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Title: The Paris Commune Author: Voltairine de Cleyre Language: en Topics: Paris Commune, History, communes Source: The Selected Works of Voltairine de Cleyre: Poems, Essays, Sketches and Stories, 1885-1911
The Paris Commune, like other spectacular events in human history, has
become the clinging point for many legends, alike among its enemies and
among its friends. Indeed, one must often question which was the real
Commune, the legend or the fact,--what was actually lived, or the
conception of it which has shaped itself in the world-mind during those
forty odd years that have gone since the 18th of March, 1871.
It is thus with doctrines, it is thus with personalities, it is thus
with events.
Which is the real Christianity, the simple doctrine attributed to Christ
or the practical preaching and realizing of organized Christianity?
Which is the real Abraham Lincoln,--the clever politician who
emancipated the chattel slaves as an act of policy, or the legendary
apostle of human liberty, who rises like a gigantic figure of
iconoclastic right smiting old wrongs and receiving the martyr's crown
therefor?
Which is the real Commune,--the thing that was, or the thing our orators
have painted it? Which will be the influencing power in the days that
are to come? Our Commune commemorators are wont to say, and surely they
believe, that the declaration of the Commune was the spontaneous
assertion of independence by the Parisian masses, consciously alive to
the fact that the national government of France had treated them most
outrageously in the matter of defense against the Prussian army. They
believe that the farce of the situation in which the city found itself,
had opened the eyes of the general populace to the fact that the
national government, so far from serving the supposed prime purpose of
government, viz., as a means of defense against a foreign invader, was
in reality a thing so apart from them and their interests that it
preferred to leave them to the mercy of the Prussians, to endangering
its own supremacy by assisting in their defense, or permitting them to
defend themselves.
It is a pity that this legendary figure of Awakened Paris is not a true
one. The Commune, in fact, was not the work of the whole people of
Paris, nor a majority of the people of Paris. The Commune was really
established by a comparatively small number of able, nay brilliant, and
supremely devoted men and women from every walk in life, but with a
relatively high percentage of military men, engineers, and political
journalists, some of whom had time and again been in prison before for
seditious writing or acts of rebellion. They flocked in from their exile
in the neighboring countries, thinking that now they saw the opportunity
for retrieving former errors, and arousing the people to renew and to
extend the struggle of 1848. It is true that there were also teachers,
artists, designers, architects and builders, skilled craftsmen of every
sort. And perhaps no chapter in the whole story is more inspiring than
the description of the gatherings of the workers, which took place night
after night in every quarter of the beleaguered city, previous to the
18th of March and thereafter. To such meetings went those who burned
with fervor of faith in what the people might and would accomplish, and,
with the radiant vision of a new social day shining in their eyes,
endeavored to make it clear to those who listened. One almost catches
the redolance of outbursting faith, that rising of the sap of hope and
courage and daring, like an incense of spring; almost feels himself
there, partaking in the work, the danger, the glorious, mistaken
assurance which was theirs.
And yet the truth must have been that these apostles of the Commune were
blinded by their own enthusiasm, deafened by the enthusiasm they evoked
in others, to the fact that the great unvoiced majority who did not
attend public meetings, who sat within their houses or kept silent in
the shops, were not converted or affected by their teachings.
We are told by those who should know, the survivors among the Communards
themselves, that the actual number of persons who were aggressive,
moving spirits in the great uprising was not greatly above 2,000. The
mass of the people were, as they would probably be in this city to-day
under like circumstances, indifferent as to what went on over their
heads, so that the peace and quiet of their individual lives was
restored, so that the siege of the Prussians was raised, and themselves
permitted to go about their business. If the Commune could assure that,
good luck to it! They were tired of the siege; and they longed for their
old familiar miseries to which they were in some respect accustomed;
they hardly dreamed of anything better.
But, as is usually the case when strategic moments arise, these same
plain, stolid, indifferent people, who neither know nor care about fine
theories of political right, municipal sovereignty, and so forth, see
more directly into the logic of a situation than those who have confused
their minds with much theorizing. Likewise the people of Paris in
general, when the Commune had become an established fact, saw that the
only consequent proceeding would be to make war economically as well as
politically, to cut off any source of supply to the national army which
lay within the city. Instead of doing that, the government of the
Commune, anxious to prove itself more law-abiding than the old regime,
stupidly defended the property right of its enemies, and continued to
let the Bank of France furnish supplies to those who were financing the
army of Versailles, the very army which was to cut their throats.
Naturally, the plain people grew disgusted with so senseless a program,
and in the main took no part in the final struggle with the Versailles
troops, nor even opposed the idea of their entrance into the city.
Probably a goodly number even drew a sigh of relief at the prospect of a
return to the smaller evil of the two. Little enough did they dream that
the way back lay through their own blood, and that they, who had never
lifted hand or voice for the Commune, would become its martyrs. Little
did they conceive the wild revenge of Law and Order upon Rebellion, the
saturnalia of restored Power.
Did they sleep, I wonder, on the night before the 20th of May, when that
dark thunder of vengeance was gathering to break? Many slept well the
next night, and still sleep; for "then began a murder grim and
great,"--a murder whose painted image, even after these forty years have
risen and sunk upon it, sends the blood shuddering backward, and sets
the teeth in uttermost horror and hate. MacMahon placarded the streets
with peace and sent his troops to make it; in the name of that Peace,
Gallifet, an incarnation of hell, set his men the example and rode up
and down the streets of Paris, dashing out children's brains. Did a hand
appear at a shutter, the window was riddled with bullets. Did a cry of
protest escape from any throat, the house was invaded, its inhabitants
driven out, lined against the walls, and shot where they stood. The
doctors and the nurses at the bedsides of the wounded, the very sick in
the hospitals, themselves were slaughtered where they lay. Such was
MacMahon's peace.
After the street massacres, the organized massacres at the bastions, the
stakes of Satory, the huddled masses of prisoners, the grim visitor with
the lantern, the ghastly call to rise and follow, the trenches dug by
the condemned in the slippery, blood-soaked ground for their own corpses
to fall in. Thirty thousand people butchered! Butchered by the sateless
vengeance of authority and the insane blood-lust of the professional
soldier! butchered without a pretense of reason, a shadow of inquiry,
merely as the gust of insensate rage blew!
After the orgy of fury, the orgy of the inquisition. The gathering of
the prisoners in cellar holes, where they must squat or lie upon damp
earth, and see the light daily only for some short half hour when an
unexpellable sun ray shot through some unstopped crevice. The shifting
of them day and night across the country, sometimes in stock yard
wagons, stifled, starved, and jammed together, as even our butchering
civilization is ashamed to jam pigs for the slaughter; sometimes by
dreadful marches, mostly by night, often with the rain beating on them,
the butts of the soldiers' muskets striking them, as they lagged through
weakness or through lameness.
Then the detention prisons, with their long-drawn agonies of hunger,
cold, vermin, and disease, and the ever-looming darkness of waiting
death. Follow the tortures of friends and relatives of Communards or
suspected Communards, to make them betray the whereabouts of their
friends.
Could they who had seen these things "forgive and forget"? They who had
seen ten year old children lashed to make them tell where their fathers
were. Women driven mad before the terrible choice of giving up their
sons who had fought, or their daughters who had not, to the brutality of
the soldiery.
After the tortures of the hunt, the tortures of the trials, solemn
farces, cat-like cruelties. Then the long hopeless line of exiles
marching from the prison to the port, crowded on the transport ships,
watched like caged animals, forbidden to speak, the cannon always
threatening above them, and so drifted away, away to exile lands, to
barren islands and fever shores--there to waste away in loneliness, in
uselessness, in futile dreams of freedom that ended in chains upon the
ankles or death on the coral reefs--all this was the Mercy and the
Wisdom shown by the national government to the rebel city whose works
are the glory of France, and whose beauty is the Beauty of the World.
Whatever other lesson we have to learn, this one is certain: the
glutless revenge of restored Authority. If ever one rebels, let him
rebel to the end; there is no hope so futile as hope in either the
justice or the mercy of a power against which a rebellion has been
raised. No faith so simple or so foolish as faith in the discrimination,
the judgement, or the wisdom of a reconquering government.
Whether at that time the essential principle of the independent Commune
could have been realized or not, through a general response of the other
cities of France by like action (in case Paris had continued to maintain
the struggle some months longer), I am not historian enough, nor
historic prophet enough, to say. I incline to think not. But certainly
the struggle would have been far other, far more fruitful in its
results, both then and later, (even if finally overthrown), had it
really been a movement of all those people who were so indiscriminately
murdered for it, so vilely tortured, so mercilessly exiled. For had it
really been the deliberate expression of a million people's will to be
free, they would have seized whatever supplies were being furnished the
enemy from within their own gates; they would have repudiated property
rights created by the very power they were seeking to overthrow. They
would have seen what was necessary, and done it.
Had the real Communards themselves seen the logic of their own effort,
and understood that to overset the political system of dependence which
enslaves the Communes they must overset the economic institutions which
beget the centralized State; had they proclaimed a general
communalization of the city's resources they might have won the people
to full faith in the struggle and aroused a ten-fold effort to win out.
If that again had been followed by a like contagion in the other cities
of France (which was a possibility) the flame might have caught
throughout Latin Europe, and those countries might now be living a
practical example of the extension of a modified Socialism and local
autonomy. This is what is likely to happen at the next similar outbreak,
if politicians are so impolitic as to provoke the like. There are those
among the best social students who feel sure that such will be the
course of progress.
I frankly say that I cannot see the path of future progress,--my vision
is not large enough, nor my viewpoint high enough. Where others perhaps
behold the morning sunlight, I can discern only mists--blowing dust and
moving glooms which obscure the future. I do not know where the path
leads nor how it goes. Only when looking backward, I can catch glimpses
of that long, terrible, toilsome way by which humanity has gone forward;
even that I do not see clearly,--just stretches of it here and there.
But I see enough of it to know that never has it been a straight,
undeviating line. Always the path winds and returns, and even in the
moment of gaining something, there is something lost.
Against the onslaught of Nature, Man collects his social strength, and
loses thereby the freedom of his more isolated condition. Against the
inconveniences of primitive society, he hurls his inventive
genius,--compasses land, sea, and air,--and by the very act of
conquering his limitations binds fresh fetters on himself, creating a
wealth which he enslaves himself to produce!
And this is the Path of Progress, which there was no foreseeing!
What waits them? And what hope is there? and what help is there?
What waits? The Unknown waits, as it has always waited,--dark, vague,
immense, impenetrable--the Mystery which allures the young and strong
saying, "Come and cope with me"; the Mystery from which the old and wise
shrink back, saying, "Better to endure the evils that we have than fly
to others that we know not of"; the old and wise, but alas! the
cold-blooded! The Mystery of the still unbound strengths of earth, sun,
and depths, the loosing of any one of which may so alter the face of all
that has been done that what now we think a guarantee of liberty may
become the very chain of slavery, as has been the case before with
freedoms laboriously won by act, and then set down in words for unborn
men to abide by. And yet--It waits.
Are you strong and courageous? The Unknown invites you to the struggle,
dares you to its conquering. Nay, it is perhaps your future beloved,
waiting to reward your daring passion with the fervors of fresh
creation. Are you feeble and timid of spirit? Bow your head to the
ground. Still you must meet the future; still you must go in the track
of the others. You may hinder them, you may make them lag; you cannot
stop them, nor yourself.
Struggle waits--abortive struggle, crushed struggle, mistaken struggle,
long and often. And worse than all this, Waiting waits,--the long
dead-level of inaction, when no one does anything, when even the daring
can only move in self-returning circles; when no one knows what to do,
except to endure the ever-tightening pressure of intolerable conditions,
how to better which he knows not; when living appears a monotonous
journey through a featureless wilderness, wherein the same pitiless word
"Useless" stares at one from every aimless path one seeks to follow in
the despairing search for a way out. And happier is he who perishes in
the mistaken struggle than he who, with a hot and chafing soul, but with
clear discernment, sees that he is doomed to go on indefinitely in
submission to the wrongs that are. What hope is there? That the
increasing pressure of conditions may quicken intelligences; that even
out of mistaken struggle, frustrate struggle, unforeseen good
consequences may flow, just as out of undeniable improvements in
material life, unforeseeable ill results are consequent.
The Commune hoped to free Paris, and by so setting an example free many
other cities. It went down in utter defeat, and no city was freed
thereby. But out of this defeat the knowledge and skill of craftsmanship
of its people went abroad over other lands, both into civilized centers
and to wild waste places; and wherever its art went, its idea went also,
so that the "Commune," the idealized Commune, has become a watchword
through the workshops of the world, wherever there are even a few
workers seeking to awaken their fellows.
There are those who have definite hopes; those who think they know
precisely how overwork and underwork and poverty, and all their
consequences of spiritual enslavement, are to be abolished. Such are
they who think they can see the way of progress broad and clear through
the slit in a ballot box. I fear their works will have some uncalculated
consequences also, if ever they execute them; I fear their narrowly
enclosed view deceives them much. Climbing a hill is a different affair
from voting oneself at the top.
No matter: Man always hopes; Life always hopes. When a definite object
cannot be outlined, the indomitable spirit of hope still impels the
living mass to move toward something--something that shall somehow be
better.
What help is there? No help from outside power; no help from overhead;
no help from the Sky, pray to it ever so much; no help from the strong
hand of wise men, nor of good men, however wise or good. Such help
always ends in despotism. Nor yet is there help in the abnegation of
generous fanatics whose efforts end in deplorable fiasco, as did the
Commune. Help lies only in the general will of those who do the work to
say how, when, and where they shall do it.
The force of the lesson of the Commune is that people cannot be made
free who have not conceived freedom; yet through such examples they may
learn to conceive it. It cannot be bestowed as a gift; it must be taken
by those who want it. Let us hope that those who would have given it,
bought that much by their sacrifice, that they touched the unseeing eyes
of the somnambulist proletariat with a light which has made them dream,
at least, of waking.