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Title: On Cooperation Author: Charles Perron Date: September 4, 1869 Language: en Topics: cooperatives, Libertarian Labyrinth Source: Retrieved on 25th April 2021 from https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/bakunin-library/on-cooperation-1869/ Notes: L’Egalité, September 4, 1869; Guillaume’s note (Oeuvres, t.IV, p.210) suggests this article may be by Charles Perron.
What should be the character and what will be the means of the economic
agitation and of the laborers of the International, before that social
revolution that alone could emancipate them in a complete and definitive
manner? The experience of recent years indicates two ways, one negative,
the other positive: the strike funds andcooperation.
Under this general word cooperation, we mean all the known systems of
consumptions of mutual credit or of credit to labor or production.
In the application of all these systems and even in the theory that they
take for basis, there are two contrary currents that we must clearly
distinguish: the bourgeois current and the purely socialist current.
Thus in the societies for consumption, credit and production, founded or
recommended by some bourgeois socialists, we find all the elements of
bourgeois political economy: interest on capital, dividends and
premiums.
Which of these two systems is the good, the true?
The first, that of the bourgeois socialists, is most generally accepted
by those in the sections of the International who love to call
themselves practical men. In fact, they are practical in appearance, but
only in appearance, very practical, since all their thought comes down
to continuing in the heart of the workers’ world the rich practice of
the bourgeois: the exploitation of labor by capital.
When one association, founded on bourgeois bases, is undertaken by some
dozens or hundreds of workers, what can its result be? Either it does
not succeed, it goes bankrupt, and then it plunges these workers into an
even greater poverty than that from which they had attempted to escape
by founding it, or else it succeeds, and then, without improving the
general condition of the working class, it can only lead to creating
some dozens or hundreds of bourgeois, this is what the Congress of
Lausanne expressed very well in the following resolution:
“The Congress thinks that the efforts attempted today by the workers’
associations (if those are generalized, preserving their present form),
tend to create a fourth estate [class], having below it a fifth estate
more miserable still.”
That fourth estate would be forted by a limited number of workers
constituting among them a sort of bourgeois limited partnership, which
necessarily excludes from within it the fifth estate, the great mass of
the workers not associated in that cooperation, but, on the contrary,
exploited by it.
Such is the cooperative system that the bourgeois socialists not only
preach, but attempt to realize within the International, some knowing
well, and others ignorant that this system if the negation of the
principle and aim of that association?
What is the aim of the International? Isn’t it to emancipate the working
class by the united action of the workers of all countries? And what is
the aim of the bourgeois cooperation? It is to wrest a limited number of
workers from the common poverty, in order to make them bourgeois, to the
detriment of the majority of the workers. Aren’t we right to tell you
that this practice that is so often recommended by the practical men of
the International is an entirely bourgeois practice, and that as such it
must be excluded from the International!
Suppose that a thousand mean are exploited and oppressed by ten.
What would you think, if among these thousand men, there are found
twenty, thirty or more who would say: We are tired of being victims, but
as on the other hand it is ridiculous to hope for the salvation of
everyone, as the prosperity of the few absolutely demands the sacrifice
of the many, let us abandon our comrades to their fate, and think only
of ourselves, in order to be fortunate enough to become bourgeois in our
turn, fortunate exploiter.
That would be treason, wouldn’t it?
And yet isn’t that precisely what our practical men advise? In theory as
well as in practice, in cooperation as well as in administration, they
are consequently exploiters and enemies of the working class. – They
want to conduct their business, not that of the International; but in
order to better conduct their own business, they want to use the
International.
What we must note incidentally is that they earn that name of practical
men that they give themselves, much more by their individual, bourgeois
intentions than by their success.
There are many among them who are not of very good faith, who are not
misled, but misleading. Not knowing, never having imagined any practice
but the bourgeois practice, many among them think that it would be only
fair to have recourse to that same practice in order to fight the
bourgeoisie. They have the naïveté to believe that what kills labor can
emancipate it, and that they could use as well as the bourgeoisie
itself, against it, the weapon by means of which the bourgeoisie crushes
it.
It is a great error. These naĂŻve men do not account for the immense
superiority that the monopoly of wealth, of science, and of an age-old
practice, as well as the overt or masked, but always active support of
the States, and all the organization of the present society, give the
bourgeoisie over the proletariat. So this would be a very unequal
struggle for one to reasonably hope for success. In these conditions,
the bourgeois weapons, which moreover being nothing but unbridled
competition, the war of each against all, prosperity gained on the ruin
of others, these weapons, these means can only serve the bourgeoisie,
and would necessarily destroy solidarity, that single power of the
proletariat.
The bourgeoisie knew it well. Can we see it too?
While they continue to relentlessly combat the strike funds and Trades
Unions, which are the sole means of truly effective war that the workers
could employ against them, they have suddenly reconciled themselves,
after a certain hesitation it is true, but which has not been of long
duration, with the system of bourgeois cooperation.
All the bourgeois economists and publicists, even the most conservative,
sing the beauty of that system in every way, and the partisans—alas,
still as numerous as the bourgeoisie in the International—strive to lead
the whole worker association in this sense. In this regard, Mr. Coullery
and the Journal de Genève, Mr. Henri Dupasquier, the conservative-bigot
de Neuchâtel, et Professor Dameth, that apostate of socialism converted
by the bigots of Genève, are in agreement.
All shout themselves hoarse, crying out to us:
“Worker, cooperate!”
Yes! Engage in good bourgeois cooperation, so that it demoralizes and
ruins you for the profit of a few fortunate businessmen, who will use
you as footboards, so that in their turn they can become bourgeois.
Engage in bourgeois cooperation, it will lull you to sleep, and after
having exhausted all your means, it will make you incapable of
organizing your international power, that power without which you could
never assert your right and make it triumph against the bourgeoisie.
We also want cooperation; we are even convinced that cooperation in all
the branches of labor and science will be the preponderant form of
social organization in the future. But, at the same time, we know that
it could only prosper, develop itself full and freely, and embrace all
human industry when it is founded on equality, when all capital, all the
instruments of labor, including the soil, is given, as collective
property, to labor.
So we consider that demand above all, and the organization of the
international power of the laborers of all countries as the principal
aim of our great Association.
This, once accepted, far from being the adversaries of the cooperative
enterprises in the present, we find them necessary in many respects.
First, and this is even their primary advantage for the moment, they
accustom the workers to organize, to conduct, to direct their affairs by
themselves, without any intervention of bourgeois capital or bourgeois
direction.
It is desirable that when the hour of the social liquidation sounds, it
finds in every country, in every locality many cooperative associations,
which, if they are well organized, and above all founded on the
principles of solidarity and collectivity, not on bourgeois exclusivism,
will make society pass from its present state to that of equality and
justice without too great tremors.
But in order for them to be able to fulfill that mission, the
International Association must only protect the cooperative associations
based on these principles.
In the articles to follow, we will speak of cooperation according to the
principles of the International, and already today we publish an draft
that appears to us to make a rather important step in the realization of
these principles.