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Title: The Primal Wound Author: Larry Gambone Date: 2005 Language: en Topics: authoritarianism, misogyny, class struggle, child liberation, abuse, the state, class, history Source: https://www.academia.edu/36156046/THE_PRIMAL_WOUND
Many thousands of years ago, all the people of the world believed in the
same Way of Life, that of harmony with the Universe. IROQUOIS ADDRESS TO
THE WESTERN WORLD, 1976
…the prevailing viewpoint among the peoples of the Earth was that the
planet itself was a living creature... (They) also believed that the
Earth was a female being, the actual mother of life. Carolyn Merchant
THE DEATH OF NATURE
Among “primitive people” …no command-obedience is in force. Pierre
Clastres, SOCIETY AGAINST THE STATE.
The “desire for the absolute... something atavistic from the ancient
steppe.” Hugh Graham, THE VESTIBULE OF HELL
“Most authority commences as the raw power of the gangster... Harold
Barclay, PEOPLE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT
From around the age of twelve I thought the world was run by lunatics.
Nature, though often cruel, seemed governed by some inner logic or
possessed a level of harmony rarely found among the humans I
encountered. The longer I lived the more convinced I became that humans
were basically crazy, and perhaps this was just the way it was, and
always had been.
When I studied anthropology at university, I read about so-called
primitive societies like those of the San, Australian Aboriginals, Inuit
and Andaman Islanders, who were not tormented by the neuroses and
psychoses of the “civilized” world. They lived “naturally” — ate when
hungry, slept when tired, had no bosses or any other bullying,
exploiting, elite, had no hang-ups about the body and its functions and
were “permissive” in their child-rearing. The Andaman islanders, for
example, had gender equality, very little negative mythology, and did
not see the world as inherently evil, unlike the “civilized” people.[1]
Since our Paleolithic ancestors most likely lived in ways similar to the
residual “primitives”, they too must have been free of these
afflictions. Mental illness was not an innate human condition. Of
course, there are organic causes for mental disturbance, such as brain
damage or chemical imbalances, but these account for only a minority of
cases. In the main, mental illness had to have social causes. It was how
society was arranged that lay at the root of the problem.
The arrangement in the “civilized” world, and virtually a definition of
the word civilization, was hierarchy and power, in other words,
authoritarianism. Among the “civilized”, certain people, almost always a
minority of male adults, had the right to dominate, torment and exploit
others. These conditions did not exist among truly “primitive” people.
Authoritarian relationships were lacking among these mentally healthy,
but technologically backward peoples.
Freud claimed that repression was necessary for the development of
civilization. Repression of the natural and instinctual seemed an
understandable basis for technological development. How much work would
be done if everyone came and went as they pleased, or decided to stay
home and make love instead of going to the salt mines? Why misogyny was
also on the list of “necessary” repressions, I could not fully
understand, but the degradation and humiliation of women always seemed
an important part of the brutal package called civilization.
In the late 1970’s — early 80’s, I read the anti-civilization writings
of the “primitivist” thinkers like John Zerzan and Fredy Perlman. They
believe civilization a disastrous mistake and the only solution is
returning to the hunting and gathering existence of our ancestors.
“Technology” was the problem and we had better get rid of it right away.
Some choice! Either live in a cave or be tormented by lunatics! The
“primitivists” solution — return to the Paleolithic — required the death
of 99% of the population — a ghastly “final solution” to the problem of
mental illness! On the other hand, the “civilized” lunatics could turn
the world into a cinder. One could easily become a pessimist. I chose
not to.
Why? In spite of repression, people still fight for liberty. In spite of
the failures, the fact people have tried over and over again to
establish sane, natural relations with each other and with nature, made
me believe that not all was lost. As Loreena McKinnet sings, “the spirit
never dies”, and this was evidence for me that authoritarian insanity
was not the only possible human condition. Not much to go on, but this
was more or less what I thought for the next 20 years.
Back in the Nineteenth Century, Bachofen and Engels, proposed the
existence of a matriarchal stage of history preceding our own
patriarchal civilization. The belief in an original “matriarchal”
culture had its origins in the 19^(th) Century belief that phylogeny
recapitulates ontogeny. This idea was found particularly in early
19^(th) Century German thought, going back to philosophical idealism.
[2]
Matriarchal society gave high status to women, was egalitarian and
lacked repression and violence. It supposedly grew out of the discovery
of agriculture by women and was replaced by patriarchy when men took
over the main economic role with the invention of the plow. There was no
archaeological evidence for a matriarchal society. Anthropologists wrote
about matrilineal societies, (decent through the female side) but
matrilineal did not equal matriarchal, even though the status of women
was usually higher in a matrilineal society than in a fully patriarchal
order.[3]
Feminists adopted the Bachofen-Engels conception. Some denied the
historical existence of matriarchy, but all believed patriarchy had
reduced women to chattel and was also responsible for the violence and
madness found in so-called civilization. The Marxist class model was
applied to women, with men in the role of capitalists and women as the
proletarians. How patriarchy came about no one knew for sure, but at
some point it certainly involved the conquest and suppression of women.
Recent archaeological discoveries in Turkey (Catyl Huyuk) and the Minoan
civilization of Crete, both of which appeared to be women-friendly
societies, gave new life to the Bachofen-Engels thesis. But there was no
solid proof of the existence of a sane, non-violent, pro-woman ancient
society. Nor was there any proof of a conquest. Discussion remained
within the bounds of myth and speculation.
The proof came in the 1980’s with the work of the eminent archaeologist
Dr. Marija Gimbutas. What she found was not matriarchy, but what Rian
Eisler calls a “partnership” society.[4] According to Gimbutas, a
goddess-worshiping partnership civilization existed in Turkey and
Eastern Europe thousands of years before Egypt and Sumeria flourished.
And “civilization” was an apt term to describe these societies, for they
were urban, had solidly built houses, practiced trade, used metals and
had a form of writing.
While Dr. Gimbutas’ concept of a pan-European Goddess Culture has been
harshly criticized by other archaeologists, they support her evidence
that the Neolithic civilization of Europe was peaceful and egalitarian.
Dr. Gimbutas also discovered archaeological evidence the partnership
civilizations were conquered by “dominator culture” nomad barbarians who
imposed their violent, authoritarian, world-hating, misogynist,
child-abusing ways upon Europe and all the other places they overran.
This act of conquest and imposition I call the Primal Wound. Partnership
cultures, lacking rigid hierarchy and authoritarianism, are mentally
healthy. Dominator culture inequality and violence gave rise to the
neuroses and psychoses generally associated with civilization. Dominator
culture splits humans from each other and humanity from nature, giving
rise to alienation. Thus we are wounded.
There have been major advances in paleontology and other related
sciences in the two decades since Dr. Gimbutas issued her challenge to
orthodox archeology. As I write, new discoveries are being made. One
change is there is less of a strong division between the Paleolithic and
Mesolithic. For the anthropologist, Pierre Clastres, the important
changes in the structure of society did not occur during the Neolithic
period, since the organizational system was not radically altered
then.[5]
Proto-agriculture has been found to be rooted in the Paleolithic, the
harvesting of grain of goes back more than 20,000 years. Each year
pushes back the origins of true horticulture and agriculture. These same
people engaged in rudimentary forms of writing, calendar and star map
making.[6] Forget the crude visions of the cave dwellers! Mesolithic
houses 30 m square of wood and plaster, were found in Lepenski Vir,
Danube.[7] A Paleolithic long house 30 meters long was unearthed near
the Don River,[8] and a hectare of cobbled pavements were discovered,
indicating the existence of a large village site in the Durgone in
France.[9]
Scholars have come to realize water craft capable of making long
distance, or even trans-oceanic voyages, might go back 50,000 years.
Some now hypothesize the Americas were initially populated by people
following the ice floes in boats. Even when the ocean level was at its
lowest during the Ice Ages, it still required a voyage out of sight of
land of more than 100 miles to cross over from New Guinea to Australia.
And Australia has been inhabited for at least 50,000 years.
Humans have had the same brain structure for 200,000 years. This means
Cro-Magnon man is no different from modern man. It doesn’t take a genius
to realize if you spill some seeds on the ground they will sprout into
plants. The taming of dogs seems to go back to the beginning of Homo
sapiens and it wouldn’t take a cave-dwelling Einstein to figure out that
maybe other animals could also be domesticated. Paintings and drawings
are symbols, there is no reason other, simpler symbols would not be
created as a form of permanent communication.
My suggestion is if early humans did not farm or write, this was not out
of stupidity, but rather that they didn’t need to. When the time arose,
say due to population pressures, or the extinction of large animals,
humans simply applied what they already knew. The viewpoint of early
humans as slack-jawed idiots is ultimately rooted in 19^(th) Century
racism, the cult of Progress and social Darwinism. This ideological view
has what develops earliest has to be inferior and ‘primitive’. Early
humanity was equated with existing non-white ‘primitives’ who were
considered sub-human by these racists.
Recent studies show “repeatedly” that agriculture is not a necessary
precondition for hierarchical society. Inequality is more “than just an
epiphenomenon... {of agriculture}[10]
While some horticultural societies are statist the majority are
egalitarian,[11]
By 7000 BC a Neolithic civilization had arisen in S.E. Europe and within
a few hundred years spread to Central Europe. This culture was brought
to Europe with the arrival of small, dark-haired Mediterranean peoples
from Asia Minor, and was quickly adopted by the aboriginal (Cro-Magnon
descended) tall, large-bodied, Paleolithic hunter-gatherer
population.[12] The newcomers occupied areas unused by the hunter-gather
aboriginals, such as river valleys and loess plains, and thus conflict
was avoided.[13] The Paleolithic survived in isolated pockets on
marginal lands unsuitable for horticulture or pasturage until at least
3000 BC.[14]
The two peoples interbred and future innovations came through internal
social evolution.[15] Neolithic Old Europe (hereafter OE) had well-built
(timber, stone or plaster) houses, villages based upon farming, crafts
such as weaving and pottery, and long-distance trade. (Obsidian, marble,
flint, sea shell, salt, later on, copper)[16] Interestingly enough, OE
Neolithic women wore tight, ankle-length skirts, lots of jewelry,
make-up and ankle-length boots or moccasins. They even curled their
hair![17] (I saw a drawing of the 16 year old Danish Bog Girl who died
about 4000 years ago. I kid you not, she was wearing a mini-skirt and a
bare-midriff tee shirt! Some things never change…)
The period, 5500–3500 BC, saw the development of full size towns. One of
these in the Ukraine, had 10,000 inhabitants living in twelve concentric
rings of houses.[18] This Chalcolithic (Copper Culture) had two-story,
multi-roomed houses, potters wheels, kilns, copper-mining-smelting and
sailing ships.[19] The use of copper by Pre-Cucutenai (Ukraine) and
Vinca (Yugoslavia) cultures goes back to 3800 BC.[20]
There were a number of large two-story structures. These were temples
with work shops on the first floor. The temples were communal (perhaps
clan-based in the large towns) and were devoted to goddesses.[21] They
were definitely not palaces for kings.[22] The workshops, both
temple-connected and non-temple, were devoted to pottery and weaving. It
appears from models found, that these pottery factories were run and
operated by women.[23]
Most interesting of all, by 5300 BC at the latest, the OE culture had a
form of script, based in part upon symbols that were already thousands
of years old. This was almost 2000 years before the alleged inventors of
writing, the Egyptians and Sumerians began making signs on papyrus and
clay tablets. OE script remains undeciphered, as we have no idea what
language they spoke. In Western Europe, the same sort of culture was
responsible for building the megaliths and passage graves.
Towns, public architecture, writing, crafts, metals, trade. There is no
doubt that OE fits the definition of civilization in its material
culture. However, most definitions of civilization include the existence
of the state and class division. How does OE fair in that regard?
Villages and towns were built upon the plains, lake, sea and river
shores and not upon hill tops. Nor were there any fortifications or
defensive perimeters. Many villages were surrounded by shallow ditches
or low fences, but these were presumably to keep animals out.[24] Nor is
there any evidence of warfare, such as burnt villages or mass graves of
the massacred — until this civilization was destroyed by invaders. The
thick mounds (tells) left from the settlements show a long period of
uninterrupted habitation.[25] Aside from a few hunting implements, no
weapons have been found in graves.[26] The evidence shows that OE
culture was peaceful, a society perhaps of peasant village federations.
The passage graves were communal in nature, each belonging to a village
or clan.[27] There is no evidence of a hierarchy of wealth in these
graves. Symbolic items are buried with the dead, not masses of treasure.
There is no evidence for a hierarchical structure during the Megalithic
period of Old Europe.[28] Megalithic Europe was marked by monumental
architecture, yet no individual displays of wealth and power. Equal
numbers of males and females were interred. The most honored dead,
however, were the women elders.[29] (Perhaps these were the Clan Mothers
and shamans.) The later Chalcolithic culture had large cemeteries, but
little inequality in grave goods; beads, pendants and little figurines
only.[30] Even during late pre-historic Europe little inequality
existed.[31]
There does not appear to be economic inequality in the villages either.
The largest houses are no more than 4 times greater than the smallest.
Most large structures appear to be communal. The way houses were placed
in some villages indicates extended families lived together in clusters
of houses. House size may then indicate nuclear family size and not
differences in wealth. Many Northern OE people also lived in communal
long-houses like Native Americans.
Old European spirituality and philosophy evolved directly from the
beliefs of the Paleolithic hunters who painted those marvelous cave
paintings. The central belief seems to have been that everything is
alive and therefore ought to be respected. Paleolithic people saw
themselves as part of a larger whole or totality. All creatures, all
things, were part of the web of life and every act, no matter how
insignificant, had meaning. Life and death were not polar opposites but
part of a continuum, since nothing, or at least a part, never dies. The
sacred was not demarcated, for existence itself was deemed sacred.
It wasn’t enough to understand this intellectually, people had to truly
feel it, to experience it directly. Some people have an innate ability
to contact the numinous. These men and women were the shamans, who
served as guides to the initiates. Everyone could contact this unity
through rituals where the ingestion of psychedelic plants was combined
with dancing, chanting, drumming and fasting. People did not fear death
since they directly experienced continuity.
With partnership cultures no separate evil cosmic force exists. There is
creation and there is dissolution. There is dark and light, negative and
positive. However, this opposition is not real. Both aspects are needed
for such “opposition” to exist. Both sides are ultimately part of one
whole existence. There is no sense of alienation or duality.
Nature/divine, man/woman are not split from each other. It’s not
difficult to understand how such the beliefs and practices would sustain
mental health. For partnership society, spirituality is not reduced to a
rigid doctrine, belief or theology, but is a way of life, integrated
into daily existence. There is no repression. If people fast or go
without sex, it is for a ritual purpose and not because enjoying food or
sex is supposedly sinful.
How do we know what our ancestors believed? Such evidence in
pre-literate cultures can only be based upon artifacts coupled with a
knowledge and understanding of symbols, mythology and psychology.
Ancient Europeans appear to have some sort of goddess or female-based
symbolism. Hundreds of female figures and symbols that relate to female
or goddess themes have been found in Paleolithic settings. Some of these
date far back. The Venus of Laussel, has an ox horn in hand (goddess
symbol) and dates from circa 30,000 BC. Very few, if any, male figures
and male symbols have been discovered. Combine this evidence with
obvious shaman figures in cave paintings and you have to conclude that
some sort of female-symbol using, shamanistic belief system was
involved.[32]
The Kurgan peoples were the descendants of the Paleolithic hunters who
lived on the plains near the Ural Mountains. They became nomadic herders
of cattle and horses and were dominated by a warrior caste. Kurgan
society was misogynist, hierarchical and warlike. They used weapons
unknown in Old Europe such as horse-draw chariots and bronze swords.
Kurgan villages were fortified and on hill tops. Graves were almost
exclusively male and an elite was buried in barbaric splendor with
wealth and sacrificed slaves and horses. Suttee was practiced, as well
as human sacrifice to their Sky God. Women were chattel and polygamy was
the norm for the warrior chieftains.[33]
Europe was invaded in several waves, the first of which about 4000
BC.[34] temporarily destroyed the OE culture of Hungary and Romania. The
second invasion circa 3500 BC, destroyed the Cucuteni Culture of the
Ukraine. (The people with the cities of concentric circles) turning the
area “into a pale reflection of former times.” where “all the
settlements... suddenly ceased and disappeared.”[35] The Kurgan
influence can be seen during the shift from the Chalcolithic to the
Bronze Age a period marked by increasing use of defensive measures,
replacement of collective burial by individual burial, and greater
inequality of wealth.[36]
The third wave, 3000 BC, destroyed the whole of Greece except for Crete.
The masses of burned villages “speaks for a gruesome take-over.”[37] The
Bell Beaker People, who were the European descendants of the Kurgans,
then seized the Megalith Cultures of Western Europe around 2100 BC. The
first mass burial of war dead in France, circa 2000 BC — evidence of
arrow heads — was found at La Vaucause and corresponds with the arrival
of Beaker People.[38] No evidence has been found for the disruption of
Provincal culture prior to this. About the same time forts were built in
Spain.[39] After the arrival of the Beaker People in Ireland, around
2000 BC, inequality begins. Few women or children are found in burials
and the graves are individual rather than collective.[40] During the
Late Bronze Age, Ireland becomes very violent with the discovery of
“formidable arsenals of weapons” and the development of fortified
hilltop villages.[41]
Aside from the isolated OE outposts of Crete, Sardinia and Malta, Europe
collapsed into a Dark Age.[42] Writing, high temperature pottery and
casting of copper disappeared.[43] Indeed, some areas previously of high
culture, such as the Ukraine, did not recover for thousands of years
from the horrific onslaught of the barbarian invaders.
The destruction of the OE partnership culture and its replacement by a
dominator culture did not come about through some sort of social
evolution. Nor was its decline a result of the dialectical unfolding of
contradictions within that society. It was destroyed through
conquest.[44]
In a dominator society, such as that of the Kurgan invaders, the
animistic beliefs are pushed to one side and the spiritual is usurped by
the Sky God. The Sun God, (or whatever tribal god resides in the sky,)
does not give birth to existence, but creates it the way a potter molds
a pot. The divine and nature are separated and reality is now split into
“higher” and “lower” forms, since the god is superior to his creation.
The divine and the spiritual, are above and below lies the lesser world
of material existence. Out from this split, slither most of the other
dichotomies, which plague humanity until this very day.[45]
Existence is no longer worth of respect and some things deserve a great
deal more respect than others. Hence, men vs. women, young vs. old,
humans vs. animals, “noble” humans vs. “common” humans, and humanity vs.
nature. It now comes easy to rationalize the domination and exploitation
of other people and the environment. Life and death, once seen as a
continuum, are now polar opposites and death is feared. Subconsciously
aware of their crimes, dominator cultures believe in punishment in the
afterlife.
The Sky God is modeled on the tribal war chief or king, a sadist who not
only pillages other societies but also inflicts punishment upon his
followers. This sky monster can only be placated with human blood.
Society is permeated with both real and imaginary fears and thus slips
into generalized psychosis. Evidence for this is found in the prevalence
of human sacrifice among dominator cultures.
With the development of a power hierarchy, trust breaks down within
society. In many senses society ceases to exist at all, as everyone is
at everyone else’s throat. Women and children, treated with contempt,
naturally hid their true feelings. So too, the slaves and tax-drained
peasants. Thus arose those ancient dominator culture clichés, “women are
devious” , “slaves (or workers) are lazy and dishonest” and “children
are innately wicked.”
A hierarchy of power means continual struggle within the hierarchy, as
those who have power seek to maintain it and those with less power seek
to replace those at the top. With power struggles comes back-stabbing
hypocrisy and the rise of self-serving “yes men”. Other dominator
cultures are enemies and wars of revenge and conquest are incessant.
Polygamy meant some men were left without wives. This is especially true
of societies practicing female infanticide at a time when women died in
great numbers in child-birth. Inheritance through the male side
(patrilineality) meant it was important who the father was and female
sexuality, out of necessity, became highly restricted. Male sexuality,
limited by sexual repression and polygamy flowed into unhealthy channels
such as rape, incest, bestiality and pedophilia. In order to combat
these perversions, sexual repression increased and vice was practiced
hypocritically, in secret. Prostitution was invented and women were now
divided between those who are “bad” (and free with their sexuality) and
those who were “good”, (who keep their knees together and their mouths
shut.)
Within such an authoritarian, and therefore divisive and brutal system,
violence and the threat of violence became the usual method of social
control. Child abuse, wife-beating, the flogging of slaves and
tax-avoiding peasants was endemic, indeed, “natural” and divinely
sanctioned. The brutality of the masters became replicated among the
dominated. The rod was the norm among the once “permissive” peasantry.
Each generation crushes the self-esteem of its children, turning them
into neurotics and sociopaths, and in this manner the authoritarian
madness perpetuates itself through history. Humanity descends into
Hell.[46]
The above description of dominator beliefs and their results is only a
model. In reality what occurred after the invasions was a good deal more
complicated. The invaders merely super-imposed their beliefs upon the
conquered and a synthesis developed between the sky god and
shamanic-goddess cultures. In Greece, Rome, India, Egypt and Babylon,
all areas taken over by dominator culture, goddess cults and mystery
societies remained an outlet for the oppressed and those who sought an
immanent divinity. Early dominator societies did not try to stamp out
the old beliefs, their system was authoritarian, but not totalitarian.
That would come later…
Some of the people invaded by the Kurgans descendants were able to
resist. The Kurgans were few in number, forming a tiny overlord class.
Whatever the reason, cultures like the Teutons and Celts were highly OE.
Rather than despotic kingship, they practiced tribal democracy, land
holding was communal, and women had many rights. The Celts were
essentially goddess worshipers and the Druids a shamanistic
organization. The period immediately after the Beaker People conquest of
Ireland was less violent than thought. Most metal objects found are
tools, few are weapons.[47] OE remnants such as the Basques and Baltic
peoples (like the Lithuanians) successfully resisted dominator culture
until the late Middle Ages.
Peasants everywhere tended to pursue their traditional partnership
beliefs and practices — when the dominators weren’t looking. There was
always pressure to retain (or re-introduce) communal land holding, local
democracy, matrilineal descent, sexual freedom and the female aspect of
the divine. We see this during the Middle Ages with the immense
popularity of the Cult of Mary, the so-called witches, Maypole dancing,
and the peasant revolts to take back the land stolen from them by the
gangster “nobles.”
The Paleolithic peoples of Europe who evolved into OE culture lived in
areas where a sedentary life style was possible. The coastal plains,
lake shores and river valleys were rich in fish, game and edible wild
plants. A sedentary lifestyle tends to favor women and children and to
allow for the development a host of peaceful technologies. However,
during the Magdelanean Period, the climate became wet and the hoofed
animals fled for the steppes of Asia with many hunters following
them.[48] These Paleolithic hunters of the Steppes, whose descendants
became the Kurgan invaders, had a much more limited environment, one
which induced nomadism.
Neolithic OE culture arose during another, later warm, damp period.
About the same time, the melt water of the remaining Ice Age glaciers
inundated the coastal plains. The resulting population movement away
from the coasts put pressure on the hunting/gathering economy and
possibly led to the development of agriculture. The climate remained
warm throughout the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Old Europe
(7000–3000 BC)[49] Thus, agriculture expanded north and west.[50]
Under ideal climatic conditions, pastoral peoples keep to the plains.
But when adverse conditions occur, herders will, out of necessity, leave
their environmental niche and invade the river valleys. It is of
interest that the climate became progressively warmer and drier around
the same period (circa 3000 BC) the Kurgan people invaded Old
Europe.[51] According to The American Geographical Union, “The
transition to today’s arid climate was not gradual, but occurred in two
specific episodes. The first, which was less severe, occurred between
6,700 and 5,500 years ago. The second, which was brutal, lasted from
4,000 to 3,600 years ago. Summer temperatures increased sharply, and
precipitation decreased, according to carbon-14 dating. This event
devastated ancient civilizations and their socio-economic systems.”[52]
It seems the warming conditions that made for the spread north and west
of OE civilization also lead to its destruction. The same climatic
changes created desertification in Asia, driving the herders west to
conquer the agriculturalists.
In the book, SAHARASIA, Dr. James DeMeo examines in great detail these
same climatic changes and their negative effects. Famine and conflict
over scarce resources due to rapid desertification of the Sahara and
Central Asia created a psychological-cultural shock engendering mass
psychosis among the survivors.[53] This suffering gave rise to a violent
and extremely negative world-view, the ideological roots of
patriarchal-authoritarian culture. Important aspects of this new culture
included the dictatorial warrior-king, a cruel, demanding sky god, a
class of slaves and a subordinate role for women and children. These
are, of course, the characteristics of the Kurgan invaders.
DeMeo also examines other cultures and their relationship to
dersertification. He finds a remarkable correlation between the rapid
spread of deserts and authoritarianism. Where areas become desert,
groups emerge which conquer other peoples, imposing a State and a
brutal, sacrificial religion on them. Deserts in existence prior to
human habitation, such as the Australian and the Kalahari, did not have
this negative effect on the humans that migrated there. (The Kung of the
Kalahari and the Australian Aboriginals are not noted for either
authoritarianism or sexual repression) This process only occurs when an
existing population is subjected to the shock of desertification.
De Meo also undertakes a massive, exhausting and first time, comparison
of hundreds of cultures for their degree of sexual and gender
repression, absence or presence of war, violent religious beliefs,
polygamy, genital mutilation, sutee and human sacrifice.
Dominator culture sees the world as a threat and prepares its children
for this frightening world by bringing them up with restrictions and
cruelty, to “toughen them up.” Partnership culture, on the other hand,
sees the world as largely benevolent — if treated with respect. Children
are brought up in freedom and with kindness.
Sexual initiation usually occurs among young teenagers. This may happen
naturally as an outgrowth of childhood sex-games, which in their society
are not proscribed. In partnership societies a father or mother may ask
an older boy or girl to initiate their child. Sexual congress with a
priestess or priest as with Tantric Yoga and the rites of Sumerian
temples is another method.
Dominator society, however, restricts the sexuality of the young. This
is most severe with young women. Among upper class young men
heterosexual initiation takes the form of seduction and rape of lower
class girls. First sexual experiences are often homosexual, as sexual
apartheid and hyper-masculinity lead to a climate of misogynist
homosexuality. Battlefield homosexual rape is sometimes practiced as
with the Yamomani, as a means to degrade the enemy (Implying they are
like women.) Seduction or rape of young boys becomes a popular pastime
among adult males.
Partnership societies generally don’t stigmatize homosexuality.
Effeminate males in Native American society dressed as women and married
other men. There were female war chiefs who had wives. It is dominator
society that makes homosexuality an issue, and as we have seen, in true
psychopathic fashion, actively promotes it. In many dominator cultures
only the passive role is considered homosexual, and therefore condemned,
since the male is acting in a supposed feminine role. Finally, with the
Hebrews, homosexuality, both active and passive, was condemned and
through the Bible, homophobia passed into Christian culture.
Dominator society cannot help but be in a perpetual state of crisis
because it is born in crime. Its original sin is the stripping of unity
from the world and humankind — the evil of dualism. As a social system,
it is based upon a protection racket imposed upon a foreign peasantry.
“We will protect you from those other guys, if you give us half your
crop. If you don’t give us half your crop, we’ll take all of it and rape
your wife to boot.” At any sign of weakness on the part of the
authorities, the peasants resist taxation and the gangster-class is
starved of wealth. Slaves drag their feet at work, and given an
opportunity, will run away. Women and children are tempted to revenge
themselves upon their tormentors. (Hence the frequent stories of
parricide, poisonings, and treason in dominator society.)
Hierarchy creates an impossible situation for those at the top,
automatically producing bureaucracy, and therefore corruption and
inefficiency. The rulers are perpetually starved for information and
always act in ignorance. The sort of people attracted to power are yes
men, who tell their bosses what they want to hear, rather than the
truth. Typically, the errors of the elite are blamed on their
subordinates which causes resentment in the lower levels of the human
dog-pile. Such power struggles are both divisive and diverting. The
power lust of weak psychopathic egos breeds empire. Empire in turn leads
to imperial over-extension and a weakening of the home base. Empire
gives rise to the parasitic megalopolis, a breeding ground for epidemic
disease and mass producer of irreparable environmental damage.
In an attempt to minimize conflict and keep power concentrated,
parasite-classes make top level positions hereditary. Kings, once
elected by a Council of Elders, eventually become hereditary despots.
After a couple of generations, inbreeding results in a weakening of the
stock. The insane and the feeble-minded take command. The organization
breaks down and the system slides into decadence. Outside dominator
forces, seeing a chance for booty, invade. Or, the lower ranks of the
hierarchy revolt and seize power. Either way, after a period of chaos, a
new dynasty emerges and the whole cycle of misery begins anew. Out of an
internal dynamic, dominator society is in a state of perpetual
insecurity and the cyclical pattern of the rise and fall of
civilizations is the result. Contemporary pseudo-democracy where one
chooses one’s dictators every four or five years isn’t much different.
The dominator system is not a society, so much as a human meat grinder
with the worst psychopaths turning the handle.
American Geographical Union Press release July 7 1999
Barclay, Harold, People without Government, Kahn and Avril, 1990
Briard, Jacques, Les Megalithes, Esoterisme et Realite, Gisserot, 1997
Campbell, Joseph, Primitive Mythology, Vol. 1
De Meo, James, Saharasia, ORBL, Eugene OR, 2003
Devereux, Paul, Earth Memory, Llewellyn, 1992
Erikson, Erik, Childhood and Society, Norton, 1963
Feinman, G.M., Price D., Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum 1995
Flanigan, Ancient Ireland, St Martins 1998
Gimbutas, Marija, The Civilization Of The Goddess, Harper Collins 1991
Graham, Hugh, The Vestibule of Hell, Stoddardt 2001
[1] Campbell, Joseph, PRIMITIVE MYTHOLOGY, Vol. 1 p. 367
[2] email discussion with Ed D’Angelo
[3] Mary Douglas Interview. Her experience with matrilineal societies in
Africa was that while the society as a whole was egalitarian, the women
had no real power. One society, the Lele were egalitarian to an extreme
but were also self-tormented by fears of sorcery. From ORIGINAL MINDS by
Eleanor Wachtel, Harpers 2003, pp 331–2
[4] Just to get one straw man out of the way, a partnership society does
not mean a perfect anarcha-communist utopia, nor any kind of primordial
Eden. It is however, a society without a state and classes and is thus
very egalitarian, especially when compared to dominator societies.
[5] Barclay Harold, People Without Government, Kahn and Avril, 1990,
p.142
[6] Rudgley, Richard, Lost Civilizations Of the Stone Age, Random House
1999 pps.72,92
[7] Tringham, Ruth, Hunters, Fishers, Farmers Of Eastern Europe,
6000–3000 BC Hutchinson 1971, p. 54
[8] Hadingham, Evan, Secrets Of The Ice Age, Heineman, 1979 p.157
[9] ibid, p. 159
[10] Feinman, G.M., Price D., Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum
1995, p. 251
[11] Barclay, p. 56
[12] Tringham, p. 71
[13] ibid, pps 68, 71
[14] Hadingham, p. 284
[15] Tringham, pps., 73, 99, 104
[16] Gimbutas, p.48
[17] ibid, Pps.273, 279
[18] Gimbutas P.105
[19] ibid, Pps. 52, 64
[20] Tringham, 197
[21] Campbell, 396
[22] Gimbutas P. 94
[23] ibid, Pps. 107, 123
[24] Tringham, 162
[25] ibid, 90
[26] Gimbutas, Pps. 105, 352, Tringham, 87, 124
[27] Gimbutas, 219
[28] ibid, 339
[29] ibid, 388–89
[30] Tringham, 154
[31] Feinman, 249
[32] Campbell, 375, 376
[33] Gimbutas, 352, 361 It should be pointed out that not all nomadic
herding cultures are authoritarian, as for example the cattle herders of
East Africa
[34] Tringham, 108
[35] Gimbutas, 366, Tringham, 205
[36] Feinman, 244
[37] Gimbutas, 389
[38] Phillips, 130
[39] ibid, 141
[40] Flanagan, 111
[41] ibid, 157, 161
[42] Phillips, 146
[43] Tringham, 206
[44] Gimbutas, 396
[45] Political dualism, which leads to persecution and violence is
rooted in religious dualism. See Graham 79
[46] According to Riane Eisler, humanity has taken a 5000 year detour
from partnership society, Merchant, 35
[47] Flanagan, 122
[48] Campbell, 377
[49] Tringham, 31
[50] ibid, 73
[51] ibid, 205
[52] American Geographical Union Press release July 7 1999
[53] Saharasia ought to be read by everyone interested in then origins
of authoritarianism and mental illness. It is available for $34.00 US
from Natural Energy Works, Box 1148, Ashland OR 97520 USA