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p1 * Basics 1 | * Prepositions 3
* Basics 2 | * Passive
* Common Phrases | * Numbers
* Food | * Feelings and Traits
* Plurals p5 * Verbs: Past 1
* Eclipsis * Characteristics
p2 * Lenition * Verbs: Past 2
* Possessives * Verbal Noun
* Verbs: Present 1 * Ireland 2
* Colors * Pronouns Reflexive
* Questions p6 * Directions
* Prepositions 1 * Sport
p3 * Ireland 1 * Verbs: Future 1
* Dates and Time * Imperative
* Family * Verbs: Imperfect
* Verbs: Present 2 * Verbs: Conditional
* Prepositions 2
* Genitive Case
p4 * Negatives
| * Comparison
updated 2018-10-25
NĂl
You have already seen the present habitual tense of the verb bĂ
conjugated (tĂĄ mĂ©/tĂĄim, tĂĄ tĂș, and so on). When this is put into the
negative, it is conjugated differently.
English Irish
I am not nĂl mĂ© / nĂlim
you are not (singular) nĂl tĂș
he is not / it is not nĂl sĂ©
she is not / it is not nĂl sĂ
we are not nĂl muid / nĂlimid
you are not (plural) nĂl sibh
they are not nĂl siad
updated 2018-10-25
Comparative
The comparative form of the adjective is used to describe something
that is more than the other (e.g. bigger, smaller, louder). The word
"nĂos" is used in Irish when using the comparative form.
Superlative
The superlative form of the adjective is used to describe something
that is the most (e.g. biggest, smallest, loudest). The word "is" is
used in Irish when using the superlative form.
Forming the Comparative and Superlative Forms
There are 5 groups of adjectives when forming the comparative and
superlative forms in Irish. They may seem intimidating at first, but
the patterns are quite simple.
Group 1
The 1st group is made up of adjectives that end with -ach or -each. To
form the comparative/superlative in this group, remove the ending and
add -aĂ (in place of -ach) or -Ă (in place of -each). Examples: BrĂłnach
(sad) and NeirbhĂseach (nervous)
Comparative Superlative
nĂos brĂłnaĂ is brĂłnaĂ
nĂos neirbhĂsĂ is neirbhĂsĂ
Group 2
The 2nd group is made up of adjectives that end with -Ășil. To form the
comparative/superlative in this group, remove the ending and add -Ășla.
Example: LeisciĂșil (lazy)
Comparative Superlative
nĂos leisciĂșla is leisciĂșla
Group 3
The 3rd group is made up of other adjectives that end with a consonant.
To form the comparative/superlative in this group, make the adjective
slender (if necessary) and add -e. Examples: Saibhir (rich) and Ăg
(young)
Comparative Superlative nĂos saibhre is saibhre nĂos Ăłige is Ăłige
Group 4
The 4th group is made up of adjectives that end with a vowel. These
usually do not change. Example: CrĂłga (brave)
Comparative Superlative nĂos crĂłga is crĂłga
Group 5
The 5th group is made up of adjectives that are irregular in the
comparative and superlative forms.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
fada (long) nĂos faide is faide
gearr (short) nĂos giorra is giorra
maith (good) nĂos fearr is fearr
mĂłr (big) nĂos mĂł is mĂł
beag (small) nĂos lĂș is lĂș
olc (bad) nĂos measa is measa
tapaidh (fast) nĂos tapĂșla is tapĂșla
te (hot) nĂos teo is teo
updated 2018-10-25
Here are five more prepositional pronouns in all their forms:
Pronoun between to about, around through over
(none) idir do um trĂ thar
me - dom umam trĂom tharam
you (singular) - duit umat trĂot tharat
he, it - dĂł uime trĂd thairis
she, it - di uimpi trĂthi thairsti
us eadrainn dĂșinn umainn trĂnn tharainn
you (plural) eadraibh daoibh umaibh trĂbh tharaibh
them eatarthu dĂłibh umpu trĂothu tharstu
Idir
This preposition normally means between. In this case, no lenition
occurs:
* TĂĄ an cat idir Ă©an agus madra The cat is between a bird and a dog
* Ithim seaclåid idir béilà I eat chocolate between meals
When used in the construction idir ... agus ..., it has the special
meaning of both ... and ..., or partly ... and .... In this case, the
words are lenited:
* TĂĄ idir chailĂnĂ agus bhuachaillĂ sa phictiĂșrlann Both girls and
boys are in the cinema
* Is maith lĂ©i Ășlla idir bheag agus mhĂłr She likes both small and
large apples
updated 2018-10-25
The passive is a form of a verb that uses no pronoun. An action is done
but no person is given (e.g. apples are eaten every Friday)
In Irish, this form of the verb is known as an briathar saor or an
saorbhriathar, meaning free verb or autonomous verb
Passive in the First Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added on to the root in the present tense
of first conjugation verbs to form the passive.
Broad Slender Example -tar -tear dĂșntar (is/are closed), tuigtear (is/are understood)
You might notice that in English, you use a different form of the verb
for singular and plural (an apple is eaten, but apples are eaten). In
Irish, the same form is used for both (Itear Ășll an apple is eaten,
Itear Ășlla apples are eaten)
Passive in the Second Conjugation
Here are the endings that are added on to the root in the present tense
of second conjugation verbs to form the passive.
Broad Slender Example
-aĂtear -Ătear ceannaĂtear (is/are bought), insĂtear (is/are told)
Passive for Irregular Verbs
Though these verbs are irregular, in the passive they generally use the
endings -tar and -tear, with some exceptions that should be learned by
heart.
updated 2021-04-03
In Irish, there are three systems of numbers: disjunctive, general
conjunctive, and human conjunctive.
1. Disjunctive numbers
These are known in Irish as maoluimhreacha. They are used when the
number is not immediately followed by a noun, such as:
* counting ("one, two, three")
* arithmetic ("two plus two is four")
* telling time ("it is a quarter to five")
* phone numbers ("call me at 555-1234")
* after nouns ("bus 13", "channel 6")
If the number is less than 20, the root word is preceded by the word a
(for example, a dĂł two). Numbers beginning with a vowel have a h added
to them after a (for example, a haon one).
For the numbers 11 to 19, the unit (one to nine) is written first,
followed by déag (-teen) (for example, a trà déag thirteen). The number
12 is an exception: déag should be lenited (a dó dhéag twelve).
Number Irish 0 a nĂĄid 1 a haon 2 a dĂł 3 a trĂ 4 a ceathair 5 a cĂșig 6 a sĂ© 7 a seacht 8 a hocht 9 a naoi 10 a deich 11 a haon dĂ©ag 12 a dĂł dhĂ©ag 13 a trĂ dĂ©ag 14 a ceathair dĂ©ag ... ... 20 fiche 21 fiche a haon 22 fiche a dĂł ... ... 30 trĂocha 40 daichead 50 caoga 60 seasca 70 seachtĂł 80 ochtĂł 90 nĂłcha 100 cĂ©ad 1000 mĂle
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2. General conjunctive numbers
These are known in Irish as bunuimhreacha. These numbers come before a
noun and are used to count the amount of things that are present. In
almost all situations, you use the singular version of the noun and not
the plural version when counting with bunuimhreacha (for example, to
count dogs you use the singular madra instead of the plural madraĂ).
They are used as follows:
1-6
The number is placed before the noun, and the noun is lenited (for
example, trĂ gheata three gates).
7-10
The number is placed before the noun, and the noun is eclipsed (for
example, deich ngeata ten gates).
11-19
The unit (one to nine) is placed before the noun, with the noun being
lenited or eclipsed as above, and déag (-teen) is placed after the noun
(for example, aon bhuachaill déag eleven boys, ocht mbuachaill déag
eighteen boys). If the noun ends with a vowel, déag should be lenited
(for example, trà oråiste dhéag thirteen oranges.
20+
The unit (one to nine) is placed before the noun, with the noun being
lenited or eclipsed as above. The noun is followed by the word is
(and), plus the appropriate multiple of ten such as 20, 30, 40 or
similar (for example, ceithre chat is fiche twenty-four cats, naoi gcat
is trĂocha thirty-nine cats). If the number is a multiple of ten (20,
30, 40 or similar), the number is simply placed before the noun with no
change of spelling (for example, caoga madra fifty dogs).
Number Irish 1 aon chat amhĂĄin 2 dhĂĄ chat 3 trĂ chat 4 ceithre chat 5 cĂșig chat 6 sĂ© chat 7 seacht gcat 8 ocht gcat 9 naoi gcat 10 deich gcat 11 aon chat dĂ©ag 12 dhĂĄ chat dĂ©ag ... ... 19 naoi gcat dĂ©ag 20 fiche cat 21 cat is fiche / aon chat is fiche
An exception applies for nine particular nouns: they use special plural
forms instead of the singular form when they are counted with
bunuimhreacha. They are:
English Irish Special plural form for counting
year bliain bliana
head/end/one ceann cinn
skull cloigeann cloiginn
twenty fiche fichid
penny pingin pingine
week seachtain seachtaine
third trian treana
foot (measurement) troigh troithe
hour/time uair uaire
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3. Human conjunctive numbers
These are called uimhreacha pearsanta. They are used to count people
from two up to 12.
Number Irish 1 duine / aon duine amhĂĄin 2 beirt 3 triĂșr 4 ceathrar 5 cĂșigear 6 seisear 7 seachtar 8 ochtar 9 naonĂșr 10 deichniĂșr 11 aon duine dhĂ©ag 12 dhĂĄrĂ©ag
Note that duine in 1 and 11 is not lenited. For all other numbers of
people you use the general conjunctive numbers as before (for example,
trà dhuine dhéag thirteen people).
In fact, these numbers are nouns themselves. If they are followed by
the word that is being counted, that word goes into the genitive
plural. The number used for two people, beirt, is feminine so it causes
the following noun to be lenited, except when the noun begins with d, t
or s (for example, beirt bhuachaillĂ two boys, a couple of boys; beirt
déagóirà two teenagers, a couple of teenagers). All the others are
masculine and do not cause lenition (for example, cĂșigear fear five
men).
These numbers are used on their own when referring to people in the
generic sense (for example, BhĂ triĂșr ann Three people were there).
Thus, it is incorrect to refer to triĂșr daoine.
The word duine used alone has the meaning of one person/a person, but
this can be emphasised by adding amhĂĄin to it (for example, BhĂ duine
[amhĂĄin] ann There was one person there).
updated 2018-10-25
Feelings
There are several ways to express felling in Irish.
Method 1
This method uses a noun and the prepositional pronoun "ar" (on). Here
is the prepositional pronoun in all its forms:
English Irish
On me Orm
On you (singular) Ort
On him (it) Air
On her (it) Uirthi
On us Orainn
On you Oraibh
On them Orthu
Example: TĂĄ ocras orm. ( I am hungry)
Method 2
This method uses the verb "bĂ" and and adjective. Example: TĂĄim
ocrasach (I am hungry)