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Network Working Group K. Leung
Request for Comments: 5177 G. Dommety
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems
V. Narayanan
Qualcomm, Inc.
A. Petrescu
Motorola
April 2008
Network Mobility (NEMO) Extensions for Mobile IPv4
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes a protocol for supporting Mobile Networks
between a Mobile Router and a Home Agent by extending the Mobile IPv4
protocol. A Mobile Router is responsible for the mobility of one or
more network segments or subnets moving together. The Mobile Router
hides its mobility from the nodes on the Mobile Network. The nodes
on the Mobile Network may be fixed in relationship to the Mobile
Router and may not have any mobility function.
Extensions to Mobile IPv4 are introduced to support Mobile Networks.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Examples of Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Overview of Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Mobile Network Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Mobile Network Request Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Mobile Router Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1. Error Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2. Mobile Router Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Home Agent Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.1. Registration Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.2. Prefix Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3. Mobile Network Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability . . . . . . . . . 16
6.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.6. Sending Registration Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix Deregistration . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. Data Forwarding Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Nested Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Routing Protocol between Mobile Router and Home Agent . . . . 18
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10.1. Security when Dynamic Routing Protocol Is Used . . . . . . 20
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
1. Introduction
This document describes network mobility extensions to the Mobile
IPv4 protocol. The goal of introducing these extensions is to
accommodate mobility scenarios where groups of hosts and routers move
homogeneously (as a whole). It is required that all hosts and
routers in a Mobile Network be able to run applications connecting to
the Internet, and be reachable from the Internet.
For details regarding terminology related to network mobility (NEMO),
a quick read of RFC 4885 [RFC4885] is suggested.
1.1. Examples of Mobile Networks
A Mobile Network links together a set of hosts and routers.
Connecting this Mobile Network to the Internet is ensured at two
levels: first, a Mobile Router is connected on one side to the Mobile
Network and on another side to a wireless access system; second, a
Home Agent placed on the home link manages traffic between the
Correspondent Node and a Local Fixed Node (LFN, a node in the Mobile
Network) by means of encapsulating traffic.
A scenario of applicability for this Mobile Network is described
next. A Mobile Network is formed by a wireless-enabled Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA) and a portable photographic camera, linked
together by Bluetooth wireless link-layer technology. This is
sometimes referred to as a Personal Area Network (PAN). In the
illustration below, one can notice the PDA playing the role of a
Mobile Router and the camera the role of Local Fixed Node.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
----
| HA |
---- --------
| / \ ----
-+--------| Internet |---------| CN |
\ / ----
--------
/ \
/ \
/ \
---- ----
| AR | | AR |
---- ----
|cellular |cellular
/ |cellular
| ---- ----
Mobile | | MR | |LFN | ---movement-->
Network < ---- ----
| | |
| -+-----------+-
\ Bluetooth
The camera (Local Fixed Node) uploads photographic content to a
Correspondent Node (CN) server. When the Mobile Network moves away,
the Mobile Router serving the Mobile Network changes its point of
attachment from one cellular access (Access Router) to another,
obtaining a new Care-of Address. The Home Agent (HA) encapsulates
application traffic for the CN and LFN.
Whereas the illustration above is a very simple instantiation of the
applicability of Mobile IP-based Mobile Networks, more complex Mobile
Networks are easily accommodated by the Mobile IPv4 extensions
presented in this document (NEMOv4). For example, laptop computers
used by passengers in a bus, train, ship, or plane should all be
considered as forming Mobile Networks, as long as they move together
(homogeneously).
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
1.2. Overview of Protocol
As introduced previously, this document presents extensions to the
Mobile IPv4 protocol. The entities sending and receiving these
extensions are the Mobile Router and the Home Agent. The Local Fixed
Node is relieved from running Mobile IP software and, although it
moves (together with the Mobile Network), its IP stack is not seeing
any change in addressing.
Mobility for the entire Mobile Network is supported by the Mobile
Router registering its current point of attachment (Care-of Address)
to its Home Agent: the Mobile Router sends an extended Registration
Request to the Home Agent, which returns an extended Registration
Reply. This signaling sets up the tunnel between the two entities,
as illustrated in the following figure:
LFN MR HA CN
| | | |
| | Extended Registration | |
| |---------------------->| |
| | Request | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | Extended Registration | |
| |<----------------------| |
| | Reply | |
| | | |
|<--------o=======================o-------->|
| | Encapsulated | |
| | Application Traffic | |
| | | |
The prefix(es) used within a Mobile Network (either implicitly
configured on the Home Agent or explicitly identified by the Mobile
Router in the Registration Request) is/are advertised by the Home
Agent for route propagation in the home network. Traffic to and from
nodes in the Mobile Network are tunneled by the Home Agent to the
Mobile Router, and vice versa. Though packets from a Local Fixed
Node placed in the Mobile Network can be forwarded by the Mobile
Router directly without tunneling (if reverse tunneling were not
used), these packets will be dropped if ingress filtering is turned
on at the Access Router.
Extensively relating to Mobile IPv4 [RFC3344], this specification
addresses mainly the co-located Care-of Address mode. Foreign Agent
Care-of Address mode (with 'legacy' Foreign Agents [RFC3344]) is
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
supported but without optimization, and with double encapsulation
being used. For an optimization of this mode, the gentle reader is
directed to an extension document [NEMOv4-FA].
Compared to Mobile IPv4, this document specifies an additional tunnel
between a Mobile Router's Home Address and the Home Agent. This
tunnel is encapsulated within the normal tunnel between the Care-of
Address (CoA) and Home Agent. In Foreign Agent CoA mode, the tunnel
between the Mobile Router and Home Agent is needed to allow the
Foreign Agent to direct the decapsulated packet to the proper
visiting Mobile Router. However, in co-located CoA mode, the
additional tunnel is not essential and could be eliminated because
the Mobile Router is the recipient of the encapsulated packets for
the Mobile Network; a proposal for this feature is in the extending
document mentioned above [NEMOv4-FA].
All traffic between the nodes in the Mobile Network and the
Correspondent Nodes passes through the Home Agent. This document
does not touch on aspects related to route optimization of this
traffic.
A similar protocol has been documented in RFC 3963 [RFC3963] for
supporting IPv6 Mobile Networks with Mobile IPv6 extensions.
Multihoming for Mobile Routers is outside the scope of this document.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Terminology for Mobile IPv4 mobility support is defined in RFC 3344
[RFC3344]. Terminology for network mobility support (NEMO), from an
IPv6 perspective, is described in RFC 4885 [RFC4885]. In addition,
this document defines the following terms for NEMOv4.
Mobile Router
RFC 3344 [RFC3344] defines a Mobile Router as a mobile node
that can be a router that is responsible for the mobility of
one or more entire networks moving together, perhaps on an
airplane, a ship, a train, an automobile, a bicycle, or a
kayak.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
Mobile Network Prefix
The network prefix of the subnet delegated to a Mobile Router
as the Mobile Network.
Prefix Table
A list of Mobile Network Prefixes indexed by the Home Address
of a Mobile Router. The Home Agent manages and uses the
Prefix Table to determine which Mobile Network Prefixes
belong to a particular Mobile Router.
Local Fixed Node
RFC 4885 [RFC4885] defines a Local Fixed Node (LFN) to be a
fixed node belonging to the Mobile Network and unable to
change its point of attachment. This definition should not
be confused with "Long, Fat Network, LFN" of RFC 1323
[RFC1323], at least because the latter is pronounced
"elephan(t)" whereas a NEMO LFN is distinctively pronounced
"elefen".
3. Requirements
Although the original Mobile IPv4 specifications stated that Mobile
Networks can be supported by the Mobile Router and Home Agent using
static configuration or running a routing protocol (see Section 4.5
of RFC 3344 [RFC3344]), there is no solution for explicit
registration of the Mobile Networks served by the Mobile Router. A
solution needs to provide the Home Agent a means to ensure that a
Mobile Router claiming a certain Mobile Network Prefix is authorized
to do so. A solution would also expose the Mobile Network Prefixes
(and potentially other subnet-relevant information) in the exchanged
messages, to aid in network debugging.
The following requirements for Mobile Network support are enumerated:
o A Mobile Router should be able to operate in explicit or implicit
mode. A Mobile Router may explicitly inform the Home Agent which
Mobile Network(s) need to be propagated via a routing protocol. A
Mobile Router may also function in implicit mode, where the Home
Agent may learn the Mobile Networks through other means, such as
from the AAA server, via pre-configuration, or via a dynamic
routing protocol.
o The Mobile Network should be supported using Foreign Agents that
are compliant to RFC 3344 [RFC3344] without any changes ('legacy'
Foreign Agents).
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
o The Mobile Network should allow Fixed Nodes, Mobile Nodes, or
Mobile Routers to be on it.
o The Local Fixed Nodes on a Mobile Network should be able to
execute their sessions without running Mobile IP stacks. The
Mobile Router managing the LFNs' Mobile Network is 'hiding'
mobility events like the changes of the Care-of Address from the
Local Fixed Nodes in that Mobile Network.
4. Mobile Network Extensions
4.1. Mobile Network Request Extension
For Explicit Mode, the Mobile Router informs the Home Agent about the
Mobile Network Prefixes during registration. The Registration
Request contains zero, one, or several Mobile Network Request
extensions in addition to any other extensions defined by or in the
context of RFC 3344 [RFC3344]. When several Mobile Networks need to
be registered, each is included in a separate Mobile Network Request
extension, with its own Type, Length, Sub-Type, Prefix Length, and
Prefix. A Mobile Network Request extension is encoded in Type-
Length-Value (TLV) format and respects the following ordering:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Sub-Type | Prefix Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type:
148 Mobile Network Extension
Length:
Decimal 6.
Sub-Type:
0 (Mobile Network Request)
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
Prefix Length:
8-bit unsigned integer indicating the number of
leftmost bits covering the network part of the
address contained in the Prefix field.
Prefix:
32-bit unsigned integer in network byte-order containing an
IPv4 address whose leftmost Prefix Length bits make up the
Mobile Network Prefix.
4.2. Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension
The Registration Reply contains zero, one or several Mobile Network
Acknowledgement extensions in addition to any other extensions
defined by or in the context of RFC 3344 [RFC3344]. For Implicit
Mode, the Mobile Network Acknowledgement informs the Mobile Router
the prefixes for which the Home Agent sets up forwarding with respect
to this Mobile Router. Policies such as permitting only traffic from
these Mobile Networks to be tunneled to the Home Agent may be applied
by the Mobile Router. For Explicit Mode, when several Mobile
Networks need to be acknowledged explicitly, each is included in a
separate Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension, with its own Type,
Sub-Type, Length, Prefix, and Prefix Length fields. At least one
Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension MUST be in a successful
Registration Reply to indicate to the Mobile Router that the Mobile
Network Request extension was processed, and therefore was not
skipped by the Home Agent.
A Registration Reply may contain any non-zero number of Explicit Mode
and Implicit Mode Acknowledgements sub-types. Both sub-types can be
present in a single Registration Reply. A Mobile Network
Acknowledgement extension is encoded in Type-Length-Value (TLV)
format. When the registration is denied with Code HA_MOBNET_ERROR
(Code field in the Registration Reply), the Code field in the
included Mobile Network Extension provides the reason for the
failure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Sub-Type | Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix Length | Reserved | Prefix...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...Prefix |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
Type:
148 Mobile Network Extension
Length:
Decimal 8.
Sub-Type:
1 (Explicit Mode Acknowledgement)
2 (Implicit Mode Acknowledgement)
Code:
Value indicating success or failure:
0 Success
1 Invalid prefix (MOBNET_INVALID_PREFIX_LEN)
2 Mobile Router is not authorized for prefix
(MOBNET_UNAUTHORIZED)
3 Forwarding setup failed (MOBNET_FWDING_SETUP_FAILED)
Prefix Length:
8-bit unsigned integer indicating the number of
leftmost bits covering the network part of the
address contained in the Prefix field.
Reserved:
Sent as zero; ignored on reception.
Prefix:
32-bit unsigned integer in network byte-order containing an
IPv4 address whose leftmost Prefix Length bits make up the
Mobile Network Prefix.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
5. Mobile Router Operation
A Mobile Router's operation is generally derived from the behavior of
a Mobile Node, as set in RFC 3344 [RFC3344]. In addition to
maintaining mobility bindings for its Home Address, the Mobile
Router, together with the Home Agent, maintains forwarding
information for the Mobile Network Prefix(es) assigned to the Mobile
Router.
A Mobile Router SHOULD set the 'T' bit to 1 in all Registration
Request messages it sends to indicate the need for reverse tunnels
for all traffic. Without reverse tunnels, all the traffic from the
Mobile Network will be subject to ingress filtering in the visited
networks. Upon reception of a successful Registration Reply, the
Mobile Router processes the registration in accordance to RFC 3344
[RFC3344]. In addition, the following steps are taken:
o Check for Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension(s) in
Registration Reply.
o Create tunnel to the Home Agent if the Mobile Router is registered
in reverse tunneling mode.
o Set up default route via this tunnel or egress interface when the
Mobile Router is registered with or without reverse tunneling,
respectively.
In accordance with this specification, a Mobile Router may operate in
one of the following two modes: explicit and implicit. In explicit
mode, the Mobile Router includes Mobile Network Prefix information in
all Registration Requests (as Mobile Network Request extensions),
while in implicit mode it does not include this information in any
Registration Request. In the latter case, the Home Agent obtains the
Mobile Network Prefixes by other means than Mobile IP. One example
of obtaining the Mobile Network Prefix is through static
configuration on the Home Agent.
A Mobile Router can obtain a co-located or Foreign Agent Care-of
Address while operating in explicit or implicit modes.
For deregistration, the Mobile Router sends a registration request
with lifetime set to zero without any Mobile Network Request
extensions.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
5.1. Error Processing
In a Mobile IP Registration Reply message, there may be two Code
fields: one proper to the Registration Reply header (the 'proper'
Code) and one within the Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension
(simply the 'Code'). A Mobile Router interprets the values of the
Code field in the Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension of the
Registration Reply in order to identify any error related to managing
the Mobile Network Prefixes by the Home Agent. It also interprets
the values of the Code field in the Registration Reply header (the
proper Code).
If the value of the Code field in the Registration Reply (the proper)
is set to HA_MOBNET_DISALLOWED, then the Mobile Router MUST stop
sending Registration Requests with any Mobile Network Prefix
extensions to that Home Agent.
If the value of the Code field in the Registration Reply (the proper)
is set to HA_MOBNET_ERROR, then the Mobile Router MUST stop sending
Registration Requests that contain any of the Mobile Network Prefixes
that are defined by the values of the fields Prefix and Prefix Length
in the Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension. Note that the
registration is denied in this case, and no forwarding for any Mobile
Network Prefixes would be set up by the Home Agent for the Mobile
Router.
It is possible that the Mobile Router receives a Registration Reply
with no Mobile Network extensions if the registration was processed
by a Mobile IPv4 Home Agent that does not support this specification
at all. In that case, the absence of Mobile Network extensions must
be interpreted by the Mobile Router as the case where the Home Agent
does not support Mobile Networks.
All the error code values have been assigned by IANA; see Section 11.
5.2. Mobile Router Management
Operating a Mobile Router in a Mobile IPv4 environment has certain
requirements on the management of the necessary initial configuration
and supervision of the ongoing status information. Mobile Router
maintenance indicators may need to be exposed in a manner consistent
with other Mobile IPv4 indicators.
The objects for the Management Information Base (MIB) for Mobile IPv4
are defined in RFC 2006 [RFC2006]. The structure of the basic model
of Mobile IP protocol describes three entities: Mobile Node, Home
Agent, and Foreign Agent. In addition to these entities, this
document proposes a functional entity to be the Mobile Router.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
The necessary initial configuration at a NEMOv4-enabled Home Agent
includes, but is not limited to, the contents of the Prefix Table.
The Mobile Router MAY need to store the Mobile Network Prefixes as
the initial configuration.
The definition of MIB objects related to the Mobile Router and to a
NEMOv4-enabled Home Agent is outside the scope of this document.
6. Home Agent Operation
6.1. Summary
A Home Agent MUST support all the operations specified in RFC 3344
[RFC3344] for Mobile Node support. The Home Agent MUST support both
implicit and explicit modes of operation for a Mobile Router.
The Home Agent processes the registration in accordance to RFC 3344
[RFC3344], which includes route setup to the Mobile Router's Home
Address via the tunnel to the Care-of Address. In addition, for a
Mobile Router registering in explicit mode, the following steps are
taken:
1. Check that the Mobile Network Prefix information is valid.
2. Ensure the Mobile Network Prefix(es) is/are authorized to be on
the Mobile Router.
3. Create a tunnel to the Mobile Router if it does not already
exist.
4. Set up route for the Mobile Network Prefix via this tunnel.
5. Propagate Mobile Network Prefix routes via routing protocol if
necessary.
6. Send the Registration Reply with the Mobile Network
Acknowledgement extension(s).
If there are any subnet routes via the tunnel to the Mobile Router
that are not specified in the Mobile Network extensions, these routes
are removed.
In the case where the Mobile Node is not permitted to act as a Mobile
Router, the Home Agent sends a Registration Reply message whose Code
field is HA_MOBNET_DISALLOWED (the proper Code field of the
Registration Reply).
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
For a Mobile Router registering in implicit mode, the Home Agent
performs steps 3-6 above, once the registration request is processed
successfully.
For deregistration, the Home Agent removes the tunnel to the Mobile
Router and all routes using this tunnel. The Mobile Network
extensions are ignored.
6.2. Data Structures
6.2.1. Registration Table
The Registration Table in the Home Agent, in accordance with RFC 3344
[RFC3344], contains binding information for every Mobile Node
registered with it. RFC 3344 [RFC3344] defines the format of a
Registration Table. In addition to all the parameters specified by
RFC 3344 [RFC3344], the Home Agent MUST store the Mobile Network
Prefixes associated with the Mobile Router in the corresponding
registration entry, when the corresponding registration was performed
in explicit mode. When the Home Agent is advertising reachability to
Mobile Network Prefixes served by a Mobile Router, the information
stored in the Registration Table can be used.
6.2.2. Prefix Table
The Home Agent must be able to authorize a Mobile Router for use of
Mobile Network Prefixes when the Mobile Router is operating in
explicit mode. Also, when the Mobile Router operates in implicit
mode, the Home Agent must be able to locate the Mobile Network
Prefixes associated with that Mobile Router. The Home Agent may
store the Home Address of the Mobile Router along with the Mobile
Network prefixes associated with that Mobile Router. If the Mobile
Router does not have a Home Address assigned, this table may store
the Network Access Identifier (NAI) [RFC2794] of the Mobile Router
that will be used in dynamic Home Address assignment.
6.3. Mobile Network Prefix Registration
The Home Agent must process Registration Requests coming from Mobile
Routers in accordance with this section. RFC 3344 [RFC3344]
specifies that the Home Address of a mobile node registering with a
Home Agent must belong to a prefix advertised on the home network.
In accordance with this specification, however, the Home Address must
be configured from a prefix that is served by the Home Agent, not
necessarily the one on the home network.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
If the Registration Request is valid, the Home Agent checks to see if
there are any Mobile Network Prefix extensions included in the
Registration Request.
If so, the Mobile Network Prefix information is obtained from the
included extensions, and the Home Address from the Home Address field
of the Registration Request. For every Mobile Network Prefix
extension included in the registration request, the Home Agent MUST
perform a check against the Prefix Table. If the Prefix Table does
not contain at least one entry pairing that Home Address to that
Mobile Network Prefix, then the check fails; otherwise, it succeeds.
Following this check against the Prefix Table, the Home Agent MUST
construct a Registration Reply containing Mobile Network
Acknowledgement extensions. For a Mobile Network Prefix for which
the check was unsuccessful, the Code field in the corresponding
Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension should be set to
MOBNET_UNAUTHORIZED.
For a Mobile Network Prefix for which the check was successful, the
Code field in the respective Mobile Network Acknowledgement
extensions should be set to 0.
The Home Agent MUST attempt to set up forwarding for each Mobile
Network Prefix extension for which the Prefix Table check was
successful. If the forwarding setup fails for a particular Mobile
Network Prefix (for reasons such as not enough memory available or
not enough devices available), the Code field in the respective
Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension should be set to
MOBNET_FWDING_SETUP_FAILED.
If forwarding and setup was successful for at least one Mobile
Network Prefix, then the Code field (the proper) of the Registration
Reply message should be set to 0. Otherwise, when forwarding and
setup was unsuccessful for each and every Mobile Network Prefixes,
that Code (the proper) should be HA_MOBNET_ERROR.
If the Registration Request is sent in implicit mode, i.e., without
any Mobile Network Request extension, the Home Agent may use pre-
configured Mobile Network prefix information for the Mobile Router to
set up forwarding.
If the Home Agent is updating an existing binding entry for the
Mobile Router, it MUST check all the prefixes in the Registration
Table against the prefixes included in the Registration Request. If
one or more Mobile Network prefixes are missing from the included
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
information in the registration request, the Home Agent MUST delete
those prefixes from the registration table. Also, the Home Agent
MUST disable forwarding for those prefixes.
If all checks are successful, the Home Agent either creates a new
entry for the Mobile Router or updates an existing binding entry for
it and returns a successful registration reply back to the Mobile
Router or the Foreign Agent (if the Registration Request was received
from a Foreign Agent).
In accordance with RFC 3344 [RFC3344], the Home Agent does proxy
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for the Mobile Router Home Address
when the Mobile Router Home Address is derived from the home network.
If the 'T' bit is set, the Home Agent creates a bi-directional tunnel
for the corresponding Mobile Network prefixes or updates the existing
bi-directional tunnel. This tunnel is maintained independent of the
reverse tunnel for the Mobile Router home address itself.
6.4. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability
If the Mobile Network prefixes served by the Home Agent are
aggregated with the home network prefix and if the Home Agent is the
default router on the home network, the Home Agent does not have to
advertise the Mobile Network Prefixes. The routes for the Mobile
Network Prefix are automatically aggregated into the home network
prefix (it is assumed that the Mobile Network Prefixes are
automatically aggregated into the home network prefix). If the
Mobile Router updates the Mobile Network prefix routes via a dynamic
routing protocol, the Home Agent SHOULD propagate the routes on the
appropriate networks.
6.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel
The Home Agent creates and maintains a bi-directional tunnel for the
Mobile Network prefixes of a Mobile Router registered with it. A
Home Agent supporting IPv4 Mobile Router operation MUST be able to
forward packets destined to the Mobile Network prefixes served by the
Mobile Router to its Care-of Address. Also, the Home Agent MUST be
able to accept packets tunneled by the Mobile Router with the source
address of the outer header set to the Care-of Address of the Mobile
Router and that of the inner header set to the Mobile Router's Home
Address or an address from one of the registered Mobile Network
prefixes.
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
6.6. Sending Registration Replies
The Home Agent MUST set the status code in the registration reply to
0 to indicate successful processing of the Registration Request and
successful setup of forwarding for at least one Mobile Network prefix
served by the Mobile Router. The Registration Reply MUST contain at
least one Mobile Network Acknowledgement extension.
If the Home Agent is unable to set up forwarding for one or more
Mobile Network prefixes served by the Mobile Router, it MUST set the
Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension status Code in the
Registration Reply to MOBNET_FWDING_SETUP_FAILED. When the prefix
length is zero or greater than decimal 32, the status Code MUST be
set to MOBNET_INVALID_PREFIX_LEN.
If the Mobile Router is not authorized to forward packets to a Mobile
Network prefix included in the request, the Home Agent MUST set the
Code to MOBNET_UNAUTHORIZED.
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix Deregistration
If the received Registration Request is for deregistration of the
Care-of Address, the Home Agent, upon successful processing of it,
MUST delete the entry (or entries) from its Registration Table. The
Home Agent tears down the bi-directional tunnel and stops forwarding
any packets to/from the Mobile Router. The Home Agent MUST ignore
any included Mobile Network Request extension in a deregistration
request.
7. Data Forwarding Operation
For traffic to the nodes in the Mobile Network, the Home Agent MUST
perform double tunneling of the packet, if the Mobile Router had
registered with a Foreign Agent Care-of Address. In this case, the
Home Agent MUST encapsulate the packet with the tunnel header (source
IP address set to Home Agent, and destination IP address set to
Mobile Router's Home Address) and then encapsulate one more time with
the tunnel header (source IP address set to Home Agent, and
destination IP address set to CoA).
For optimization, the Home Agent SHOULD only encapsulate the packet
with the tunnel header (source IP address set to Home Agent, and
destination IP address set to CoA) for co-located CoA mode.
When a Home Agent receives a packet from the Mobile Network prefix in
the bi-directional tunnel, it MUST de-encapsulate the packet and
route it as a normal IP packet. It MUST verify that the incoming
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packet has the source IP address set to the Care-of Address of the
Mobile Router. The packet MUST be dropped if the source address is
not set to the Care-of Address of the Mobile Router.
For traffic from the nodes in the Mobile Network, the Mobile Router
encapsulates the packet with a tunnel header (source IP address set
to Mobile Router's Home Address, and destination IP address set to
Home Agent) if reverse tunnel is enabled. Otherwise, the packet is
routed directly to the Foreign Agent or access router.
In co-located CoA mode, the Mobile Router MAY encapsulate one more
time with a tunnel header (source IP address set to the CoA and
destination IP address set to Home Agent).
8. Nested Mobile Networks
Nested Network Mobility is a scenario where a Mobile Router allows
another Mobile Router to attach to its Mobile Network. There could
be arbitrary levels of nested mobility. The operation of each Mobile
Router remains the same whether the Mobile Router attaches to another
Mobile Router or to a fixed Access Router on the Internet. The
solution described here does not place any restriction on the number
of levels for nested mobility. Two issues should be noted though.
First, whenever physical loops occur in a nested aggregation of
Mobile Networks, this protocol neither detects nor solves them --
datagram forwarding may be blocked. Second, Mobile Routers in a deep
nested aggregation of Mobile Networks might introduce significant
overhead on the data packets as each level of nesting introduces
another tunnel header encapsulation. Applications that do not
support MTU discovery are adversely affected by the additional header
encapsulations because the usable MTU is reduced with each level of
nesting.
9. Routing Protocol between Mobile Router and Home Agent
There are several benefits of running a dynamic routing protocol
between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent. If the Mobile Network
is relatively large, including several wireless subnets, then the
topology changes within the moving network can be exposed from the
Mobile Router to the Home Agent by using a dynamic routing protocol.
The purpose of the NEMOv4 protocol extensions to Mobile IPv4, as
defined in previous sections, is not to inform the Home Agent about
these topology changes, but to manage the mobility of the Mobile
Router.
Similarly, topology changes in the home network can be exposed to the
Mobile Router by using a dynamic routing protocol. This may be
necessary when new fixed networks are added in the home network.
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Here too, the purpose of NEMOv4 extensions is not to inform the
Mobile Router about topology changes at home.
Examples of dynamic routing protocols include, but are not limited
to, OSPF Version 2 [RFC2328], BGP [RFC4271], and RIP [RFC2453].
The recommendations are related to how the routing protocol and the
Mobile IPv4 implementation work in tandem on the Mobile Router and on
the Home Agent (1) without creating incoherent states in the
forwarding information bases at home and on the Mobile Router, (2)
without introducing topologically incorrect addressing information in
the visited domain, and (3) without duplicating sent data or over-
provisioning security.
The information exchanged between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent is sent over the bi-directional tunnel established by the
Mobile IPv4 exchange Registration Request - Registration Reply (see
Section 6.5). If a network address and prefix of a subnet in the
moving network is sent by the Mobile Router within a routing protocol
message, then they SHOULD NOT be sent in the Mobile IPv4 Registration
Request too. This avoids incoherencies in the forwarding information
bases. The Mobile Router SHOULD use NEMOv4 implicit mode in this
case (see Section 3).
The Mobile Router SHOULD NOT send routing protocol information
updates in the foreign network. The subnet addresses and prefixes
valid in the moving network are topologically incorrect in the
visited network.
If the Mobile Router and the Home Agent use a dynamic routing
protocol over the tunnel interface, and if that protocol offers
security mechanisms to protect that protocol's messages, then the
security recommendations in Section 10.1 apply.
10. Security Considerations
The Mobile Network extension is protected by the same rules as for
Mobile IP extensions in registration messages. See the Security
Considerations section in RFC 3344 [RFC3344].
The Home Agent MUST be able to verify that the Mobile Router is
authorized to provide mobility service for the Mobile Networks in the
Registration Request, before anchoring these Mobile Network Prefixes
on behalf of the Mobile Router. Forwarding for prefixes MUST NOT be
set up without successful authorization of the Mobile Router for
those prefixes. The Mobile Router MUST be notified when there is a
registration failure because it cannot be successfully authorized for
prefixes it requested.
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All Registration Requests and replies MUST be authenticated by the
MN-HA Authentication Extension as specified in RFC 3344 [RFC3344].
When the registration request is sent in explicit mode, i.e., with
one or more Mobile Network Prefix extensions, all the Mobile Network
Prefix extensions MUST be included before the MN-HA Authentication
extension. Also, these extensions MUST be included in the
calculation of the MN-HA authenticator value.
The Mobile Router should perform ingress filtering on all the packets
received on the Mobile Network prior to reverse tunneling them to the
Home Agent. The Mobile Router MUST drop any packets that do not have
a source address belonging to the Mobile Network.
The Mobile Router MUST also ensure that the source address of packets
arriving on the Mobile Network is not the same as the Mobile Router's
IP address on any interface. These checks will protect against nodes
attempting to launch IP spoofing attacks through the bi-directional
tunnel.
The Home Agent, upon receiving packets through the bi-directional
tunnel, MUST verify that the source addresses of the outer IP header
of the packets are set to the Mobile Router's Care-of Address. Also,
it MUST ensure that the source address of the inner IP header is a
topologically correct address on the Mobile Network. This will
prevent nodes from using the Home Agent to launch attacks inside the
protected network.
10.1. Security when Dynamic Routing Protocol Is Used
If a dynamic routing protocol is used between the Mobile Router and
the Home Agent to propagate the Mobile Network information into the
home network, the routing updates SHOULD be protected with IPsec ESP
confidentiality between the Mobile Router and Home Agent, to prevent
information about home network topology from being visible to
eavesdroppers.
11. IANA Considerations
IANA has assigned rules for the existing registry "Mobile IPv4
numbers - per RFC 3344". The numbering space for Extensions that may
appear in Mobile IP control messages (those sent to and from UDP port
number 434) should be modified.
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RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
The new Values and Names for the Type for Extensions appearing in
Mobile IP control messages are the following:
+-------+--------------------------+
| Value | Name |
+-------+--------------------------+
| 148 | Mobile Network Extension |
+-------+--------------------------+
Table 1: New Values and Names for Extensions in Mobile IP Control
Messages
A new number space has been created for the Values and Names for the
Sub-Type for Mobile Network Extensions. This number space is
initially defined to hold the following entries, allocated by this
document:
+-------+-----------------------------------------+
| Value | Name |
+-------+-----------------------------------------+
| 0 | Mobile Network Request Extension |
| 1 | Explicit Mode Acknowledgement Extension |
| 2 | Implicit Mode Acknowledgement Extension |
+-------+-----------------------------------------+
Table 2: New Values and Names for the Sub-Type for Mobile Network
Extensions
The policy of future assignments to this number space is following
Standards Action or IESG Approval (see [RFC2434]).
The new Code Values for Mobile IP Registration Reply messages are the
following (for a registration denied by the Home Agent):
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Value | Name |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 147 | Mobile Network Prefix operation error (HA_MOBNET_ERROR) |
| 148 | Mobile Router operation is not permitted |
| | (HA_MOBNET_DISALLOWED) |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
Table 3: New Code Values for Mobile IP Registration Reply
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A new number space has been created for the Code Values for the
Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension. This number space is
initially defined to hold the following entries, allocated by this
document (result of registration, as sent by the Home Agent):
+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | Success |
| 1 | Invalid prefix length (MOBNET_INVALID_PREFIX_LEN) |
| 2 | Mobile Router is not authorized for prefix |
| | (MOBNET_UNAUTHORIZED) |
| 3 | Forwarding setup failed (MOBNET_FWDING_SETUP_FAILED) |
+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Table 4: New Code Values for Mobile Network Acknowledgement Extension
The policy of future assignments to this number space is following
Standards Action or IESG Approval (see [RFC2434]).
12. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Christophe Janneteau, George
Popovich, Ty Bekiares, Ganesh Srinivasan, Alpesh Patel, Ryuji
Wakikawa, George Tsirtsis, and Henrik Levkowetz for their helpful
discussions, reviews, and comments. Vijay Devarapalli extensively
reviewed one of the later versions of the document. Hans Sjostrand
identified the last clarifications with respect to Foreign Agent mode
treatment. Pete McCann contributed necessary refinements of many
statements.
Mobile IPv4 versions as early as 1996 (RFC 2002 by Charles Perkins)
described Mobile Networks and Mobile Routers support.
Fred Templin indicated the potential confusion for the term "LFN".
Amanda Baber of IANA agreed on the principles of allocating numbers
for this specification and suggested improvements on the IANA
section.
Tim Polk of the IESG identified a deeply entrenched error on managing
the Code fields.
Lars Eggert of the IESG suggested the accommodation of the otherwise
legal non-contiguous netmask fields, instead of simply prefix
lengths.
Dan Romascanu of the IESG indicated the necessity of manageability of
Mobile Routers and NEMOv4-enabled Home Agents and their deployability
in MIP4 environments.
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RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
David Borman of TSV-DIR reviewed this document as part of the
transport area directorate's ongoing effort to review key IETF
documents. The implications of the growth of usable MTU adversely
affecting applications deep in a Mobile Network were suggested.
Gonzalo Camarillo provided a generalist review by an additional set
of eyes for documents as they are being considered for publication
(General Area Review Team).
Jari Arkko of the IESG reviewed, suggested necessary improvements to,
and diligently shepherded this document through IESG.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC1323] Jacobson, V., Braden, B., and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions
for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
[RFC2006] Cong, D., Hamlen, M., and C. Perkins, "The Definitions
of Managed Objects for IP Mobility Support using SMIv2",
RFC 2006, October 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
[RFC2453] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2", STD 56, RFC 2453,
November 1998.
[RFC2794] Calhoun, P. and C. Perkins, "Mobile IP Network Access
Identifier Extension for IPv4", RFC 2794, March 2000.
[RFC3344] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344,
August 2002.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
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RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
13.2. Informative References
[NEMOv4-FA] Tsirtsis, G., Park, V., Narayanan, V., and K. Leung, "FA
extensions to NEMOv4 Base", Work in Progress,
February 2008.
[RFC3963] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P.
Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support
Protocol", RFC 3963, January 2005.
[RFC4885] Ernst, T. and H-Y. Lach, "Network Mobility Support
Terminology", RFC 4885, July 2007.
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RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
Authors' Addresses
Kent Leung
Cisco Systems
170 W. Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-526-5030
EMail: kleung@cisco.com
Gopal Dommety
Cisco Systems
170 W. Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-525-1404
EMail: gdommety@cisco.com
Vidya Narayanan
QUALCOMM, Inc.
5775 Morehouse Dr
San Diego, CA
USA
Phone: +1 858-845-2483
EMail: vidyan@qualcomm.com
Alexandru Petrescu
Motorola
Parc les Algorithmes Saint Aubin
Gif-sur-Yvette, Essonne 91140
France
Phone: +33 169354827
EMail: alexandru.petrescu@motorola.com
Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 5177 Mobile Router April 2008
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Leung, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]