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2015-01-09 11:13:29
Tiffanie Wen
We ve all heard of the merits of power naps, says Tiffanie Wen, but are there
good and bad ways to sleep during the day?
Growing up, sleep was considered paramount in my family home. My siblings and I
didn t have many house rules bedtimes were flexible, we had free reign over
microwaved TV dinners (this was the 1980s), and video games. But one thing was
always crystal clear: we couldn t disturb an adult, or another kid, who was
taking a nap.
As I got older, I was in for a rude awakening. Apparently, society looks down
upon napping in the adult working world. But evidence is growing that napping
can produce cognitive benefits from increased alertness to improved motor
skills, perception and memory consolidation. So how do you get the best from a
brief bit of shuteye?
In a study published last year, researchers found that both nocturnal and
daytime sleeping improved memory consolidation for unrelated word pairs like
pepper and elbow suggesting it can help if you re trying to learn
tricky-to-remember concepts. Another study, conducted at the Beijing University
of Technology, examined the effect of napping on athletes after training. It
found that naps could improve brain function and visual systems, and promote
physical and mental recovery a result that is in line with earlier research
demonstrating that napping can facilitate motor memory consolidation.
In a study published in 2008, the University of California s Sara Mednick
author of Take a Nap! Change Your Life and her colleagues compared the
benefits of 200mg of caffeine (about the amount in a cup of coffee) with a 60
to 90 minute daytime nap on various memory tasks. They found that a nap
generally improved memory performance, while caffeine either didn t affect or
worsened performance. The researchers suggest that caffeine blocks
consolidation of new material into long-term memory by increasing levels of a
neurotransmitter called acetylcholine in the hippocampus (the same
neurotransmitter that naturally decreases during slow wave sleep).
The promised benefits of sleep have even persuaded a few firms to allow their
employees to nap at work. Earlier this year, software company HubSpot designed
a napping room in its Massachusetts office that features a hammock and dim
lighting. Employees are free to book the space without limitations.
According to HubSpot s Alison Elworthy, the policy is a huge success,
especially helpful for new parents who are making up for disrupted sleep at
night, or employees recovering from jetlag. People are really excited to use
it and haven t abused the policy at all, she says.
Other firms have had less success. Earlier this year, BBC Capital reported that
napping policies led to slacking off and procrastination at some companies, and
a 30% drop in productivity at one Toronto-based tech start-up.
Even so, Mednick claims that about 40% of the population are habitual nappers
meaning they feel the need for, and benefit from, a regular afternoon snooze.
So if you re a natural napper (and I am), what is the most effective way to
nap?
The best way to nap
According to researchers, the most natural time to take a nap, based on our
circadian rhythms, is in the afternoon sometime between 2 and 4pm. Mednick even
designed a napping wheel that pinpoints the ideal time to snooze, when a nap
would contain a good balanced of slow wave and REM sleep. This balance
typically occurs six to eight hours after waking.
But the best way to nap also depends on what kind of effects you re looking
for. In a 2009 study, Mednick and her colleagues compared the effects of REM
sleep, non-REM sleep, and quiet rest (while awake) on creative problem-solving.
On the morning of the test, students were given a task in which they had to
come up with a word that is associated with three apparently unrelated words
for instance falling , actor and dust can all be associated with the word
star . Early in the afternoon, the students either took an REM nap, a non-REM
nap or spent time resting while awake. When they returned in the evening to
repeat versions of the morning s test, the students who had taken the REM naps
performed the best. In other words, it seems that REM can enhance creative
problem solving.
So if you re looking for a restorative nap, you should sleep later in the day
when you have an increased amount of slow wave sleep, says Mednick, And if
you re looking for a nap that might aid your creativity, you should sleep
earlier in the day when you experience more REM.
But getting REM sleep also means having to sleep for longer about 60-90
minutes because it is the last stage of the sleep cycle. Short naps can have
benefits too, though.
A study in Australia found that a 10-minute afternoon nap was enough to help
participants recuperate from a night of restricted sleep. Participants felt
less sleepy, more vigorous and showed improved cognitive performance for as
long as 155 minutes following the nap. Though 20 and 30-minute naps also showed
benefits, the cognitive improvements took longer to set in, presumably because
participants needed to recover from the sleep inertia caused by the longer
naps.
This ties in with research conducted by John Groeger, a professor of psychology
at the University of Hull in the UK, which indicates that nappers should avoid
complicated, higher-level executive tasks right after waking. When you wake
you can do simple things pretty well, he said, but your brain needs an hour
or two to come fully back online.
Timing is everything
Clearly, then, getting the timing of a nap right is key which is something
that new smartphone apps and even intelligent sleep masks are trying to
capitalise on. NeuroOn, a smart sleep mask that tracks brain waves and eye
movements to wake you at the optimum time, raised four times its target in a
Kickstarter campaign in January, and is due to be released next year. It won t
be the first smart sleep mask to reach the market. A similar device called Zeo
briefly hit shelves in the US before the company shuttered last year.
In a recent study, Nicola Cellini, a researcher at the University of Padova,
and his colleagues examined how Zeo compared to the polysomnography systems
found in sleep labs in its ability to monitor sleep phases. Maybe
unsurprisingly, they found that the Zeo performed relatively poorly compared
with the lab equipment and certainly not to the standards required for sleep
researchers.
Despite the results of the study, though, Cellini believes that it s only a
matter of time before a personal mask that can accurately monitor a person s
sleep comes to market. In fact, there is already some evidence showing that
something as simple as two electrodes on the forehead can accurately track
sleep.
All of this advice about enhancing your napping should come with caveats,
however. For example, Elizabeth McDevitt at the Sleep and Cognition Lab at the
University of California, Riverside is studying whether non-natural nappers who
are trained to nap regularly experience cognitive improvements. Though the
study is not yet published, she says that so far, it seems that non-natural
nappers don t experience any gains. This means that if you don t feel the need
to nap, forcing yourself won t help.
And Cellini and others are quick to reject the notion of polyphasic sleep a
strategy in which people sleep for short periods throughout the day in order to
spend less time sleeping overall. No matter how you design it, napping is
never going to be as good as getting a full night of sleep, he says.
It seems that to nap properly, you have to ask a professional how it s done.