

from anywhere else. Then the characteristic of being “autonomous”, that

is of not depending on or having any relations at all with political

parties or trade union organisations. Finally, the characteristic of

facing problems one by one and not proposing platforms of generic claims

that would inevitably transform themselves into administration along the

lines of a mini-party or a small alternative trades union.” [20]

For all that they have ‘self-managed’ in their title these leagues in

fact look pretty much like the front organizations used for linking into

and controlling social struggles by many Leninist organizations. Why so?

Well the above definition is one of an organisation that while seeking

to organise the masses does so along lines defined by the informal

groups of anarchists. If it was truly self-managed, surely the League

itself would define its method of operation and what issues it might

like to struggle around? And from the start the leagues exclude not only

all other competing organisations but even relations with political

parties or trade union organisations. Again, any real self-managed

struggle would make the decision of who to have relations with for

itself and not simply follow the dictat of an organised ideological

minority.

Another insurrectionalist, O.V., defined the leagues as “the element

linking the specific informal anarchist organisation to social

struggles” and said of them

“These attacks are organised by the nucleii in collaboration with

specific anarchist structures which provide practical and theoretical

support, developing the search for the means required for the action

pointing out the structures and individuals responsible for repression,

and offering a minimum of defence against attempts at political or

ideological recuperation by power or against repression pure and

simple.”[21]

If anything this is worse — the specific anarchist structures are given

the role of making pretty much every significant decision for the

league. This makes a nonsense of any claim to self-management and would

turn such a league into a creature to be manipulated by a self-selected

cadre of true revolutionaries supposedly capable of grappling with the

issues that its other members cannot. This seems to fly so much in the

face of what insurrectionalists say elsewhere that we should stop and

pause to wonder why do they end up with such a position.

The question of agreement

The reason lies in the fact that common action obviously requires a

certain level of common agreement. The insurrectionalist approach to

this is quite hard to get a grasp of and is the reason why such odd

contradictions open up in the self-managed leagues they advocate. The

problem is that reaching agreement requires decision making and in the

making of decisions you open the possibility of a decision being made by

the majority that the informal cadre think is a mistake,

The Do or Die article tries to define this obvious problem away as

follows “Autonomy allows decisions to be made when they are necessary,

instead of being pre-determined or delayed by the decision of a

committee or meeting. This does not mean to say however that we

shouldn’t think strategically about the future and make agreements or

plans. On the contrary, plans and agreements are useful and important.

What is emphasised is a flexibility that allows people to discard plans

when they become useless. Plans should be adaptable to events as they

unfold.”

This asks more questions then is answers — how can you plan without

pre-determining something? If a group of people “think strategically

about the future” is that group not a “committee or meeting” even if it

chooses not to use that name. And who argues for plans that are not

“adaptable to events as they unfold”?

From an anarchist communist perspective, the point of thinking

strategically about the future is to use that thinking to plan for the

future. Plans involve making decisions in advance — pre-determining them

to at least an extent. And plans should be made and agreed formally,

that certainly involves meetings and may well involve the meeting of a

committee. Why deny any of this?

Negotiation

Like the more ideological anarcho-syndicalists, insurrectionalists take

an ideological position against negotiations. “Compromise only makes the

state and capital stronger” we are told. But this is a slogan that only

works if you are a small group that has no influence on a struggle.

Short of the revolution, it will be unusual to win a struggle outright

so if our ideas are listened to we will again and again be faced with

either a limited and therefore negotiated victory or snatching defeat

from the jaws of victory because we advise fighting for more than we

know can be won. Surely our aim should be to win everything that is

possible, not to go down to glorious defeat?

Apparently not. One insurrectionalist favourably describes how “The

workers who, during a wildcat strike, carried a banner saying, ‘We are

not asking for anything’ understood that the defeat is in the claim

itself” [22] This obviously can only make sense when the workers

concerned are already revolutionaries. If this is a social struggle for

say a rent reduction or an increase in wages, such a banner is an insult

to the needs of those in the struggle.

Short of the revolution, the issue should not be whether or not to

negotiate but rather who negotiates, on what mandate and subject to what

procedures before an agreement can be made. The reality is that if these

questions are avoided, then that vacuum will be filled by authoritarians

happy to negotiate on their terms in a way that minimises their

accountability.

Repression and debate

Without going into the specifics of each controversy, a major problem in

countries where insurrectionalists put their words into deeds is that

this often means attacks that achieve little except on the one hand

providing an excuse for state repression and on the other isolating all

anarchists, not just those involved, from the broader social movement.

Insurrectionalists claim to be willing to debate tactics but the reality

of state repression means that in practise any critique of such actions

is presented as taking the side of the state. Nearly 30 years ago

Bonanno attempted to define all those who thought such actions premature

or counter productive as taking the side of the state when he wrote in

‘Armed Joy’ that

“When we say the time is not ripe for an armed attack on the State we

are pushing open the doors of the mental asylum for the comrades who are

carrying out such attacks; when we say it is not the time for revolution

we are tightening the cords of the straight jacket; when we say these

actions are objectively a provocation we don the white coats of the

torturers.”[23]

The reality is that many actions claimed by insurrectionalists are not

above critique — and if workers are not allowed to critique such actions

are they not simply reduced to passive spectators in a struggle between

the state and the revolutionary minority? If, as Bonnano seems to imply,

you can’t even critique the most insane of actions then you can have no

real discussion of tactics at all.

Towards an anarchist communist theory

Anarchist communists have adopted a different test to that of sanity

when it comes to the question of militant action. That is if you are

claiming to act on behalf of a particular group, then you first need to

have demonstrated that the group agrees with the sort of tactics you

propose to use. This question is far more important to anarchist

practise than the question of what some group of anarchists might decide

is an appropriate tactic.

As we have seen, anarchist communists have no principled objection to

insurrections, our movement has been built out of the tradition of

insurrections within anarchism and we draw inspiration from many of

those involved in such insurrections. In the present, we continue to

defy the limitations the state seeks to put on protest where ever doing

so carries the struggle forward. Again that is not just a judgement for

us to make — in cases where we claim to be acting in solidarity with a

group (eg of striking workers) then it must be that group that dictates

the limits of the tactics that can be used in their struggle.

Insurrectionalism offers a useful critique of much that is standard left

practise. But it falsely tries to extend that critique to all forms of

anarchist organisation. And in some cases the solutions it advocates to

overcome real problems of organisation are worse than the problems it

set out to address. Anarchist communists can certainly learn from

insurrectionalist writings but solutions to the problems of

revolutionary organisation will not be found there.

[1] John M Hart’s “Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class”

[2] James Joll, The Anarchists, 229

[3] Thanks to Pepe for information on these events in Argentina and

Chile.

[4] Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists, Dielo Trouda

(Workers’ Cause), 1926 online at

struggle.ws

[5] Jaime Balius (secretary of the Friend of Durruti), Towards a Fresh

Revolution, online at

struggle.ws

[6] Towards a Fresh Revolution

[7] For an Anti-authoritarian Insurrectionist International-Proposal for

a Debate, Anti-authoritarian Insurrectionalist International, (Promoting

Group), Elephant Editions 1993 online at

www.geocities.com

[8] Andy posting in respone to an early draft of this article on the

anti-politics forum, see

www.anti-politics.net

[9] It does however contain at least one basic error, it weirdly

describe the synthesist Italian Anarchist Federation as a “platformist

organisation” which suggests the authors made little or no attempt to

understand what platformism is before moving to reject it.

[10] Do or Die 10, 2003, online at

www.eco-action.org

[11] Anon., At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its

False Critics, Elephant Editions Online at

www.geocities.com

[12] Do or Die 10 , “Insurrectionary Anarchism and the Organization of

Attack”.

[13] J.W., Insurrection, online at

www.geocities.com

[14] Do or Die 10 , “Insurrectionary Anarchism and the Organization of

Attack”.

[15] Do or Die 10 , “Insurrectionary Anarchism and the Organization of

Attack”.

[16] Anon., At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its

False Critics, Elephant Editions Online at

www.geocities.com

[17] O.V.,Insurrection, online at

www.geocities.com

[18] For An Anti-authoritarian Insurrectionalist International, Elephant

Editions 1993 online at

www.geocities.com

[19] Alfredo Bonanno, The Anarchist Tension, Original Title,La Tensione

anarchica

Translated by Jean Weir, 1996, online at

www.geocities.com

[20] Alfredo Bonanno, The Anarchist Tension, Original Title,La Tensione

anarchica

Translated by Jean Weir, 1996, online at

www.geocities.com

[21] O.V.,Insurrection, online at

www.geocities.com

[22] Anon., At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its

False Critics, Elephant Editions Online at

www.geocities.com

[23] Alfredo Bonanno , Armed Joy, Translated by Jean Weir, Original

title ,La gioia armata, 1977 Edizioni Anarchismo, Catania, 1998 Elephant

Editions, London online at