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p1 * Basics 1 * Prepositions 3
* Basics 2 * Passive
* Common Phrases * Numbers
* Food * Feelings and Traits
* Plurals p5 * Verbs: Past 1
* Eclipsis * Characteristics
p2 * Lenition * Verbs: Past 2
* Possessives * Verbal Noun
* Verbs: Present 1 * Ireland 2
* Colors * Pronouns Reflexive
* Questions p6 * Directions
* Prepositions 1 | * Sport
p3 * Ireland 1 | * Verbs: Future 1
* Dates and Time | * Imperative
* Family | * Verbs: Imperfect
* Verbs: Present 2 | * Verbs: Conditional
* Prepositions 2
* Genitive Case
p4 * Negatives
* Comparison
updated 2018-10-25
Position vs Direction
In Irish, there are different words for the same place depending on
whether something is there already, or moving relative to it. English
kind of has this, with words like in (being there) vs into (going
there).
Irish takes this idea much further. As one example, there are different
words for up, depending on whether something is going up, already up,
or coming back having been up. Let's see it in action:
en ga
I'm going up. Táim ag dul suas.
I'm up. Táim thuas.
I'm coming down (from above). Táim ag teacht anuas.
You may not be too familiar with such a feature, but don't be
discouraged! It's actually quite useful. In fact, the very cool thing
is that because the word itself indicates relative movement and
postion, you can sometimes drop the verb! Example:
Tá sé anuas. He's (on his way) down (having been above).
Go learn all the words, and tell your friends easily and in great
detail how things are situated relative to each other!
One more fun fact: the cardinal directions have the features we just
learned, plus one more. They have a noun name. Here's an example to
explain:
en ga
going towards east soir
situated east thoir
coming from the east anoir
the east an t-oirthear
If this seems slightly out there, don't fret. Enjoy this skill and
learn by example, it will make much more sense in context.
updated 2019-02-20
Cúilín or Pointe
In this skill, you will learn two words for point, cúilín and pointe.
These words are sometimes used interchangeably, but in general:
* Cúilín is used for Gaelic games (hurling, Gaelic football, camogie)
for the score obtained by hitting/kicking the ball over the
crossbar of the goal and between the two posts. It is the
diminuitive of the word for goal, cúl (in these sports one cúl is
worth 3 points and one cúilín is just 1 point).
* Pointe is used for other sports or games (including video games),
or when discussing, for example, the number of points a team has on
a league table.
updated 2018-10-25
The future tense is a very common tense in Irish and is easy to form.
The first conjugation
These verbs have only one syllable. In the future tense the ending is,
for the most part, added directly onto the root of the verb. Here are
the endings that are added:
Pronoun Broad ending Slender ending
I -faidh mé -fidh mé
you (singular) -faidh tú -fidh tú
he/it -faidh sé -fidh sé
she/it -faidh sí -fidh sí
we -faimid / faidh muid -fimid / fidh muid
you (plural) -faidh sibh -fidh sibh
they -faidh siad -fidh siad
(passive voice) -far -fear
Examples:
* Dúnfaimid / Dúnfaidh muid We will close
* Ólfaidh sí She will drink
The second conjugation
These verbs have more than one syllable. The pattern for forming the
future tense is very similar to forming the present tense. For verbs
ending in -gh, the last syllable of the word is removed to get a root
and the endings are then added to that root. For verbs ending in -il,
-in, -is or -ir, the last syllable is removed except for the very last
letter, and then the appropriate ending is added.
Here are the endings that are added to the stem:
Pronoun Broad ending Slender ending
I -óidh mé -eoidh mé
you (singular) -óidh tú -eoidh tú
he/it -óidh sé -eoidh sé
she/it -óidh sí -eoidh sí
we -óimid / óidh muid -eoimid / eoidh muid
you (plural) -óidh sibh -eoidh sibh
they -óidh siad -eoidh siad
(passive voice) -ófar -eofar
Examples:
* Imeoidh sé He will leave
* Ceannóidh mé I will buy
Irregular verbs
The irregular verbs do not all follow the above conjugation rules,
though you will notice some similarities.
Question form
To make the question form in the future tense, you use the question
word an, which causes the verb that comes after it to be eclipsed (if
possible).
Examples:
* An dtuigfidh sí? Will she understand?
* An ceannófar an leabhar? Will the book be bought?
Exceptions include the verb faigh get:
* An bhfaighidh sé? Will he get?
Negative form
To make the negative form in the future tense, you use the negation
word ní, which causes the verb that comes after it to be lenited (if
possible).
Examples:
* Ní bhaileoidh mé I will not collect
* Ní ólfaimid / Ní ólfaidh muid We will not drink
Exceptions include the verbs abair say and faigh get:
* Ní déarfaidh sé He will not say (note: no lenition)
* Ní bhfaighidh mé I will not get
updated 2021-03-11
To form the imperative in Irish, it is very simple.
Second Person Singular
If you are ordering one person, you use this form. It simply uses the
verb root.
Examples: Dún! (Close!), Bí ciúin! (Be quiet)
Second Person Plural
If you are ordering several people, you use this form.
In the first conjugation, you add -aigí (broad) or -ígí (slender) to
the stem of the verb.
In the second conjugation, first form the stem (if a verb ends in
-aigh/-igh, just remove this part of the verb, e.g. ceannaigh -> ceann
(stem), if a verb ends in -ail/-il, -ais/-is, -air/-ir, etc., remove
this part of the verb but keep the last letter, e.g. cosain -> cosn
(stem), imir -> imr (stem)), then just add -aígí (broad) or -ígí
(slender) to the stem of the verb.
Example: Dúnaigí (Close!), Imrígí! (Play!), Ceannaígí nuachtáin! (Buy
newspapers!)
Negative
To turn an imperative phrase negative, you use the imperative negative
particle ná (this serves the purpose of English don't with relation to
the imperative). If the verb starts with a vowel, add a h to the verb
after ná.
Example: Ná dúnaigí! (Don't close!), Ná hól alcól! (Don't drink
alcohol!)
updated 2018-10-25
The imperfect tense (or the past habitual tense) is used to describe
what one used to do (e.g. I used to run every Wednesday)
First Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added to the root of single syllable
(monosyllabic) verbs in the imperfect tense. (i.e. the first
conjugation)
Broad Slender
Pronoun Ending Ending Other Changes
Mé -ainn -inn Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Tú -tá -teá Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Sé/Sí/Sibh -adh -eadh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Muid -aimis -imis Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Siad -aidís -idís Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Passive -taí -tí Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
* The pronoun is not used in the imperfect tense, except with the
sé/sí/sibh form.
Examples: Mholainn (I used to praise), Thuigteá (You used to
understand)
Second Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added to the stem (i.e. last part of the
verb's root is removed) of multi-syllable (polysyllabic) verbs in the
imperfect. (i.e. the second conjugation)
Broad Slender Pronoun Ending Ending Other Changes Mé -aínn -ínn Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú Tú -aíteá -íteá Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú Sé/Sí/Sibh -aíodh -íodh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú Muid -aímis -ímis Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú Siad -aídís -ídís Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú Passive -aítí -ítí Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
* The pronoun is not used in the imperfect, except with the
sé/sí/sibh form.
Examples: Cheannaíodh sé (He used to buy), D'insídís (They used to
tell)
Question and Negative Forms
Question Form
To make the question form in the imperfect tense, you use the question
word "an" and add an urú to the verb. Example: An gceannaíteá? (Did you
used to buy?)
Negative Form
To make the negative form in the conditional, you use the word "ní".
The verb is lenited. Example: Ní cheannaínn(I did not used to buy)
updated 2018-10-25
The conditional is used to describe what one would do.
First Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added to the root of single syllable
(monosyllabic) verbs in the conditional. (i.e. the first conjugation)
Broad Slender
Pronoun Ending Ending Other Changes
Mé -fainn -finn Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Tú -fá -feá Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Sé/Sí -fadh -feadh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Muid -faimis -fimis Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Sibh -fadh -feadh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Siad -faidís -fidís Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Autonomous -faí -fí Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
* The pronoun is not used in the conditional, except with the
sé/sí/sibh form.
Examples: Thuigfinn (I would understand), D'éistfeadh sí (She would
listen)
Second Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added to the stem (i.e. last part of the
verb's root is removed) of multi-syllable (polysyllabic) verbs in the
conditional. (i.e. the second conjugation)
Broad Slender
Pronoun Ending Ending Other Changes
Mé -óinn -eoinn Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Tú -ófá -eofá Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Sé/Sí -ódh -eodh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Muid -óimis -eoimis Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Sibh -ódh -eodh Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Siad -óidís -eoidís Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
Autonomous -ófaí -eofaí Consonant: Séimhiú, Vowel: D', F: D' and Séimhiú
* The pronoun is not used in the conditional, except with the
sé/sí/sibh form.
Examples: Chabhrófá (You would help), D'éalódh sibh (You would escape)
Irregular Verbs
Though these 11 verbs are irregular, some are conjugated similarly to
regular verbs in the conditional.
It is hard to give any meaningful rule or pattern for this group as a
whole, so you will just have to learn these exceptions by heart.
Question and Negative Forms
Question Form
To make the question form in the conditional, you use the question word
"an" and add an urú to the verb. Example: An gcodlófá? (Would you
sleep?)
* Exceptions:
Faigh: An bhfaighinn?
Negative Form
To make the negative form in the conditional, you use the word "ní".
The verb is lenited. Example: Ní chodlóinn (I would not sleep)
* Exceptions:
Faigh: Ní bhfaighinn...
If
When using the conditional mood (yes, this form is technically a mood
and not a tense), we use the word dá to mean if.
Dá causes eclipsis if possible (remember: you can't have move eclipsis
and lenition at the same time, so it would be dá mbeadh and never dá
mbheadh (which is a monster to pronounce)).
Dá adds an n- ("n fleiscín") before verbs starting with a vowel (e.g.
dá n-ólfá (if you would drink/if you drank)
Then, the word mura is used as the negative of (or, opposite of) dá
(mura could be translated as if not)
Mura causes the same changes as dá
e.g. Mura mbeadh sí tinn (If she were not sick)
Translating the Conditional Mood
You will quickly learn that Irish and English treat the conditional
quite differently. In this Irish conditional, the conditional mood is
used throughout. For example:
Ólfainn uisce dá mbeadh tart orm.
A literal translation would be: I would drink water if I would be
thirsty
This seems a bit unnatural in English. A more common translation would
be I would drink water if I were thirsty (using the past subjunctive)
or, common in some dialects, I would drink water if I was thirsty
(using the preterite).
This is an example where tenses and moods don't match up perfectly
between two languages.
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