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SEND(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SEND(2)
NAME
send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message on a socket
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
ssize_t sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
DESCRIPTION
The system calls send(), sendto(), and sendmsg() are used to transmit a message to another socket.
The send() call may be used only when the socket is in a connected state (so that the intended recipient is known). The only difference between send() and
write(2) is the presence of flags. With a zero flags argument, send() is equivalent to write(2). Also, the following call
send(sockfd, buf, len, flags);
is equivalent to
sendto(sockfd, buf, len, flags, NULL, 0);
The argument sockfd is the file descriptor of the sending socket.
If sendto() is used on a connection-mode (SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET) socket, the arguments dest_addr and addrlen are ignored (and the error EISCONN may be re‐
turned when they are not NULL and 0), and the error ENOTCONN is returned when the socket was not actually connected. Otherwise, the address of the target is
given by dest_addr with addrlen specifying its size. For sendmsg(), the address of the target is given by msg.msg_name, with msg.msg_namelen specifying its
size.
For send() and sendto(), the message is found in buf and has length len. For sendmsg(), the message is pointed to by the elements of the array msg.msg_iov. The
sendmsg() call also allows sending ancillary data (also known as control information).
If the message is too long to pass atomically through the underlying protocol, the error EMSGSIZE is returned, and the message is not transmitted.
No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a send(). Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1.
When the message does not fit into the send buffer of the socket, send() normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in nonblocking I/O mode. In non‐
blocking mode it would fail with the error EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK in this case. The select(2) call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more
data.
The flags argument
The flags argument is the bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags.
MSG_CONFIRM (since Linux 2.3.15)
Tell the link layer that forward progress happened: you got a successful reply from the other side. If the link layer doesn't get this it will regularly
reprobe the neighbor (e.g., via a unicast ARP). Valid only on SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets and currently implemented only for IPv4 and IPv6. See
arp(7) for details.
MSG_DONTROUTE
Don't use a gateway to send out the packet, send to hosts only on directly connected networks. This is usually used only by diagnostic or routing pro‐
grams. This is defined only for protocol families that route; packet sockets don't.
MSG_DONTWAIT (since Linux 2.2)
Enables nonblocking operation; if the operation would block, EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK is returned. This provides similar behavior to setting the O_NONBLOCK
flag (via the fcntl(2) F_SETFL operation), but differs in that MSG_DONTWAIT is a per-call option, whereas O_NONBLOCK is a setting on the open file de‐
scription (see open(2)), which will affect all threads in the calling process and as well as other processes that hold file descriptors referring to the
same open file description.
MSG_EOR (since Linux 2.2)
Terminates a record (when this notion is supported, as for sockets of type SOCK_SEQPACKET).
MSG_MORE (since Linux 2.4.4)
The caller has more data to send. This flag is used with TCP sockets to obtain the same effect as the TCP_CORK socket option (see tcp(7)), with the dif‐
ference that this flag can be set on a per-call basis.
Since Linux 2.6, this flag is also supported for UDP sockets, and informs the kernel to package all of the data sent in calls with this flag set into a
single datagram which is transmitted only when a call is performed that does not specify this flag. (See also the UDP_CORK socket option described in
udp(7).)
MSG_NOSIGNAL (since Linux 2.2)
Don't generate a SIGPIPE signal if the peer on a stream-oriented socket has closed the connection. The EPIPE error is still returned. This provides sim‐
ilar behavior to using sigaction(2) to ignore SIGPIPE, but, whereas MSG_NOSIGNAL is a per-call feature, ignoring SIGPIPE sets a process attribute that af‐
fects all threads in the process.
MSG_OOB
Sends out-of-band data on sockets that support this notion (e.g., of type SOCK_STREAM); the underlying protocol must also support out-of-band data.
sendmsg()
The definition of the msghdr structure employed by sendmsg() is as follows:
struct msghdr {
void *msg_name; /* Optional address */
socklen_t msg_namelen; /* Size of address */
struct iovec *msg_iov; /* Scatter/gather array */
size_t msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */
void *msg_control; /* Ancillary data, see below */
size_t msg_controllen; /* Ancillary data buffer len */
int msg_flags; /* Flags (unused) */
};
The msg_name field is used on an unconnected socket to specify the target address for a datagram. It points to a buffer containing the address; the msg_namelen
field should be set to the size of the address. For a connected socket, these fields should be specified as NULL and 0, respectively.
The msg_iov and msg_iovlen fields specify scatter-gather locations, as for writev(2).
You may send control information (ancillary data) using the msg_control and msg_controllen members. The maximum control buffer length the kernel can process is
limited per socket by the value in /proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max; see socket(7). For further information on the use of ancillary data in various socket domains,
see unix(7) and ip(7).
The msg_flags field is ignored.
RETURN VALUE
On success, these calls return the number of bytes sent. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
These are some standard errors generated by the socket layer. Additional errors may be generated and returned from the underlying protocol modules; see their
respective manual pages.
EACCES (For UNIX domain sockets, which are identified by pathname) Write permission is denied on the destination socket file, or search permission is denied for
one of the directories the path prefix. (See path_resolution(7).)
(For UDP sockets) An attempt was made to send to a network/broadcast address as though it was a unicast address.
EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK
The socket is marked nonblocking and the requested operation would block. POSIX.1-2001 allows either error to be returned for this case, and does not re‐
quire these constants to have the same value, so a portable application should check for both possibilities.
EAGAIN (Internet domain datagram sockets) The socket referred to by sockfd had not previously been bound to an address and, upon attempting to bind it to an
ephemeral port, it was determined that all port numbers in the ephemeral port range are currently in use. See the discussion of /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_lo‐
cal_port_range in ip(7).
EALREADY
Another Fast Open is in progress.
EBADF sockfd is not a valid open file descriptor.
ECONNRESET
Connection reset by peer.
EDESTADDRREQ
The socket is not connection-mode, and no peer address is set.
EFAULT An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.
EINTR A signal occurred before any data was transmitted; see signal(7).
EINVAL Invalid argument passed.
EISCONN
The connection-mode socket was connected already but a recipient was specified. (Now either this error is returned, or the recipient specification is ig‐
nored.)
EMSGSIZE
The socket type requires that message be sent atomically, and the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.
ENOBUFS
The output queue for a network interface was full. This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending, but may be caused by transient con‐
gestion. (Normally, this does not occur in Linux. Packets are just silently dropped when a device queue overflows.)
ENOMEM No memory available.
ENOTCONN
The socket is not connected, and no target has been given.
ENOTSOCK
The file descriptor sockfd does not refer to a socket.
EOPNOTSUPP
Some bit in the flags argument is inappropriate for the socket type.
EPIPE The local end has been shut down on a connection oriented socket. In this case, the process will also receive a SIGPIPE unless MSG_NOSIGNAL is set.
CONFORMING TO
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. These interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD.
POSIX.1-2001 describes only the MSG_OOB and MSG_EOR flags. POSIX.1-2008 adds a specification of MSG_NOSIGNAL. The MSG_CONFIRM flag is a Linux extension.
NOTES
According to POSIX.1-2001, the msg_controllen field of the msghdr structure should be typed as socklen_t, and the msg_iovlen field should be typed as int, but
glibc currently types both as size_t.
See sendmmsg(2) for information about a Linux-specific system call that can be used to transmit multiple datagrams in a single call.
BUGS
Linux may return EPIPE instead of ENOTCONN.
EXAMPLES
An example of the use of sendto() is shown in getaddrinfo(3).
SEE ALSO
fcntl(2), getsockopt(2), recv(2), select(2), sendfile(2), sendmmsg(2), shutdown(2), socket(2), write(2), cmsg(3), ip(7), ipv6(7), socket(7), tcp(7), udp(7),
unix(7)
Linux 2021-03-22 SEND(2)