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Independent Submission V. Dukhovni
Request for Comments: 9102 Two Sigma
Category: Experimental S. Huque
ISSN: 2070-1721 Salesforce
W. Toorop
NLnet Labs
P. Wouters
Aiven
M. Shore
Fastly
August 2021
TLS DNSSEC Chain Extension
Abstract
This document describes an experimental TLS extension for the in-band
transport of the complete set of records that can be validated by
DNSSEC and that are needed to perform DNS-Based Authentication of
Named Entities (DANE) of a TLS server. This extension obviates the
need to perform separate, out-of-band DNS lookups. When the
requisite DNS records do not exist, the extension conveys a denial-
of-existence proof that can be validated.
This experimental extension is developed outside the IETF and is
published here to guide implementation of the extension and to ensure
interoperability among implementations.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently
of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not candidates for any level of Internet Standard;
see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9102.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Scope of the Experiment
1.2. Requirements Notation
2. DNSSEC Authentication Chain Extension
2.1. Protocol, TLS 1.2
2.2. Protocol, TLS 1.3
2.3. DNSSEC Authentication Chain Data
2.3.1. Authenticated Denial of Existence
3. Construction of Serialized Authentication Chains
4. Caching and Regeneration of the Authentication Chain
5. Expired Signatures in the Authentication Chain
6. Verification
7. Extension Pinning
8. Trust Anchor Maintenance
9. Virtual Hosting
10. Operational Considerations
11. Security Considerations
12. IANA Considerations
13. References
13.1. Normative References
13.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Test Vectors
A.1. "_443._tcp.www.example.com"
A.2. "_25._tcp.example.com" NSEC Wildcard
A.3. "_25._tcp.example.org" NSEC3 Wildcard
A.4. "_443._tcp.www.example.org" CNAME
A.5. "_443._tcp.www.example.net" DNAME
A.6. "_25._tcp.smtp.example.com" NSEC Denial of Existence
A.7. "_25._tcp.smtp.example.org" NSEC3 Denial of Existence
A.8. "_443._tcp.www.insecure.example" NSEC3 Opt-Out Insecure
Delegation
Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
This document describes an experimental TLS [RFC5246] [RFC8446]
extension for in-band transport of the complete set of resource
records (RRs) validated by DNSSEC [RFC4033] [RFC4034] [RFC4035].
This extension enables a TLS client to perform DANE authentication
[RFC6698] [RFC7671] of a TLS server without the need to perform out-
of-band DNS lookups. Retrieval of the required DNS records may be
unavailable to the client [DISCOVERY] or may incur undesirable
additional latency.
The extension described here allows a TLS client to request that the
TLS server return the DNSSEC authentication chain corresponding to
its DNSSEC-validated DANE TLSA resource record set (RRset) or
authenticated denial of existence of such an RRset (as described in
Section 2.3.1). If the server supports this extension, it performs
the appropriate DNS queries, builds the authentication chain, and
returns it to the client. The server will typically use a previously
cached authentication chain, but it will need to rebuild it
periodically as described in Section 4. The client then
authenticates the chain using a preconfigured DNSSEC trust anchor.
In the absence of TLSA records, this extension conveys the required
authenticated denial of existence. Such proofs are needed to
securely signal that specified TLSA records are not available so that
TLS clients can safely fall back to authentication based on Public
Key Infrastructure X.509 (PKIX, sometimes called WebPKI) if allowed
by local policy. These proofs are also needed to avoid downgrade
from opportunistic authenticated TLS (when DANE TLSA records are
present) to unauthenticated opportunistic TLS (in the absence of
DANE). Denial-of-existence records are also used by the TLS client
to clear extension pins that are no longer relevant, as described in
Section 7.
This extension supports DANE authentication of either X.509
certificates or raw public keys, as described in the DANE
specification [RFC6698] [RFC7671] [RFC7250].
This extension also mitigates against an unknown key share (UKS)
attack [DANE-UKS] when using raw public keys since the server commits
to its DNS name (normally found in its certificate) via the content
of the returned TLSA RRset.
This experimental extension is developed outside the IETF and is
published here to guide implementation of the extension and to ensure
interoperability among implementations.
1.1. Scope of the Experiment
The mechanism described in this document is intended to be used with
applications on the wider internet. One application of TLS well
suited for the TLS DNSSEC Chain extension is DNS over TLS [RFC7858].
In fact, one of the authentication methods for DNS over TLS _is_ the
mechanism described in this document, as specified in Section 8.2.2
of [RFC8310].
The need for this mechanism when using DANE to authenticate a DNS-
over-TLS resolver is obvious, since DNS may not be available to
perform the required DNS lookups. Other applications of TLS would
benefit from using this mechanism as well. The client sides of those
applications would not be required to be used on endpoints with a
working DNSSEC resolver in order for them to use the DANE
authentication of the TLS service. Therefore, we invite other TLS
services to try out this mechanism as well.
In the TLS Working Group, concerns have been raised that the pinning
technique as described in Section 7 would complicate deployability of
the TLS DNSSEC chain extension. The goal of the experiment is to
study these complications in real-world deployments. This experiment
hopefully will give the TLS Working Group some insight into whether
or not this is a problem.
If the experiment is successful, it is expected that the findings of
the experiment will result in an updated document for Standards Track
approval.
1.2. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. DNSSEC Authentication Chain Extension
2.1. Protocol, TLS 1.2
A client MAY include an extension of type "dnssec_chain" in the
(extended) ClientHello. The "extension_data" field of this extension
consists of the server's 16-bit TCP port number in network (big-
endian) byte order. Clients sending this extension MUST also send
the Server Name Identification (SNI) extension [RFC6066]. Together,
these make it possible for the TLS server to determine which
authenticated TLSA RRset chain needs to be used for the
"dnssec_chain" extension.
When a server that implements (and is configured to enable the use
of) this extension receives a "dnssec_chain" extension in the
ClientHello, it MUST first check whether the requested TLSA RRset
(based on the port number in this extension and hostname in the SNI
extension) is associated with the server. If the extension, the SNI
hostname, or the port number is unsupported, the server's extended
ServerHello message MUST NOT include the "dnssec_chain" extension.
Otherwise, the server's extended ServerHello message MUST contain a
serialized authentication chain using the format described below. If
the server does not have access to the requested DNS chain -- for
example, due to a misconfiguration or expired chain -- the server
MUST omit the extension rather than send an incomplete chain.
Clients that are expecting this extension MUST interpret this as a
downgrade attack and MUST abort the TLS connection. Therefore,
servers MUST send denial-of-existence proofs unless, for the
particular application protocol or service, clients are expected to
continue even in the absence of such a proof. As with all TLS
extensions, if the server does not support this extension, it will
not return any authentication chain.
The set of supported combinations of a port number and SNI name may
be configured explicitly by server administrators or could be
inferred from the available certificates combined with a list of
supported ports. It is important to note that the client's notional
port number may be different from the actual port on which the server
is receiving connections.
Differences between the client's notional port number and the actual
port at the server could be a result of intermediate systems
performing network address translation or a result of a redirect via
HTTPS or SVCB records (both defined in [DNSOP-SVCB-HTTPS]).
Though a DNS zone's HTTPS or SVCB records may be signed, a client
using this protocol might not have direct access to a validating
resolver and might not be able to check the authenticity of the
target port number or hostname. In order to avoid downgrade attacks
via forged DNS records, the SNI name and port number inside the
client extension MUST be based on the original SNI name and port and
MUST NOT be taken from the encountered HTTPS or SVCB record. The
client supporting this document and HTTPS or SVCB records MUST still
use the HTTPS or SVCB records to select the target transport
endpoint. Servers supporting this extension that are targets of
HTTPS or SVCB records MUST be provisioned to process client
extensions based on the client's logical service endpoint's SNI name
and port as it is prior to HTTPS or SVCB indirection.
2.2. Protocol, TLS 1.3
In TLS 1.3 [RFC8446], when the server receives the "dnssec_chain"
extension, it adds its "dnssec_chain" extension to the extension
block of the Certificate message containing the end-entity
certificate being validated rather than to the extended ServerHello
message.
The extension protocol behavior otherwise follows that specified for
TLS version 1.2 [RFC5246].
2.3. DNSSEC Authentication Chain Data
The "extension_data" field of the client's "dnssec_chain" extension
MUST contain the server's 16-bit TCP port number in network (big-
endian) byte order:
struct {
uint16 PortNumber;
} DnssecChainExtension;
The "extension_data" field of the server's "dnssec_chain" extension
MUST contain a DNSSEC authentication chain encoded in the following
form:
struct {
uint16 ExtSupportLifetime;
opaque AuthenticationChain<1..2^16-1>
} DnssecChainExtension;
The ExtSupportLifetime value is the number of hours that the TLS
server has committed itself to serving this extension. A value of
zero prohibits the client from unilaterally requiring ongoing use of
the extension based on prior observation of its use (extension
pinning). This is further described in Section 7.
The AuthenticationChain is composed of a sequence of uncompressed
wire format DNS RRs (including all requisite RRSIG RRs [RFC4034]) in
no particular order. The format of the resource record is described
in [RFC1035], Section 3.2.1.
RR = { owner, type, class, TTL, RDATA length, RDATA }
The order of returned RRs is unspecified, and a TLS client MUST NOT
assume any ordering of RRs.
Use of DNS wire format records enables easier generation of the data
structure on the server and easier verification of the data on the
client by means of existing DNS library functions.
The returned RRsets MUST contain either the TLSA RRset or the
associated denial-of-existence proof of the configured (and
requested) SNI name and port. In either case, the chain of RRsets
MUST be accompanied by the full set of DNS records needed to
authenticate the TLSA record set or its denial of existence up the
DNS hierarchy to either the root zone or another trust anchor
mutually configured by the TLS server and client.
When some subtree in the chain is subject to redirection via DNAME
records, the associated inferred CNAME records need not be included.
They can be inferred by the DNS validation code in the client. Any
applicable ordinary CNAME records that are not synthesized from DNAME
records MUST be included along with their RRSIGs.
In case of a server-side DNS problem, servers may be unable to
construct the authentication chain and would then have no choice but
to omit the extension.
In the case of a denial-of-existence response, the authentication
chain MUST include all DNSSEC-signed records, starting with those
from the trust anchor zone, that chain together to reach a proof of
either:
* the nonexistence of the TLSA records (possibly redirected via
aliases) or
* an insecure delegation above or at the (possibly redirected) owner
name of the requested TLSA RRset.
Names that are aliased via CNAME and/or DNAME records may involve
multiple branches of the DNS tree. In this case, the authentication
chain structure needs to include DS and DNSKEY record sets that cover
all the necessary branches.
The returned chain SHOULD also include the DNSKEY RRsets of all
relevant trust anchors (typically just the root DNS zone). Though
the same trust anchors are presumably also preconfigured in the TLS
client, including them in the response from the server permits TLS
clients to use the automated trust anchor rollover mechanism defined
in [RFC5011] to update their configured trust anchors.
Barring prior knowledge of particular trust anchors that the server
shares with its clients, the chain constructed by the server MUST be
extended as closely as possible to the root zone. Truncation of the
chain at some intermediate trust anchor is generally only appropriate
inside private networks where all clients and the server are expected
to be configured with DNS trust anchors for one or more non-root
domains.
The following is an example of the records in the AuthenticationChain
structure for the HTTPS server at "www.example.com", where there are
zone cuts at "com" and "example.com" (record data are omitted here
for brevity):
_443._tcp.www.example.com. TLSA
RRSIG(_443._tcp.www.example.com. TLSA)
example.com. DNSKEY
RRSIG(example.com. DNSKEY)
example.com. DS
RRSIG(example.com. DS)
com. DNSKEY
RRSIG(com. DNSKEY)
com. DS
RRSIG(com. DS)
. DNSKEY
RRSIG(. DNSKEY)
The following is an example of denial of existence for a TLSA RRset
at "_443._tcp.www.example.com". The NSEC record in this example
asserts the nonexistence of both the requested RRset and any
potentially relevant wildcard records.
www.example.com. IN NSEC example.com. A NSEC RRSIG
RRSIG(www.example.com. NSEC)
example.com. DNSKEY
RRSIG(example.com. DNSKEY)
example.com. DS
RRSIG(example.com. DS)
com. DNSKEY
RRSIG(com. DNSKEY)
com. DS
RRSIG(com. DS)
. DNSKEY
RRSIG(. DNSKEY)
The following is an example of (hypothetical) insecure delegation of
"example.com" from the ".com" zone. This example shows NSEC3 records
[RFC5155] with opt-out.
; covers example.com
onib9mgub9h0rml3cdf5bgrj59dkjhvj.com. NSEC3 (1 1 0 -
onib9mgub9h0rml3cdf5bgrj59dkjhvl NS DS RRSIG)
RRSIG(onib9mgub9h0rml3cdf5bgrj59dkjhvj.com. NSEC3)
; covers *.com
3rl2r262eg0n1ap5olhae7mah2ah09hi.com. NSEC3 (1 1 0 -
3rl2r262eg0n1ap5olhae7mah2ah09hk NS DS RRSIG)
RRSIG(3rl2r262eg0n1ap5olhae7mah2ah09hj.com. NSEC3)
; closest-encloser "com"
ck0pojmg874ljref7efn8430qvit8bsm.com. NSEC3 (1 1 0 -
ck0pojmg874ljref7efn8430qvit8bsm.com
NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM)
RRSIG(ck0pojmg874ljref7efn8430qvit8bsm.com. NSEC3)
com. DNSKEY
RRSIG(com. DNSKEY)
com. DS
RRSIG(com. DS)
. DNSKEY
RRSIG(. DNSKEY)
2.3.1. Authenticated Denial of Existence
TLS servers that support this extension and respond to a request
containing this extension that do not have a signed TLSA record for
the configured (and requested) SNI name and port MUST instead return
a DNSSEC chain that provides authenticated denial of existence for
the configured SNI name and port. A TLS client receiving proof of
authenticated denial of existence MUST use an alternative method to
verify the TLS server identity or close the connection. Such an
alternative could be the classic PKIX model of preinstalled root
certificate authorities (CAs).
Authenticated denial chains include NSEC or NSEC3 records that
demonstrate one of the following facts:
* The TLSA record (after any DNSSEC-validated alias redirection)
does not exist.
* There is no signed delegation to a DNS zone that is either an
ancestor of or the same as the TLSA record name (after any DNSSEC-
validated alias redirection).
3. Construction of Serialized Authentication Chains
This section describes a possible procedure for the server to use to
build the serialized DNSSEC chain.
When the goal is to perform DANE authentication [RFC6698] [RFC7671]
of the server, the DNS record set to be serialized is a TLSA record
set corresponding to the server's domain name, protocol, and port
number.
The domain name of the server MUST be that included in the TLS
"server_name" (SNI) extension [RFC6066]. If the server does not
recognize the SNI name as one of its own names but wishes to proceed
with the handshake rather than abort the connection, the server MUST
NOT send a "dnssec_chain" extension to the client.
The name in the client's SNI extension MUST NOT be CNAME expanded by
the server. The TLSA base domain (Section 3 of [RFC6698]) SHALL be
the hostname from the client's SNI extension, and the guidance in
Section 7 of [RFC7671] does not apply. See Section 9 for further
discussion.
The TLSA record to be queried is constructed by prepending
underscore-prefixed port number and transport name labels to the
domain name as described in [RFC6698]. The port number is taken from
the client's "dnssec_chain" extension. The transport name is "tcp"
for TLS servers and "udp" for DTLS servers. The port number label is
the leftmost label, followed by the transport name label, followed by
the server domain name (from SNI).
The components of the authentication chain are typically built by
starting at the target record set and its corresponding RRSIG, then
traversing the DNS tree upwards towards the trust anchor zone
(normally the DNS root). For each zone cut, the DNSKEY, DS RRsets,
and their signatures are added. However, see Section 2.3 for
specific processing needed for aliases. If DNS response messages
contain any domain names utilizing name compression [RFC1035], then
they MUST be uncompressed prior to inclusion in the chain.
Implementations of EDNS CHAIN query requests as specified in
[RFC7901] may offer an easier way to obtain all of the chain data in
one transaction with an upstream DNSSEC-aware recursive server.
4. Caching and Regeneration of the Authentication Chain
DNS records have Time To Live (TTL) parameters, and DNSSEC signatures
have validity periods (specifically signature expiration times).
After the TLS server constructs the serialized authentication chain,
it SHOULD cache and reuse it in multiple TLS connection handshakes.
However, it SHOULD refresh and rebuild the chain as TTL values
require. A server implementation could carefully track TTL
parameters and requery component records in the chain
correspondingly. Alternatively, it could be configured to rebuild
the entire chain at some predefined periodic interval that does not
exceed the DNS TTLs of the component records in the chain. If a
record in the chain has a very short TTL (e.g., 0 up to a few
seconds), the server MAY decide to serve the authentication chain a
few seconds past the minimum TTL in the chain. This allows an
implementation to dedicate a process or single thread to building the
authentication chain and reuse it for more than a single waiting TLS
client before needing to rebuild the authentication chain.
5. Expired Signatures in the Authentication Chain
A server MAY look at the signature expiration of RRSIG records.
While these should never expire before the TTL of the corresponding
DNS record is reached, if this situation is nevertheless encountered,
the server MAY lower the TTL to prevent serving expired RRSIGs if
possible. If the signatures are already expired, the server MUST
still include these records in the authentication chain. This allows
the TLS client to either support a grace period for staleness or give
a detailed error, either as a log message or a message to a potential
interactive user of the TLS connection. The TLS client SHOULD handle
expired RRSIGs similarly to how it handles expired PKIX certificates.
6. Verification
A TLS client performing DANE-based verification might not need to use
this extension. For example, the TLS client could perform DNS
lookups and DANE verification without this extension, or it could
fetch authentication chains via another protocol. If the TLS client
already possesses a valid TLSA record, it MAY bypass use of this
extension. However, if it includes this extension, it MUST use the
TLS server reply to update the extension pinning status of the TLS
server's extension lifetime. See Section 7.
A TLS client making use of this specification that receives a valid
DNSSEC authentication chain extension from a TLS server MUST use this
information to perform DANE authentication of the TLS server. In
order to perform the validation, it uses the mechanism specified by
the DNSSEC protocol [RFC4035] [RFC5155]. This mechanism is sometimes
implemented in a DNSSEC validation engine or library.
If the authentication chain validates, the TLS client then performs
DANE authentication of the server according to the DANE TLS protocol
[RFC6698] [RFC7671].
Clients MAY cache the server's validated TLSA RRset to amortize the
cost of receiving and validating the chain over multiple connections.
The period of such caching MUST NOT exceed the TTL associated with
those records. A client that possesses a validated and unexpired
TLSA RRset or the full chain in its cache does not need to send the
"dnssec_chain" extension for subsequent connections to the same TLS
server. It can use the cached information to perform DANE
authentication.
Note that when a client and server perform TLS session resumption,
the server sends no "dnssec_chain". This is particularly clear with
TLS 1.3, where the certificate message to which the chain might be
attached is also not sent on resumption.
7. Extension Pinning
TLS applications can be designed to unconditionally mandate this
extension. Such TLS clients requesting this extension would abort a
connection to a TLS server that does not respond with an extension
reply that can be validated.
However, in a mixed-use deployment of PKIX and DANE, there is the
possibility that the security of a TLS client is downgraded from DANE
to PKIX. This can happen when a TLS client connection is intercepted
and redirected to a rogue TLS server presenting a TLS certificate
that is considered valid from a PKIX point of view but does not match
the legitimate server's TLSA records. By omitting this extension,
such a rogue TLS server could downgrade the TLS client to validate
the mis-issued certificate using only PKIX and not via DANE, provided
the TLS client is also not able to fetch the TLSA records directly
from DNS.
The ExtSupportLifetime element of the extension provides a
countermeasure against such downgrade attacks. Its value represents
the number of hours that the TLS server (or cluster of servers
serving the same server name) commits to serving this extension in
the future. This is referred to as the "pinning time" or "extension
pin" of the extension. A non-zero extension pin value received MUST
ONLY be used if the extension also contains a valid TLSA
authentication chain that matches the server's certificate chain (the
server passes DANE authentication based on the enclosed TLSA RRset).
Any existing extension pin for the server instance (name and port)
MUST be cleared on receipt of a valid denial of existence for the
associated TLSA RRset. The same also applies if the client obtained
the denial-of-existence proof via another method, such as through
direct DNS queries. Based on the TLS client's local policy, it MAY
then terminate the connection or MAY continue using PKIX-based server
authentication.
Extension pins MUST also be cleared upon the completion of a DANE-
authenticated handshake with a server that returns a "dnssec_chain"
extension with a zero ExtSupportLifetime.
Upon completion of a fully validated handshake with a server that
returns a "dnssec_chain" extension with a non-zero ExtSupport
lifetime, the client MUST update any existing pin lifetime for the
service (name and port) to a value that is not longer than that
indicated by the server. The client MAY, subject to local policy,
create a previously nonexistent pin, again for a lifetime that is not
longer than that indicated by the server.
The extension support lifetime is not constrained by any DNS TTLs or
RRSIG expirations in the returned chain. The extension support
lifetime is the time for which the TLS server is committing itself to
serve the extension; it is not a validity time for the returned chain
data. During this period, the DNSSEC chain may be updated.
Therefore, the ExtSupportLifetime value is not constrained by any DNS
TTLs or RRSIG expirations in the returned chain.
Clients MAY implement support for a subset of DANE certificate
usages. For example, clients may support only DANE-EE(3) and DANE-
TA(2) [RFC7218], only PKIX-EE(1) and PKIX-TA(0), or all four.
Clients that implement DANE-EE(3) and DANE-TA(2) MUST implement the
relevant updates in [RFC7671].
For a non-zero saved value ("pin") of the ExtSupportLifetime element
of the extension, TLS clients that do not have a cached TLSA RRset
with an unexpired TTL MUST use the extension for the associated name
and port to obtain this information from the TLS server. This TLS
client then MUST require that the TLS server respond with this
extension, which MUST contain a valid TLSA RRset or proof of
nonexistence of the TLSA RRset that covers the requested name and
port. Note that a nonexistence proof or proof of insecure delegation
will clear the pin. The TLS client MUST require this for as long as
the time period specified by the pin value, independent of the DNS
TTLs. During this process, if the TLS client fails to receive this
information, it MUST either abort the connection or delay
communication with the server via the TLS connection until it is able
to obtain valid TLSA records (or proof of nonexistence) out of band,
such as via direct DNS lookups. If attempts to obtain the TLSA RRset
out of band fail, the client MUST abort the TLS connection. It MAY
try a new TLS connection again (for example, using an exponential
back-off timer) in an attempt to reach a different TLS server
instance that does properly serve the extension.
A TLS client that has a cached validated TLSA RRset and a valid non-
zero extension pin time MAY still refrain from requesting the
extension as long as it uses the cached TLSA RRset to authenticate
the TLS server. This RRset MUST NOT be used beyond its received TTL.
Once the TLSA RRset's TTL has expired, the TLS client with a valid
non-zero extension pin time MUST request the extension and MUST abort
the TLS connection if the server responds without the extension. A
TLS client MAY attempt to obtain the valid TLSA RRset by some other
means before initiating a new TLS connection.
Note that requiring the extension is NOT the same as requiring the
use of DANE TLSA records or even DNSSEC. A DNS zone operator may at
any time delete the TLSA records or even remove the DS records to
disable the secure delegation of the server's DNS zone. The TLS
server will replace the chain with the corresponding denial-of-
existence chain when it updates its cached TLSA authentication chain.
The server's only obligation is continued support for this extension.
8. Trust Anchor Maintenance
The trust anchor may change periodically, e.g., when the operator of
the trust anchor zone performs a DNSSEC key rollover. TLS clients
using this specification MUST implement a mechanism to keep their
trust anchors up to date. They could use the method defined in
[RFC5011] to perform trust anchor updates in-band in TLS by tracking
the introduction of new keys seen in the trust anchor DNSKEY RRset.
However, alternative mechanisms external to TLS may also be utilized.
Some operating systems may have a system-wide service to maintain and
keep the root trust anchor up to date. In such cases, the TLS client
application could simply reference that as its trust anchor,
periodically checking whether it has changed. Some applications may
prefer to implement trust anchor updates as part of their automated
software updates.
9. Virtual Hosting
Delivery of application services is often provided by a third party
on behalf of the domain owner (hosting customer). Since the domain
owner may want to be able to move the service between providers, non-
zero support lifetimes for this extension should only be enabled by
mutual agreement between the provider and domain owner.
When CNAME records are employed to redirect network connections to
the provider's network, as mentioned in Section 3, the server uses
the client's SNI hostname as the TLSA base domain without CNAME
expansion. When the certificate chain for the service is managed by
the provider, it is impractical to coordinate certificate changes by
the provider with updates in the hosting customer's DNS. Therefore,
the TLSA RRset for the hosted domain is best configured as a CNAME
from the customer's domain to a TLSA RRset that is managed by the
provider as part of delivering the hosted service. For example:
; Customer DNS
www.example.com. IN CNAME node1.provider.example.
_443._tcp.www.example.com. IN CNAME _dane443.node1.provider.example.
; Provider DNS
node1.provider.example. IN A 192.0.2.1
_dane443.node1.provider.example. IN TLSA 1 1 1 ...
Clients that obtain TLSA records directly from DNS, bypassing this
extension, may perform CNAME expansion as in Section 7 of [RFC7671].
If TLSA records are associated with the fully expanded name, that
name may be used as the TLSA base domain and SNI name for the TLS
handshake.
To avoid confusion, it is RECOMMENDED that server operators not
publish TLSA RRs (_port._tcp. + base domain) based on the expanded
CNAMEs used to locate their network addresses. Instead, the server
operator SHOULD publish TLSA RRs at an alternative DNS node (as in
the example above), to which the hosting customer will publish a
CNAME alias. This results in all clients (whether they obtain TLSA
records from DNS directly or employ this extension) seeing the same
TLSA records and sending the same SNI name.
10. Operational Considerations
When DANE is being introduced incrementally into an existing PKIX
environment, there may be scenarios in which DANE authentication for
a server fails but PKIX succeeds, or vice versa. What happens here
depends on TLS client policy. If DANE authentication fails, the
client may decide to fall back to regular PKIX authentication. In
order to do so efficiently within the same TLS handshake, the TLS
server needs to have provided the full X.509 certificate chain. When
TLS servers only support DANE-EE or DANE-TA modes, they have the
option to send a much smaller certificate chain: just the EE
certificate for the former and a short certificate chain from the
DANE trust anchor to the EE certificate for the latter. If the TLS
server supports both DANE and regular PKIX and wants to allow
efficient PKIX fallback within the same handshake, they should always
provide the full X.509 certificate chain.
When a TLS server operator wishes to no longer deploy this extension,
it must properly decommission its use. If a non-zero pin lifetime is
presently advertised, it must first be changed to 0. The extension
can be disabled once all previously advertised pin lifetimes have
expired. Removal of TLSA records or even DNSSEC signing of the zone
can be done at any time, but the server MUST still be able to return
the associated denial-of-existence proofs to any clients that have
unexpired pins.
TLS clients MAY reduce the received extension pin value to a maximum
set by local policy. This can mitigate a theoretical yet unlikely
attack where a compromised TLS server is modified to advertise a pin
value set to the maximum of 7 years. Care should be taken not to set
a local maximum that is too short as that would reduce the downgrade
attack protection that the extension pin offers.
If the hosting provider intends to use end-entity TLSA records
(certificate usage PKIX-EE(1) or DANE-EE(3)), then the simplest
approach is to use the same key pair for all the certificates at a
given hosting node and publish "1 1 1" or "3 1 1" RRs matching the
common public key. Since key rollover cannot be simultaneous across
multiple certificate updates, there will be times when multiple "1 1
1" (or "3 1 1") records will be required to match all the extant
certificates. Multiple TLSA records are, in any case, needed a few
TTLs before certificate updates as explained in Section 8 of
[RFC7671].
If the hosting provider intends to use trust anchor TLSA records
(certificate usage PKIX-TA(0) or DANE-TA(2)), then the same TLSA
record can match all end-entity certificates issues by the
certification authority in question and continues to work across end-
entity certificate updates so long as the issuer certificate or
public keys remain unchanged. This can be easier to implement at the
cost of greater reliance on the security of the selected
certification authority.
The provider can, of course, publish separate TLSA records for each
customer, which increases the number of such RRsets that need to be
managed but makes each one independent of the rest.
11. Security Considerations
The security considerations of the normatively referenced RFCs all
pertain to this extension. Since the server is delivering a chain of
DNS records and signatures to the client, it MUST rebuild the chain
in accordance with TTL and signature expiration of the chain
components as described in Section 4. TLS clients need roughly
accurate time in order to properly authenticate these signatures.
This could be achieved by running a time synchronization protocol
like NTP [RFC5905] or SNTP [RFC5905], which are already widely used
today. TLS clients MUST support a mechanism to track and roll over
the trust anchor key or be able to avail themselves of a service that
does this, as described in Section 8. Security considerations
related to mandating the use of this extension are described in
Section 7.
The received DNSSEC chain could contain DNS RRs that are not related
to the TLSA verification of the intended DNS name. If such an
unrelated RR is not DNSSEC signed, it MUST be discarded. If the
unrelated RRset is DNSSEC signed, the TLS client MAY decide to add
these RRsets and their DNSSEC signatures to its cache. It MAY even
pass this data to the local system resolver for caching outside the
application. However, care must be taken because caching these
records could be used for timing and caching attacks to de-anonymize
the TLS client or its user. A TLS client that wants to present the
strongest anonymity protection to their users MUST refrain from using
and caching all unrelated RRs.
12. IANA Considerations
IANA has made the following assignment in the "TLS ExtensionType
Values" registry:
+=======+================+=========+=============+===========+
| Value | Extension Name | TLS 1.3 | Recommended | Reference |
+=======+================+=========+=============+===========+
| 59 | dnssec_chain | CH | No | RFC 9102 |
+-------+----------------+---------+-------------+-----------+
Table 1
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.
[RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.
[RFC5155] Laurie, B., Sisson, G., Arends, R., and D. Blacka, "DNS
Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of
Existence", RFC 5155, DOI 10.17487/RFC5155, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5155>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
[RFC6066] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.
[RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.
[RFC7218] Gudmundsson, O., "Adding Acronyms to Simplify
Conversations about DNS-Based Authentication of Named
Entities (DANE)", RFC 7218, DOI 10.17487/RFC7218, April
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7218>.
[RFC7671] Dukhovni, V. and W. Hardaker, "The DNS-Based
Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) Protocol: Updates
and Operational Guidance", RFC 7671, DOI 10.17487/RFC7671,
October 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7671>.
[RFC7858] Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8310] Dickinson, S., Gillmor, D., and T. Reddy, "Usage Profiles
for DNS over TLS and DNS over DTLS", RFC 8310,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8310, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8310>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
13.2. Informative References
[DANE-UKS] Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and E. Rescorla, "Unknown Key-
Share Attacks on DNS-Based Authentications of Named
Entities (DANE)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
barnes-dane-uks-00, 9 October 2016,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-barnes-dane-
uks-00>.
[DISCOVERY]
Gorjon, X. and W. Toorop, "Discovery method for a DNSSEC
validating stub resolver", 14 July 2015,
<https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/publications/
os3-2015-rp2-xavier-torrent-gorjon.pdf>.
[DNSOP-SVCB-HTTPS]
Schwartz, B., Bishop, M., and E. Nygren, "Service Binding
and Parameter Specification via the DNS (DNS SVCB and
HTTPS RRs)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
dnsop-svcb-https-07, 16 June 2021,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-dnsop-
svcb-https-07>.
[RFC5011] StJohns, M., "Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC)
Trust Anchors", STD 74, RFC 5011, DOI 10.17487/RFC5011,
September 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5011>.
[RFC5905] Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
"Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.
[RFC7250] Wouters, P., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Gilmore, J.,
Weiler, S., and T. Kivinen, "Using Raw Public Keys in
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport
Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 7250, DOI 10.17487/RFC7250,
June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7250>.
[RFC7901] Wouters, P., "CHAIN Query Requests in DNS", RFC 7901,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7901, June 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7901>.
[SERIALIZECHAIN]
Langley, A., "Serializing DNS Records with DNSSEC
Authentication", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
agl-dane-serializechain-01, 1 July 2011,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-agl-dane-
serializechain-01>.
Appendix A. Test Vectors
The test vectors in this appendix are representations of the content
of the "opaque AuthenticationChain" field in DNS presentation format
and, except for the "extension_data" in Appendix A.1, do not contain
the "uint16 ExtSupportLifetime" field.
For brevity and reproducibility, all DNS zones involved with the test
vectors are signed using keys with algorithm 13 (ECDSA Curve P-256
with SHA-256).
To reflect operational practice, different zones in the examples are
in different phases of rolling their signing keys:
* All zones use a Key Signing Key (KSK) and Zone Signing Key (ZSK),
except for the "example.com" and "example.net" zones, which use a
Combined Signing Key (CSK).
* The root and org zones are rolling their ZSKs.
* The com and org zones are rolling their KSKs.
The test vectors are DNSSEC valid in the same period as the
certificate is valid, which is between November 28, 2018 and December
2, 2020 with the following root trust anchor:
. IN DS ( 47005 13 2 2eb6e9f2480126691594d649a5a613de3052e37861634
641bb568746f2ffc4d4 )
The test vectors will authenticate the certificate used with
"https://example.com/", "https://example.net/", and
"https://example.org/" at the time of writing:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
A.1. "_443._tcp.www.example.com"
_443._tcp.www.example.com. 3600 IN TLSA ( 3 1 1
8bd1da95272f7fa4ffb24137fc0ed03aae67e5c4d8b3c50734e1050a7920b
922 )
_443._tcp.www.example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( TLSA 13 5 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
rqY69NnTf4CN3GBGQjKEJCLAMsRkUrXe0JW8IqDb5rQHHzxNqqPeEoi+2vI6S
z2BhaswpGLVVuoijuVdzxYjmw== )
example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
JnA1XgyJTZz+psWvbrfUWLV6ULqIJyUS2CQdhUH9VK35bslWeJpRzrlxCUs7s
/TsSfZMaGWVvlsuieh5nHcXzA== ) ; Key ID = 1870
example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
nYisnu/26Sw1qmGuREa9o/fLgYuA4oNPt4+6PMBZoN0MS8Gjtli9NVRYeSIzt
QHPGSpvRxTUC4tZi62z1UgGDw== )
example.com. 172800 IN DS ( 1870 13 2 e9b533a049798e900b5c29c90cd
25a986e8a44f319ac3cd302bafc08f5b81e16)
example.com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 172800
20201202000000 20181128000000 34327 com.
sEAKvX4H6pJfN8nKcclB1NRcRSPOztx8omr4fCSHu6lp+uESP/Le4iF2sKukO
J1hhWSB6jgubEVl17rGNOA/YQ== )
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
7IIE5Dol8jSMUqHTvOOiZapdEbQ9wqRxFi/zQcSdufUKLhpByvLpzSAQTqCWj
3URIZ8L3Fa2gBLMOZUzZ1GQCw== ) ; Key ID = 34327
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
RbkcO+96XZmnp8jYIuM4lryAp3egQjSmBaSoiA7H76Tm0RLHPNPUxlVk+nQ0f
Ic3I8xfZDNw8Wa0Pe3/g2QA/w== ) ; Key ID = 18931
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
szc7biLo5J4OHlkan1vZrF4aD4YYf+NHA/GAqdNslY9xxK9Izg68XHkqck4Rt
DiVk37lNAQmgSlHbrGu0yOTkA== ) ; Key ID = 28809
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 18931 com.
LJ4p5ORS2ViILwTotSlWixElqRXHY5tOdIuHlPWTdBGPMq3y40QNr1V+ZOyA5
7LFdPKpcvb8BvhM+GqKWGBEsg== )
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 28809 com.
sO+4X2N21yS6x8+dBVBzbRo9+55MM8n7+RUvdBuxRFVh6JaBlqDOC5LLkl7Ev
mDXqz6KEhhQjT+aQWDt6WFHlA== )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 18931 13 2 20f7a9db42d0e2042fbbb9f9ea015941202
f9eabb94487e658c188e7bcb52115 )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 28809 13 2 ad66b3276f796223aa45eda773e92c6d98e
70643bbde681db342a9e5cf2bb380 )
com. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
nDiDlBjXEE/6AudhC++Hui1ckPcuAnGbjEASNoxA3ZHjlXRzL050UzePko5Pb
vBKTf6pk8JRCqnfzlo2QY+WXA== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A hex dump of the "extension_data" of the server's "dnssec_chain"
extension representation of this with an ExtSupportLifetime value of
0 is:
0000: 00 00 04 5f 34 34 33 04 5f 74 63 70 03 77 77 77
0010: 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 34 00
0020: 01 00 00 0e 10 00 23 03 01 01 8b d1 da 95 27 2f
0030: 7f a4 ff b2 41 37 fc 0e d0 3a ae 67 e5 c4 d8 b3
0040: c5 07 34 e1 05 0a 79 20 b9 22 04 5f 34 34 33 04
0050: 5f 74 63 70 03 77 77 77 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65
0060: 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01 00 00 0e 10 00 5f 00
0070: 34 0d 05 00 00 0e 10 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd da 80 07
0080: 4e 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 ce 1d
0090: 3a de b7 dc 7c ee 65 6d 61 cf b4 72 c5 97 7c 8c
00a0: 9c ae ae 9b 76 51 55 c5 18 fb 10 7b 6a 1f e0 35
00b0: 5f ba af 75 3c 19 28 32 fa 62 1f a7 3a 8b 85 ed
00c0: 79 d3 74 11 73 87 59 8f cc 81 2e 1e f3 fb 07 65
00d0: 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 30 00 01 00
00e0: 00 0e 10 00 44 01 01 03 0d 26 70 35 5e 0c 89 4d
00f0: 9c fe a6 c5 af 6e b7 d4 58 b5 7a 50 ba 88 27 25
0100: 12 d8 24 1d 85 41 fd 54 ad f9 6e c9 56 78 9a 51
0110: ce b9 71 09 4b 3b b3 f4 ec 49 f6 4c 68 65 95 be
0120: 5b 2e 89 e8 79 9c 77 17 cc 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c
0130: 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01 00 00 0e 10 00 5f
0140: 00 30 0d 02 00 00 0e 10 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd da 80
0150: 07 4e 07 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 46
0160: 28 38 30 75 b8 e3 4b 74 3a 20 9b 27 ae 14 8d 11
0170: 0d 4e 1a 24 61 38 a9 10 83 24 9c b4 a1 2a 2d 9b
0180: c4 c2 d7 ab 5e b3 af b9 f5 d1 03 7e 4d 5d a8 33
0190: 9c 16 2a 92 98 e9 be 18 07 41 a8 ca 74 ac cc 07
01a0: 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2b 00 01
01b0: 00 02 a3 00 00 24 07 4e 0d 02 e9 b5 33 a0 49 79
01c0: 8e 90 0b 5c 29 c9 0c d2 5a 98 6e 8a 44 f3 19 ac
01d0: 3c d3 02 ba fc 08 f5 b8 1e 16 07 65 78 61 6d 70
01e0: 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01 00 02 a3 00 00
01f0: 57 00 2b 0d 02 00 02 a3 00 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd da
0200: 80 86 17 03 63 6f 6d 00 a2 03 e7 04 a6 fa cb eb
0210: 13 fc 93 84 fd d6 de 6b 50 de 56 59 27 1f 38 ce
0220: 81 49 86 84 e6 36 31 72 d4 7e 23 19 fd b4 a2 2a
0230: 58 a2 31 ed c2 f1 ff 4f b2 81 1a 18 07 be 72 cb
0240: 52 41 aa 26 fd ae e0 39 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 30 00
0250: 01 00 02 a3 00 00 44 01 00 03 0d ec 82 04 e4 3a
0260: 25 f2 34 8c 52 a1 d3 bc e3 a2 65 aa 5d 11 b4 3d
0270: c2 a4 71 16 2f f3 41 c4 9d b9 f5 0a 2e 1a 41 ca
0280: f2 e9 cd 20 10 4e a0 96 8f 75 11 21 9f 0b dc 56
0290: b6 80 12 cc 39 95 33 67 51 90 0b 03 63 6f 6d 00
02a0: 00 30 00 01 00 02 a3 00 00 44 01 01 03 0d 45 b9
02b0: 1c 3b ef 7a 5d 99 a7 a7 c8 d8 22 e3 38 96 bc 80
02c0: a7 77 a0 42 34 a6 05 a4 a8 88 0e c7 ef a4 e6 d1
02d0: 12 c7 3c d3 d4 c6 55 64 fa 74 34 7c 87 37 23 cc
02e0: 5f 64 33 70 f1 66 b4 3d ed ff 83 64 00 ff 03 63
02f0: 6f 6d 00 00 30 00 01 00 02 a3 00 00 44 01 01 03
0300: 0d b3 37 3b 6e 22 e8 e4 9e 0e 1e 59 1a 9f 5b d9
0310: ac 5e 1a 0f 86 18 7f e3 47 03 f1 80 a9 d3 6c 95
0320: 8f 71 c4 af 48 ce 0e bc 5c 79 2a 72 4e 11 b4 38
0330: 95 93 7e e5 34 04 26 81 29 47 6e b1 ae d3 23 93
0340: 90 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01 00 02 a3 00 00 57
0350: 00 30 0d 01 00 02 a3 00 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd da 80
0360: 49 f3 03 63 6f 6d 00 18 a9 48 eb 23 d4 4f 80 ab
0370: c9 92 38 fc b4 3c 5a 18 de be 57 00 4f 73 43 59
0380: 3f 6d eb 6e d7 1e 04 65 4a 43 3f 7a a1 97 21 30
0390: d9 bd 92 1c 73 dc f6 3f cf 66 5f 2f 05 a0 aa eb
03a0: af b0 59 dc 12 c9 65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01
03b0: 00 02 a3 00 00 57 00 30 0d 01 00 02 a3 00 5f c6
03c0: d9 00 5b fd da 80 70 89 03 63 6f 6d 00 61 70 e6
03d0: 95 9b d9 ed 6e 57 58 37 b6 f5 80 bd 99 db d2 4a
03e0: 44 68 2b 0a 35 96 26 a2 46 b1 81 2f 5f 90 96 b7
03f0: 5e 15 7e 77 84 8f 06 8a e0 08 5e 1a 60 9f c1 92
0400: 98 c3 3b 73 68 63 fb cc d4 d8 1f 5e b2 03 63 6f
0410: 6d 00 00 2b 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 24 49 f3 0d 02
0420: 20 f7 a9 db 42 d0 e2 04 2f bb b9 f9 ea 01 59 41
0430: 20 2f 9e ab b9 44 87 e6 58 c1 88 e7 bc b5 21 15
0440: 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2b 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 24 70
0450: 89 0d 02 ad 66 b3 27 6f 79 62 23 aa 45 ed a7 73
0460: e9 2c 6d 98 e7 06 43 bb de 68 1d b3 42 a9 e5 cf
0470: 2b b3 80 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 2e 00 01 00 01 51 80
0480: 00 53 00 2b 0d 01 00 01 51 80 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd
0490: da 80 7c ae 00 12 2e 27 6d 45 d9 e9 81 6f 79 22
04a0: ad 6e a2 e7 3e 82 d2 6f ce 0a 4b 71 86 25 f3 14
04b0: 53 1a c9 2f 8a e8 24 18 df 9b 89 8f 98 9d 32 e8
04c0: 0b c4 de ab a7 c4 a7 c8 f1 72 ad b5 7c ed 7f b5
04d0: e7 7a 78 4b 07 00 00 30 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 44
04e0: 01 00 03 0d cc ac fe 0c 25 a4 34 0f ef ba 17 a2
04f0: 54 f7 06 aa c1 f8 d1 4f 38 29 90 25 ac c4 48 ca
0500: 8c e3 f5 61 f3 7f c3 ec 16 9f e8 47 c8 fc be 68
0510: e3 58 ff 7c 71 bb 5e e1 df 0d be 51 8b c7 36 d4
0520: ce 8d fe 14 00 00 30 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 44 01
0530: 00 03 0d f3 03 19 67 89 73 1d dc 8a 67 87 ef f2
0540: 4c ac fe dd d0 32 58 2f 11 a7 5b b1 bc aa 5a b3
0550: 21 c1 d7 52 5c 26 58 19 1a ec 01 b3 e9 8a b7 91
0560: 5b 16 d5 71 dd 55 b4 ea e5 14 17 11 0c c4 cd d1
0570: 1d 17 11 00 00 30 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 44 01 01
0580: 03 0d ca f5 fe 54 d4 d4 8f 16 62 1a fb 6b d3 ad
0590: 21 55 ba cf 57 d1 fa ad 5b ac 42 d1 7d 94 8c 42
05a0: 17 36 d9 38 9c 4c 40 11 66 6e a9 5c f1 77 25 bd
05b0: 0f a0 0c e5 e7 14 e4 ec 82 cf df ac c9 b1 c8 63
05c0: ad 46 00 00 2e 00 01 00 01 51 80 00 53 00 30 0d
05d0: 00 00 01 51 80 5f c6 d9 00 5b fd da 80 b7 9d 00
05e0: de 7a 67 40 ee ec ba 4b da 1e 5c 2d d4 89 9b 2c
05f0: 96 58 93 f3 78 6c e7 47 f4 1e 50 d9 de 8c 0a 72
0600: df 82 56 0d fb 48 d7 14 de 32 83 ae 99 a4 9c 0f
0610: cb 50 d3 aa ad b1 a3 fc 62 ee 3a 8a 09 88 b6 be
A.2. "_25._tcp.example.com" NSEC Wildcard
_25._tcp.example.com. 3600 IN TLSA ( 3 1 1
8bd1da95272f7fa4ffb24137fc0ed03aae67e5c4d8b3c50734e1050a7920b
922 )
_25._tcp.example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( TLSA 13 3 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
BZawXvte5SyF8hnXviKDWqll5E2v+RMXqaSE+NOcAMlZOrSMUkfyPqvkv53K2
rfL4DFP8rO3VMgI0v+ogrox0w== )
*._tcp.example.com. 3600 IN NSEC ( smtp.example.com. RRSIG
NSEC TLSA )
*._tcp.example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( NSEC 13 3 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
K6u8KrR8ca5bjtbce3w8yjMXr9vw12225lAwyIHpxptY43OMLCUCenwpYW5qd
mpFvAacqj4+tSkKiN279SI9pA== )
example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
JnA1XgyJTZz+psWvbrfUWLV6ULqIJyUS2CQdhUH9VK35bslWeJpRzrlxCUs7s
/TsSfZMaGWVvlsuieh5nHcXzA== ) ; Key ID = 1870
example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
nYisnu/26Sw1qmGuREa9o/fLgYuA4oNPt4+6PMBZoN0MS8Gjtli9NVRYeSIzt
QHPGSpvRxTUC4tZi62z1UgGDw== )
example.com. 172800 IN DS ( 1870 13 2 e9b533a049798e900b5c29c90cd
25a986e8a44f319ac3cd302bafc08f5b81e16 )
example.com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 172800
20201202000000 20181128000000 34327 com.
sEAKvX4H6pJfN8nKcclB1NRcRSPOztx8omr4fCSHu6lp+uESP/Le4iF2sKukO
J1hhWSB6jgubEVl17rGNOA/YQ== )
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
7IIE5Dol8jSMUqHTvOOiZapdEbQ9wqRxFi/zQcSdufUKLhpByvLpzSAQTqCWj
3URIZ8L3Fa2gBLMOZUzZ1GQCw== ) ; Key ID = 34327
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
RbkcO+96XZmnp8jYIuM4lryAp3egQjSmBaSoiA7H76Tm0RLHPNPUxlVk+nQ0f
Ic3I8xfZDNw8Wa0Pe3/g2QA/w== ) ; Key ID = 18931
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
szc7biLo5J4OHlkan1vZrF4aD4YYf+NHA/GAqdNslY9xxK9Izg68XHkqck4Rt
DiVk37lNAQmgSlHbrGu0yOTkA== ) ; Key ID = 28809
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 18931 com.
LJ4p5ORS2ViILwTotSlWixElqRXHY5tOdIuHlPWTdBGPMq3y40QNr1V+ZOyA5
7LFdPKpcvb8BvhM+GqKWGBEsg== )
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 28809 com.
sO+4X2N21yS6x8+dBVBzbRo9+55MM8n7+RUvdBuxRFVh6JaBlqDOC5LLkl7Ev
mDXqz6KEhhQjT+aQWDt6WFHlA== )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 18931 13 2 20f7a9db42d0e2042fbbb9f9ea015941202
f9eabb94487e658c188e7bcb52115 )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 28809 13 2 ad66b3276f796223aa45eda773e92c6d98e
70643bbde681db342a9e5cf2bb380 )
com. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
nDiDlBjXEE/6AudhC++Hui1ckPcuAnGbjEASNoxA3ZHjlXRzL050UzePko5Pb
vBKTf6pk8JRCqnfzlo2QY+WXA== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A.3. "_25._tcp.example.org" NSEC3 Wildcard
_25._tcp.example.org. 3600 IN TLSA ( 3 1 1
8bd1da95272f7fa4ffb24137fc0ed03aae67e5c4d8b3c50734e1050a7920b
922 )
_25._tcp.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( TLSA 13 3 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 56566 example.org.
lNp6th/CJel5WsYlLsLadcQ/YdSTJAIOttzYKnNkNzeZ0jxtDyEP818Q1R4lL
cYzJ7vCvqb9gFCiCJjK2gAamw== )
dlm7rss9pejqnh0ev6h7k1ikqqcl5mae.example.org. 3600 IN NSEC3 (
1 0 1 - t6lf7uuoi0qofq0nvdjroavo46pp20im RRSIG TLSA )
dlm7rss9pejqnh0ev6h7k1ikqqcl5mae.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 3 3600 20201202000000 20181128000000 56566
example.org.
guUyy9LIZlYb0FZttAdYJGrFNKpKu91Tm+dPOz98rnpwIlwwvLifXIvIl90nE
X38cWzEQOpreJu3t4WAfPsxdg== )
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
NrbL6utGqIW1wrhhjeexdA6bMdD1lC1hj0Fnpevaa1AMyY2uy83TmoGnR996N
UR5TlG4Zh+YPbbmUIixe4nS3w== ) ; Key ID = 56566
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
uspaqp17jsMTX6AWVgmbog/3Sttz+9ANFUWLn6qKUHr0BOqRuChQWj8jyYUUr
Wy9txxesNQ9MkO4LUrFght1LQ== ) ; Key ID = 44384
example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 44384 example.org.
ttse9pYp9PSu0pJ+TOpIVFLWJ6NKOMWZX4Q/SlU6ZfaiKQc0Bg7Tut9+wPunk
6OPPvyHjVXMAsvk0tqV0B+/ag== )
example.org. 86400 IN DS ( 44384 13 2 ec307e2efc8f0117ed96ab48a51
3c8003e1d9121f1ff11a08b4cdd348d090aa6 )
example.org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 9523 org.
m86Xz0CEa2sWG40a0bS2kqLKPmIlyiVyDeoWXAq3djeGiPaikLuKORNzWXu62
clpAfvZHx59Ackst4X+zXYpUA== )
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
fuLp60znhSSEr9HowILpTpyLKQdM6ixcgkTE0gqVdsLx+DSNHSc69o6fLWC0e
HfWx7kzlBBoJB0vLrvsJtXJ6g== ) ; Key ID = 47417
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zTHbb7JM627Bjr8CGOySUarsic91xZU3vvLJ5RjVix9YH6+iwpBXb6qfHyQHy
mlMiAAoaoXh7BUkEBVgDVN8sQ== ) ; Key ID = 9523
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
Uf24EyNt51DMcLV+dHPInhSpmjPnqAQNUTouU+SGLu+lFRRlBetgw1bJUZNI6
Dlger0VJTm0QuX/JVXcyGVGoQ== ) ; Key ID = 49352
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
0SZfoe8Yx+eoaGgyAGEeJax/ZBV1AuG+/smcOgRm+F6doNlgc3lddcM1MbTvJ
HTjK6Fvy8W6yZ+cAptn8sQheg== ) ; Key ID = 12651
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 12651 org.
Gq9wf+z3pasXXUwE210jYc0LhJnMAhcwXydnvkHtCVY6/0jUafHO4RksN84Zt
us0pUgWngbT/OWXskdMYXZU4A== )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 49352 org.
VGEkEMWBJ2IbOpm2Z56Qxu2NGPcVUDWCbYRyk+Qk1+HzGtyd2qPEKkpgMs/0p
vZEMj1YXD+dIqb2nUK9PGBAXw== )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 12651 13 2 3979a51f98bbf219fcaf4a4176e766dfa8f
9db5c24a75743eb1e704b97a9fabc )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 49352 13 2 03d11a1aa114abbb8f708c3c0ff0db765fe
f4a2f18920db5f58710dd767c293b )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
adiFuP2UIulQw5Edsb/7WSPqr5nkRSTVXbZ2tkBeZRQcMjdCD3pyonWO5JPRV
EemgaE357S4pX5D0tVZzeZJ6A== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A.4. "_443._tcp.www.example.org" CNAME
_443._tcp.www.example.org. 3600 IN CNAME (
dane311.example.org. )
_443._tcp.www.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( CNAME 13 5 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 56566 example.org.
R0dUe6Rt4G+2ablrQH9Zw8j9NhBLMgNYTI5+H7nO8SNz5Nm8w0NZrXv3Qp7gx
Qb/a90O696120NsYaZX2+ebBA== )
dane311.example.org. 3600 IN TLSA ( 3 1 1
8bd1da95272f7fa4ffb24137fc0ed03aae67e5c4d8b3c50734e1050a7920b
922 )
dane311.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( TLSA 13 3 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 56566 example.org.
f6TbTZTpu3h6MYpLkKQwWILAkYQ3EUY+Nsoa6any6yt+aeuunMUjw+IJB2QLm
0x0PrD7m39JA3NUSkUp9riNNQ== )
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
NrbL6utGqIW1wrhhjeexdA6bMdD1lC1hj0Fnpevaa1AMyY2uy83TmoGnR996N
UR5TlG4Zh+YPbbmUIixe4nS3w== ) ; Key ID = 56566
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
uspaqp17jsMTX6AWVgmbog/3Sttz+9ANFUWLn6qKUHr0BOqRuChQWj8jyYUUr
Wy9txxesNQ9MkO4LUrFght1LQ== ) ; Key ID = 44384
example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 44384 example.org.
ttse9pYp9PSu0pJ+TOpIVFLWJ6NKOMWZX4Q/SlU6ZfaiKQc0Bg7Tut9+wPunk
6OPPvyHjVXMAsvk0tqV0B+/ag== )
example.org. 86400 IN DS ( 44384 13 2 ec307e2efc8f0117ed96ab48a51
3c8003e1d9121f1ff11a08b4cdd348d090aa6 )
example.org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 9523 org.
m86Xz0CEa2sWG40a0bS2kqLKPmIlyiVyDeoWXAq3djeGiPaikLuKORNzWXu62
clpAfvZHx59Ackst4X+zXYpUA== )
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
fuLp60znhSSEr9HowILpTpyLKQdM6ixcgkTE0gqVdsLx+DSNHSc69o6fLWC0e
HfWx7kzlBBoJB0vLrvsJtXJ6g== ) ; Key ID = 47417
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zTHbb7JM627Bjr8CGOySUarsic91xZU3vvLJ5RjVix9YH6+iwpBXb6qfHyQHy
mlMiAAoaoXh7BUkEBVgDVN8sQ== ) ; Key ID = 9523
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
Uf24EyNt51DMcLV+dHPInhSpmjPnqAQNUTouU+SGLu+lFRRlBetgw1bJUZNI6
Dlger0VJTm0QuX/JVXcyGVGoQ== ) ; Key ID = 49352
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
0SZfoe8Yx+eoaGgyAGEeJax/ZBV1AuG+/smcOgRm+F6doNlgc3lddcM1MbTvJ
HTjK6Fvy8W6yZ+cAptn8sQheg== ) ; Key ID = 12651
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 12651 org.
Gq9wf+z3pasXXUwE210jYc0LhJnMAhcwXydnvkHtCVY6/0jUafHO4RksN84Zt
us0pUgWngbT/OWXskdMYXZU4A== )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 49352 org.
VGEkEMWBJ2IbOpm2Z56Qxu2NGPcVUDWCbYRyk+Qk1+HzGtyd2qPEKkpgMs/0p
vZEMj1YXD+dIqb2nUK9PGBAXw== )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 12651 13 2 3979a51f98bbf219fcaf4a4176e766dfa8f
9db5c24a75743eb1e704b97a9fabc )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 49352 13 2 03d11a1aa114abbb8f708c3c0ff0db765fe
f4a2f18920db5f58710dd767c293b )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
adiFuP2UIulQw5Edsb/7WSPqr5nkRSTVXbZ2tkBeZRQcMjdCD3pyonWO5JPRV
EemgaE357S4pX5D0tVZzeZJ6A== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A.5. "_443._tcp.www.example.net" DNAME
example.net. 3600 IN DNAME example.com.
example.net. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNAME 13 2 3600 20201202000000
20181128000000 48085 example.net.
o3uV5k5Ewp5fdrOZt0n4QuH+/Hpku2Lo3CzGRt9/MS2zZt2Qb/AXz435UFQBx
OI/pDnjJcLSd/gBLtqR52WLMA== )
; _443._tcp.www.example.net. 3600 IN CNAME (
; _443._tcp.www.example.com. )
_443._tcp.www.example.com. 3600 IN TLSA ( 3 1 1
8bd1da95272f7fa4ffb24137fc0ed03aae67e5c4d8b3c50734e1050a7920b
922 )
_443._tcp.www.example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( TLSA 13 5 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
rqY69NnTf4CN3GBGQjKEJCLAMsRkUrXe0JW8IqDb5rQHHzxNqqPeEoi+2vI6S
z2BhaswpGLVVuoijuVdzxYjmw== )
example.net. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
X9GHpJcS7bqKVEsLiVAbddHUHTZqqBbVa3mzIQmdp+5cTJk7qDazwH68Kts8d
9MvN55HddWgsmeRhgzePz6hMg== ) ; Key ID = 48085
example.net. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 48085 example.net.
CkwqgEt1p97oMa3w5LctIjKIuG5XVSapKrfwuHhb5p04fWXRMNsXasG/kd2F/
wlmMWiq38gOQaYCLNm+cjQzpQ== )
example.net. 172800 IN DS ( 48085 13 2 7c1998ce683df60e2fa41460c4
53f88f463dac8cd5d074277b4a7c04502921be )
example.net. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 172800
20201202000000 20181128000000 10713 net.
w0JxDeiBJZNlpCdxKtRENlqfTpSxcs6Vftscsyfo/hyeTPYcIt4yItDkYsYK+
KQ6FYAVE4nisA3vDQoZVL4wow== )
net. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
061EoQs4sBcDsPiz17vt4nFSGLmXAGguqLStOesmKNCimi4/lw/vtyfqALuLF
JiFjtCK3HMPi8HQ1jbGEwbGCA== ) ; Key ID = 10713
net. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
LkNCPE+v3S4MVnsOqZFhn8n2NSwtLYOZLZjjgVsAKgu4XZncaDgq1R/7ZXRO5
oVx2zthxuu2i+mGbRrycAaCvA== ) ; Key ID = 485
net. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 485 net.
031jXg06zSuDwI5zqYuYFJg1O5p+zy85csMXagvRxB9W2lL/wJRi6Gn9BcaCV
RnDId5WR+yCADhsbKfSrrd9vQ== )
net. 86400 IN DS ( 485 13 2 ab25a2941aa7f1eb8688bb783b25587515a0c
d8c247769b23adb13ca234d1c05 )
net. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
vOXoTjxggGTYKIwssQ3kpML0ag6D0Hcm+Syy7++4zT7gaFHfRH9a6uZekIWdb
oss8y7q4onW4rxKdtw2S28hwQ== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
JnA1XgyJTZz+psWvbrfUWLV6ULqIJyUS2CQdhUH9VK35bslWeJpRzrlxCUs7s
/TsSfZMaGWVvlsuieh5nHcXzA== ) ; Key ID = 1870
example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
nYisnu/26Sw1qmGuREa9o/fLgYuA4oNPt4+6PMBZoN0MS8Gjtli9NVRYeSIzt
QHPGSpvRxTUC4tZi62z1UgGDw== )
example.com. 172800 IN DS ( 1870 13 2 e9b533a049798e900b5c29c90cd
25a986e8a44f319ac3cd302bafc08f5b81e16 )
example.com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 172800
20201202000000 20181128000000 34327 com.
sEAKvX4H6pJfN8nKcclB1NRcRSPOztx8omr4fCSHu6lp+uESP/Le4iF2sKukO
J1hhWSB6jgubEVl17rGNOA/YQ== )
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
7IIE5Dol8jSMUqHTvOOiZapdEbQ9wqRxFi/zQcSdufUKLhpByvLpzSAQTqCWj
3URIZ8L3Fa2gBLMOZUzZ1GQCw== ) ; Key ID = 34327
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
RbkcO+96XZmnp8jYIuM4lryAp3egQjSmBaSoiA7H76Tm0RLHPNPUxlVk+nQ0f
Ic3I8xfZDNw8Wa0Pe3/g2QA/w== ) ; Key ID = 18931
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
szc7biLo5J4OHlkan1vZrF4aD4YYf+NHA/GAqdNslY9xxK9Izg68XHkqck4Rt
DiVk37lNAQmgSlHbrGu0yOTkA== ) ; Key ID = 28809
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 18931 com.
LJ4p5ORS2ViILwTotSlWixElqRXHY5tOdIuHlPWTdBGPMq3y40QNr1V+ZOyA5
7LFdPKpcvb8BvhM+GqKWGBEsg== )
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 28809 com.
sO+4X2N21yS6x8+dBVBzbRo9+55MM8n7+RUvdBuxRFVh6JaBlqDOC5LLkl7Ev
mDXqz6KEhhQjT+aQWDt6WFHlA== )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 18931 13 2 20f7a9db42d0e2042fbbb9f9ea015941202
f9eabb94487e658c188e7bcb52115 )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 28809 13 2 ad66b3276f796223aa45eda773e92c6d98e
70643bbde681db342a9e5cf2bb380 )
com. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
nDiDlBjXEE/6AudhC++Hui1ckPcuAnGbjEASNoxA3ZHjlXRzL050UzePko5Pb
vBKTf6pk8JRCqnfzlo2QY+WXA== )
A.6. "_25._tcp.smtp.example.com" NSEC Denial of Existence
smtp.example.com. 3600 IN NSEC ( www.example.com. A AAAA
RRSIG NSEC )
smtp.example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( NSEC 13 3 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
rH/K4wghCOm4jpEHwQKiyZzvFIa7qpFySuKIGGetW4SE4O2Mh5jPxcEzf78Hf
crlsQZmnAUlfmBNCygxAd7JNw== )
example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
JnA1XgyJTZz+psWvbrfUWLV6ULqIJyUS2CQdhUH9VK35bslWeJpRzrlxCUs7s
/TsSfZMaGWVvlsuieh5nHcXzA== ) ; Key ID = 1870
example.com. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 1870 example.com.
nYisnu/26Sw1qmGuREa9o/fLgYuA4oNPt4+6PMBZoN0MS8Gjtli9NVRYeSIzt
QHPGSpvRxTUC4tZi62z1UgGDw== )
example.com. 172800 IN DS ( 1870 13 2 e9b533a049798e900b5c29c90cd
25a986e8a44f319ac3cd302bafc08f5b81e16 )
example.com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 172800
20201202000000 20181128000000 34327 com.
sEAKvX4H6pJfN8nKcclB1NRcRSPOztx8omr4fCSHu6lp+uESP/Le4iF2sKukO
J1hhWSB6jgubEVl17rGNOA/YQ== )
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
7IIE5Dol8jSMUqHTvOOiZapdEbQ9wqRxFi/zQcSdufUKLhpByvLpzSAQTqCWj
3URIZ8L3Fa2gBLMOZUzZ1GQCw== ) ; Key ID = 34327
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
RbkcO+96XZmnp8jYIuM4lryAp3egQjSmBaSoiA7H76Tm0RLHPNPUxlVk+nQ0f
Ic3I8xfZDNw8Wa0Pe3/g2QA/w== ) ; Key ID = 18931
com. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
szc7biLo5J4OHlkan1vZrF4aD4YYf+NHA/GAqdNslY9xxK9Izg68XHkqck4Rt
DiVk37lNAQmgSlHbrGu0yOTkA== ) ; Key ID = 28809
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 18931 com.
LJ4p5ORS2ViILwTotSlWixElqRXHY5tOdIuHlPWTdBGPMq3y40QNr1V+ZOyA5
7LFdPKpcvb8BvhM+GqKWGBEsg== )
com. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 172800 20201202000000
20181128000000 28809 com.
sO+4X2N21yS6x8+dBVBzbRo9+55MM8n7+RUvdBuxRFVh6JaBlqDOC5LLkl7Ev
mDXqz6KEhhQjT+aQWDt6WFHlA== )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 18931 13 2 20f7a9db42d0e2042fbbb9f9ea015941202
f9eabb94487e658c188e7bcb52115 )
com. 86400 IN DS ( 28809 13 2 ad66b3276f796223aa45eda773e92c6d98e
70643bbde681db342a9e5cf2bb380 )
com. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
nDiDlBjXEE/6AudhC++Hui1ckPcuAnGbjEASNoxA3ZHjlXRzL050UzePko5Pb
vBKTf6pk8JRCqnfzlo2QY+WXA== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A.7. "_25._tcp.smtp.example.org" NSEC3 Denial of Existence
vkv62jbv85822q8rtmfnbhfnmnat9ve3.example.org. 3600 IN NSEC3 (
1 0 1 - 93u63bg57ppj6649al2n31l92iedkjd6 A AAAA RRSIG )
vkv62jbv85822q8rtmfnbhfnmnat9ve3.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 3 3600 20201202000000 20181128000000 56566
example.org.
wn3cePVdc5VPPniYzGp+1CBPOY2m83/A3cjnAb7FTZuwL45B25fwVUyjKQksh
gQeV5KgP1cdvPt1BEowKqK4Sw== )
dlm7rss9pejqnh0ev6h7k1ikqqcl5mae.example.org. 3600 IN NSEC3 (
1 0 1 - t6lf7uuoi0qofq0nvdjroavo46pp20im RRSIG TLSA )
dlm7rss9pejqnh0ev6h7k1ikqqcl5mae.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 3 3600 20201202000000 20181128000000 56566
example.org.
guUyy9LIZlYb0FZttAdYJGrFNKpKu91Tm+dPOz98rnpwIlwwvLifXIvIl90nE
X38cWzEQOpreJu3t4WAfPsxdg== )
a73bi8coh6dvf1arqdeuogf95r0828mk.example.org. 3600 IN NSEC3 (
1 0 1 - c1p0lp7l1l8gdn0jl13pp1o41h35untj CNAME RRSIG )
a73bi8coh6dvf1arqdeuogf95r0828mk.example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 3 3600 20201202000000 20181128000000 56566
example.org.
ePBUuWdj8Bc+/41gHBm2Bx/IK/j/Q4W7A5uTgSj/0Sd57mP/NTWRZq3p8yBNe
FPC2mBJ2oWQFi6/V9dmyiBh2A== )
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
NrbL6utGqIW1wrhhjeexdA6bMdD1lC1hj0Fnpevaa1AMyY2uy83TmoGnR996N
UR5TlG4Zh+YPbbmUIixe4nS3w== ) ; Key ID = 56566
example.org. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
uspaqp17jsMTX6AWVgmbog/3Sttz+9ANFUWLn6qKUHr0BOqRuChQWj8jyYUUr
Wy9txxesNQ9MkO4LUrFght1LQ== ) ; Key ID = 44384
example.org. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600
20201202000000 20181128000000 44384 example.org.
ttse9pYp9PSu0pJ+TOpIVFLWJ6NKOMWZX4Q/SlU6ZfaiKQc0Bg7Tut9+wPunk
6OPPvyHjVXMAsvk0tqV0B+/ag== )
example.org. 86400 IN DS ( 44384 13 2 ec307e2efc8f0117ed96ab48a51
3c8003e1d9121f1ff11a08b4cdd348d090aa6 )
example.org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 2 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 9523 org.
m86Xz0CEa2sWG40a0bS2kqLKPmIlyiVyDeoWXAq3djeGiPaikLuKORNzWXu62
clpAfvZHx59Ackst4X+zXYpUA== )
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
fuLp60znhSSEr9HowILpTpyLKQdM6ixcgkTE0gqVdsLx+DSNHSc69o6fLWC0e
HfWx7kzlBBoJB0vLrvsJtXJ6g== ) ; Key ID = 47417
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zTHbb7JM627Bjr8CGOySUarsic91xZU3vvLJ5RjVix9YH6+iwpBXb6qfHyQHy
mlMiAAoaoXh7BUkEBVgDVN8sQ== ) ; Key ID = 9523
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
Uf24EyNt51DMcLV+dHPInhSpmjPnqAQNUTouU+SGLu+lFRRlBetgw1bJUZNI6
Dlger0VJTm0QuX/JVXcyGVGoQ== ) ; Key ID = 49352
org. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
0SZfoe8Yx+eoaGgyAGEeJax/ZBV1AuG+/smcOgRm+F6doNlgc3lddcM1MbTvJ
HTjK6Fvy8W6yZ+cAptn8sQheg== ) ; Key ID = 12651
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 12651 org.
Gq9wf+z3pasXXUwE210jYc0LhJnMAhcwXydnvkHtCVY6/0jUafHO4RksN84Zt
us0pUgWngbT/OWXskdMYXZU4A== )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 49352 org.
VGEkEMWBJ2IbOpm2Z56Qxu2NGPcVUDWCbYRyk+Qk1+HzGtyd2qPEKkpgMs/0p
vZEMj1YXD+dIqb2nUK9PGBAXw== )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 12651 13 2 3979a51f98bbf219fcaf4a4176e766dfa8f
9db5c24a75743eb1e704b97a9fabc )
org. 86400 IN DS ( 49352 13 2 03d11a1aa114abbb8f708c3c0ff0db765fe
f4a2f18920db5f58710dd767c293b )
org. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
adiFuP2UIulQw5Edsb/7WSPqr5nkRSTVXbZ2tkBeZRQcMjdCD3pyonWO5JPRV
EemgaE357S4pX5D0tVZzeZJ6A== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
A.8. "_443._tcp.www.insecure.example" NSEC3 Opt-Out Insecure Delegation
c1kgc91hrn9nqi2qjh1ms78ki8p7s75o.example. 43200 IN NSEC3 (
1 1 1 - shn05itmoa45mmnv74lc4p0nnfmimtjt NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY
NSEC3PARAM )
c1kgc91hrn9nqi2qjh1ms78ki8p7s75o.example. 43200 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 2 43200 20201202000000 20181128000000 15903
example.
pW16gQOLhLpKYgXpGt4XB4o92W/QoPYyG5CjQ+t+g7LBVcCiPQv8ars1j9UOg
RpXUsJhZBDax2dfDhK7zOk7ow== )
shn05itmoa45mmnv74lc4p0nnfmimtjt.example. 43200 IN NSEC3 (
1 1 1 - a3ib1dvf1bdtfmd91usrdem5fiiepi6p NS DS RRSIG )
shn05itmoa45mmnv74lc4p0nnfmimtjt.example. 43200 IN RRSIG (
NSEC3 13 2 43200 20201202000000 20181128000000 15903
example.
5Aq//A8bsWNwcXbT91pMX2Oqf8VpJQRjqH4D2yZElW00wKmt85mhgu2qYPrvH
QwGEB4STMz2Nefq01/GY6NHKg== )
example. 432000 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yrkqXSbVwXOoUxCjr/E9yg8XUzbZNlwPllVsoUPd73TLOnBQQ+03Qw4/k+Nme
/66WIw+ZTlHYcTNalxiGYm0uQ== ) ; Key ID = 15903
example. 432000 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 432000
20201202000000 20181128000000 15903 example.
wwEo3ri6JBuCqx5b33w8axFWOhIen1l+/mm0Isyc9FciuLhBiP+IqSgt+Igc8
9nR8zRpJpo1D6XR/qJxZgnfaA== )
example. 86400 IN DS ( 15903 13 2 7e0ebaf1cc0d309d4a73ca7d711719d
d940f4da87b3d72865167650fc73ea577 )
example. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 13 1 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 31918 .
B5vx4zZaS+bOYfz0PzpaPfk9VxxBvYbGjIvGhpUZV3diXzfCguXxN4JIT1Sz8
eJX6BYT5QPIrbG/N35U1sIskw== )
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
zKz+DCWkNA/vuheiVPcGqsH40U84KZAlrMRIyozj9WHzf8PsFp/oR8j8vmjjW
P98cbte4d8NvlGLxzbUzo3+FA== ) ; Key ID = 31918
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13
8wMZZ4lzHdyKZ4fv8kys/t3QMlgvEadbsbyqWrMhwddSXCZYGRrsAbPpireRW
xbVcd1VtOrlFBcRDMTN0R0XEQ== ) ; Key ID = 2635
. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13
yvX+VNTUjxZiGvtr060hVbrPV9H6rVusQtF9lIxCFzbZOJxMQBFmbqlc8Xclv
Q+gDOXnFOTsgs/frMmxyGOtRg== ) ; Key ID = 47005
. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 0 86400 20201202000000
20181128000000 47005 .
0EPW1ca+N/ZhZPKla77STG734cTeIOjUwq7eW0HsnOfudWmnCEVeco2wLLq9m
nBT1dtNjIczvLG9pQTnOKUsHQ== )
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Adam Langley for laying the groundwork for this
extension in [SERIALIZECHAIN]. The original idea is his, but our
acknowledgment in no way implies his endorsement. This document also
benefited from discussions with and review from the following people:
Daniel Kahn Gillmor, Jeff Hodges, Allison Mankin, Patrick McManus,
Rick van Rein, Ilari Liusvaara, Eric Rescorla, Gowri Visweswaran,
Duane Wessels, Nico Williams, and Richard Barnes.
Authors' Addresses
Viktor Dukhovni
Two Sigma
Email: ietf-dane@dukhovni.org
Shumon Huque
Salesforce
3rd Floor
415 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
United States of America
Email: shuque@gmail.com
Willem Toorop
NLnet Labs
Science Park 400
1098 XH Amsterdam
Netherlands
Email: willem@nlnetlabs.nl
Paul Wouters
Aiven
Toronto
Canada
Email: paul.wouters@aiven.io
Melinda Shore
Fastly
Email: mshore@fastly.com