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Duolingo Irish Course Summary

 p1  * Basics 1		     * Prepositions 3
     * Basics 2		     * Passive
     * Common Phrases	     * Numbers
     * Food		     * Feelings and Traits
     * Plurals		 p5  * Verbs: Past 1
     * Eclipsis		  |  * Characteristics
 p2  * Lenition		  |  * Verbs: Past 2
     * Possessives	  |  * Verbal Noun
     * Verbs: Present 1	  |  * Ireland 2
     * Colors		  |  * Pronouns Reflexive
     * Questions	 p6  * Directions
     * Prepositions 1	     * Sport
 p3  * Ireland 1	     * Verbs: Future 1
     * Dates and Time	     * Imperative
     * Family		     * Verbs: Imperfect
     * Verbs: Present 2	     * Verbs: Conditional
     * Prepositions 2
     * Genitive Case
 p4  * Negatives
     * Comparison

Verbs: Past 1

updated 2018-10-25

In Irish, the past tense is used very often and is quite easy to form.

First conjugation

Here are the changes that occur to single syllable (monosyllabic) verbs

in the past tense.

Pronoun Broad ending Example Slender ending Example

I lenition + mé dhún mé lenition + mé bhris mé

you (singular) lenition + tú dhún tú lenition + tú bhris tú

he/it lenition + sé dhún sé lenition + sé bhris sé

she/it lenition + sí dhún sí lenition + sí bhris sí

we lenition + muid / lenition + -amar¹ dhún muid / dhúnamar lenition +

muid / lenition + -eamar¹ bhris muid / bhriseamar

you (plural) lenition + sibh dhún sibh lenition + sibh bhris sibh

they lenition + siad dhún siad lenition + siad bhris siad

(autonomous) -adh dúnadh -eadh briseadh

¹In the past tense, muid is often not used; it can be incorporated into

the verb that precedes it instead, to make what is known as the

"synthetic form".

If the verb begins with a vowel, then it is prefixed with d' (instead

of a lenition), with no space between d' and the verb. The autonomous

form is unchanged.

Examples:

* D'ól mé I drank

* D'ól muid/ D'ólamar We drank

* Óladh an beoir The beer was drunk

If the verb begins with the letter f, then not only does it undergo

lenition, but it is also prefixed with d'. The autonomous form is

unchanged.

Examples: D'fhág mé I left * D'fhág muid / D'fhágamar We left * Fágadh

an carr ar oscailt The car was left open

Second conjugation

Here are the changes that occur to multiple syllable (polysyllabic)

verbs in the past tense.

Pronoun Broad ending Example Slender ending Example

I lenition + mé cheannaigh mé lenition + mé bhailigh mé

you (singular) lenition + tú cheannaigh tú lenition + tú bhailigh tú

he/it lenition + sé cheannaigh sé lenition + sé bhailigh sé

she/it lenition + sí cheannaigh sí lenition + sí bhailigh sí

we lenition + muid / lenition + -aíomar cheannaigh muid / cheannaíomar

lenition + muid / lenition + -íomar bhailigh muid / bhailíomar

you (plural) lenition + sibh cheannaigh sibh lenition + sibh bhailigh

sibh

they lenition + siad cheannaigh siad lenition + siad bhailigh siad

(autonomous) -aíodh ceannaíodh -íodh bailíodh

If the verb begins with a vowel, then it is prefixed with d'. No change

applies to the autonomous form.

Examples:

* D'éalaigh mé I escaped

* D'oscail muid/ D'osclaíomar We opened

* Osclaíodh an buidéal The bottle was opened

If the verb begins with the letter f, then it undergoes lenition and is

prefixed with d'. The autonomous form is unchanged.

Examples: D'fhreagair sé He answered Freagraíodh an cheist The question

was answered

Irregular Verbs

Although some of them look very similar in their conjugation, the 11

irregular verbs do not always follow these rules, so it is necessary to

learn these off by heart.

Question and Negative Forms

Question Form To ask a question using a verb in this tense, you use the

question word "ar" and the verb is lenited (séimhiú) if possible.

Example: Ar dhún sí? (Did she close?)

* Exceptions:

Bí: An raibh...?

Téigh: An ndeachaigh...?

Déan: An ndearna...?

Feic: An bhfaca...?

Faigh: An bhfuair...?

Abair: An ndúirt...?

Negative Form To make a verb in this tense negative, you use the word

"níor" and the verb in lenited (séimhiú) if possible: Example: Níor

dhún mé (I did not close), Níor ól sí (She did not drink), Níor fhág sé

(He did not leave)

* Exceptions:

Bí: Ní raibh...

Téigh: Ní dheachaigh...

Déan: Ní dhearna...

Feic: Ní fhaca...

Faigh: Ní bfuair...

Abair: Ní dúirt...

Characteristics

updated 2018-10-25

In Irish, when talking about hair, you use the prepositional pronoun

"ar" (orm, ort, etc.) when discussing the hair someone has. (E.g. Tá

gruaig fhada orm, I have long hair)

Verbs: Past 2

updated 2018-10-25

You should be familiar with the past tense by now, but here are the

conjugation rules once again to refresh your memory:

First conjugation

Here are the changes that occur to single syllable (monosyllabic) verbs

in the past tense.

Pronoun Broad ending Example Slender ending Example

I lenition + mé dhún mé lenition + mé bhris mé

you (singular) lenition + tú dhún tú lenition + tú bhris tú

he/it lenition + sé dhún sé lenition + sé bhris sé

she/it lenition + sí dhún sí lenition + sí bhris sí

we lenition + muid / lenition + -amar¹ dhún muid / dhúnamar lenition +

muid / lenition + -eamar¹ bhris muid / bhriseamar

you (plural) lenition + sibh dhún sibh lenition + sibh bhris sibh

they lenition + siad dhún siad lenition + siad bhris siad

(autonomous) -adh dúnadh -eadh briseadh

¹In the past tense, muid is often not used; it can be incorporated into

the verb that precedes it instead, to make what is known as the

"synthetic form".

If the verb begins with a vowel, then it is prefixed with d' (instead

of a lenition), with no space between d' and the verb. The autonomous

form is unchanged.

Examples:

* D'ól mé I drank

* D'ól muid/ D'ólamar We drank

* Óladh an beoir The beer was drunk

If the verb begins with the letter f, then not only does it undergo

lenition, but it is also prefixed with d'. The autonomous form is

unchanged.

Examples: D'fhág mé I left * D'fhág muid / D'fhágamar We left * Fágadh

an carr ar oscailt The car was left open

Second conjugation

Here are the changes that occur to multiple syllable (polysyllabic)

verbs in the past tense.

Pronoun Broad ending Example Slender ending Example

I lenition + mé cheannaigh mé lenition + mé bhailigh mé

you (singular) lenition + tú cheannaigh tú lenition + tú bhailigh tú

he/it lenition + sé cheannaigh sé lenition + sé bhailigh sé

she/it lenition + sí cheannaigh sí lenition + sí bhailigh sí

we lenition + muid / lenition + -aíomar cheannaigh muid / cheannaíomar

lenition + muid / lenition + -íomar bhailigh muid / bhailíomar

you (plural) lenition + sibh cheannaigh sibh lenition + sibh bhailigh

sibh

they lenition + siad cheannaigh siad lenition + siad bhailigh siad

(autonomous) -aíodh ceannaíodh -íodh bailíodh

If the verb begins with a vowel, then it is prefixed with d'. No change

applies to the autonomous form.

Examples:

* D'éalaigh mé I escaped

* D'oscail muid/ D'osclaíomar We opened

* Osclaíodh an buidéal The bottle was opened

If the verb begins with the letter f, then it undergoes lenition and is

prefixed with d'. The autonomous form is unchanged.

Examples: D'fhreagair sé He answered Freagraíodh an cheist The question

was answered

Irregular Verbs

Although some of them look very similar in their conjugation, the 11

irregular verbs do not always follow these rules, so it is necessary to

learn these off by heart.

Question and Negative Forms

Question Form To ask a question using a verb in this tense, you use the

question word "ar" and the verb is lenited (séimhiú) if possible.

Example: Ar dhún sí? (Did she close?)

* Exceptions:

Bí: An raibh...?

Téigh: An ndeachaigh...?

Déan: An ndearna...?

Feic: An bhfaca...?

Faigh: An bhfuair...?

Abair: An ndúirt...?

Negative Form To make a verb in this tense negative, you use the word

"níor" and the verb in lenited (séimhiú) if possible: Example: Níor

dhún mé (I did not close), Níor ól sí (She did not drink), Níor fhág sé

(He did not leave)

* Exceptions:

Bí: Ní raibh...

Téigh: Ní dheachaigh...

Déan: Ní dhearna...

Feic: Ní fhaca...

Faigh: Ní bfuair...

Abair: Ní dúirt...

Verbal Noun

updated 2018-10-25

Each verb in Irish has its own verbal noun (ainm briathartha). The

verbal noun is used in similar ways to the infinitive and the gerund in

other languages. There is no absolute way to predict what the verbal

noun will look like for a given verb, so you should learn them off by

heart when learning new verbs.

Examples:

* Táim ag glanadh I am cleaning

* Tá Pól ag ithe Paul is eating

* Níl mo mhac ag siúl My son is not walking

Objects after a verbal noun

Nouns

When the object of a sentence comes after a verbal noun, and those two

words form a complete concept by themselves, the object goes into the

genitive case.

Examples:

* Táim ag ithe úill I am eating an apple

* Tá mé ag bailiú airgid sa bhaile I am collecting money in the town

* An bhfuil Pól ag déanamh oibre? Is Paul doing work?

* Táim ag lorg oibre i Londain I am looking for work in London

* Tá síad ag díol na n-éadaí They are selling the clothes

However, if the verbal noun clause needs to be followed by a

prepositional phrase in order for it to make complete sense, then the

genitive case is not used.

* Táimid ag caitheamh seachtaine i Londain We are spending a week in

London

* Táim ag lorg oibre sa Rialtas I am looking for work in the

Government

Pronouns

There are special systems to write things when a pronoun is used as the

object of a verbal noun. One system applies when the verbal noun starts

with a consonant, and another system is used when it starts with a

vowel.

Verbal nouns starting with a consonant

To illustrate this, we will use:

* Tá Pól ag glanadh Paul is cleaning

Object pronoun Change Irish English

me do mo + lenition Tá Pól do mo ghlanadh Paul is cleaning me

you (singular) do do + lenition Tá Pól do do ghlanadh Paul is cleaning

you

him (it) á + lenition Tá Pól á ghlanadh Paul is cleaning him

her (it) á Tá Pól á glanadh Paul is cleaning her

us dár + eclipsis Tá Pól dár nglanadh Paul is cleaning us

you (plural) do bhur + eclipsis Tá Pól do bhur nglanadh Paul is

cleaning you

them á + eclipsis Tá Pól á nglanadh Paul is cleaning them

Verbal nouns starting with a vowel

To illustrate this, we will use:

* Tá sé ag aistriú He is transferring/moving

Object pronoun Change Irish English

me do m' Tá sé do m'aistriú He is transferring me

you (singular) do d' Tá sé do d'aistriú He is transferring you

him (it) á Tá sé á aistriú He is transferring him

her (it) á + h-prefix Tá sé á haistriú He is transferring her

us dár + n-prefix Tá sé dár n-aistriú He is transferring us

you (plural) do bhur + n-prefix Tá sé do bhur n-aistriú He is

transferring you

them á + n-prefix Tá sé á n-aistriú He is transferring them

Ireland 2

updated 2018-10-25

Welcome back to Ireland!

On this visit to the Land of Saints and Scholars, you will learn about

Irish inventions, traditions and symbols.

Have fun!

Pronouns Reflexive

updated 2018-10-25

Pronouns Reflexive

Reflexive pronouns are very easy in Irish. To make a reflexive pronoun,

all you have to do is add "féin" after the pronoun.

    English        Irish
   myself         mé féin
   yourself       tú féin
   himself/itself é féin
   herself/itself í féin
   ourselves      muid féin/sinn féin
   yourselves     sibh féin
   themselves     iad féin

These are then added after the verb and pronoun. For example:

* Ním mé féin (I wash myself)

* Ghortaigh sé é féin (He hurt himself)

Duolingo Irish Course Summary

········ Table of Contents ········

Verbs: Past 1

Characteristics

Verbs: Past 2

Verbal Noun

Ireland 2

Pronouns Reflexive