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Do our memories get better or worse with age?

A man's brain

Our ability to recall events seems to sharpen as we get older but can it be

trusted, asks Lisa Jardine in her A Point of View column.

Have you noticed how as you get older your long-term memory seems to become

increasingly sharp?

When I was in my teens I used to marvel at the facility of my elders to summon

up complete passages of poetry or prose, while I fumbled for more than a

phrase.

Now I find I can recite surprisingly large chunks of Horace Odes that we

learned at school: "Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas regumque

turres" - "Pale death knocks indiscriminately at the doors of the cottages of

paupers and the palaces of kings".

Every time I take a country walk, I am surprised to discover that I can recall

the name of each common wild flower as my eye lights upon it - rosebay

willowherb, birdsfoot trefoil, ladies' bedstraw, meadow cranesbill - names my

mother taught me on our childhood walks in the countryside around Monk's

Risborough in Buckinghamshire where we lived.

Perhaps most strange are those moments when something triggers an intense

memory of an event that you had almost entirely forgotten, but which returns

suddenly now with extraordinary clarity.

Here is a case in point. I went up to Cambridge in the 60s to read mathematics

at Newnham College. In those days there was a separate entrance exam for Oxford

and Cambridge, and my parents arranged for me to have coaching for the maths

papers with a maths master at the boys' school close to my family home in

Highgate.

Once a week Mr Bellis taught me how to master the subtleties of university

level maths problems, and in the process built up my wavering adolescent

confidence, convincing me that there was nothing they could set me that I would

not be able to solve.

It was Mr Bellis's wife who suggested, when I arrived in Cambridge, that she

should put me in touch with Timothy (let's call him) - a former student of

theirs, who was now in his final year at Fitzwilliam College (then Fitzwilliam

House) reading history. It would make a nice introduction to student life, she

proposed, he would help me to find my feet, and besides, he was such a charming

young man.

Sure enough, shortly thereafter I received an invitation to tea with Tim at his

lodgings in Silver Street. My Newnham fellow-students were impressed - Tim was

a prominent figure in the university acting world, the star of a number of

critically praised undergraduate productions. Mounting the stairs to his

bed-sit, I felt grown up and rather sophisticated. The sensation of well-being

increased as I sat in an armchair with sagging springs while Tim, dashing in a

denim shirt, toasted crumpets at his three-bar gas fire, and entertained me

with amusing anecdotes about undergraduate life.

Suddenly the door burst open. In rushed a small, elderly man, dishevelled as I

remember, and dressed in some kind of crumpled dark grey overalls. Pointing his

finger directly at me, he began hurling abuse: "I know your sort! I know what

your kind of girl gets up to, you hussy! Now you just get out of here this

minute!"

Start Quote

I was the one, I had thought, who had not known how to handle the social

embarrassment

End Quote

My newly-gained confidence collapsed like a soap-bubble. I struggled to my

feet, barely able to hear Tim's protestations above the din of the continuing

verbal assault, and fled.

I never saw Tim again. I think, though I'm not sure, that he sent me a note of

apology for what had happened. But I was too mortified even to consider

repeating the experience. I put the incident to the back of my mind, and I

barely thought about it for decades.

However, this particular story has a sequel. In July of this year I went back

to Cambridge, where Mr and Mrs Bellis now live in their retirement, on the

occasion of Mrs Bellis's 80th birthday. There was a joyous party, in a marquee

among the climbing roses and herbaceous borders of the garden she had lovingly

planned and tended. I had only been there for minutes when I spotted Tim -

virtually unchanged by the intervening years, and suddenly the incident of 40

years ago replayed itself before my eyes with extraordinary clarity.

I introduced my husband, and he in turn presented his wife. "Darling," he

exclaimed. "This is Lisa. She is the person I told you about, who once had such

a nasty run-in with my landlord when we were at Cambridge." "Oh yes," she

returned. "Whenever we hear you on the radio he reminds me of that awful

occasion, and how devastated he was by it."

I was dumbfounded. I had imagined that calamitous tea-party had barely made any

impression on the sophisticated young actor who had hosted it. I was the one, I

had thought, who had not known how to handle the social embarrassment. Not once

had it occurred to me that he might have minded too.

Hilarity

Even as I tell this story, though, the historian in me feels a pang of anxiety.

I am almost sure that not all those details I gave you about the bed-sit in

Silver Street, and my recollection of what Tim looked like in his blue shirt,

while I sat in the battered armchair by his spluttering gas fire, are accurate.

Man with photo Memories are easily triggered

They became convincing and vivid as I turned my minds-eye back, shining the

spotlight of my recently enhanced long-term memory upon them. I probably

introduced some extraneous detail that actually belonged somewhere else in the

capacious carpet-bag that is my middle-aged memory bank.

Although Tim and my accounts of the main facts were surprisingly similar and

caused much hilarity in the retelling, what would have happened if we had

expanded on that recollection, to include more impressionistic aspects of that

fateful afternoon? Might we, together, have begun to embroider the basic facts,

creating a composite account which resonated with other events that took place

around the same time?

One consequence of the heightened sense of recall we acquire with age is that

we find ourselves running together things that happened to us and things that

were reported (in newspapers or on television) at the same time, or are told to

us by those we knew.

Last year I chaired an evening of readings, performances and short talks at the

Whitechapel Gallery in London, by and about celebrated Jewish writers for whom

the old Whitechapel Library, with its books in Yiddish and German, had offered

an intellectual lifeline when they arrived from Eastern Europe in the 1920s and

30s.

Cable Street riots Witnesses to the Cable Street riots of 1936 were able to

clearly remember the events

In the course of it, several speakers mentioned the Battle of Cable Street,

which took place on Sunday 4 October 1936 in London's East End. This was a

clash between anti-fascists, including local Jewish, socialist, anarchist,

Irish and communist groups and the British Union of Fascists, led by Oswald

Mosley. Mosley's intention had been to send thousands of marchers dressed in

uniforms styled on those of Mussolini's Italian blackshirts provocatively

through a district which was predominately Jewish. The anti-fascists turned out

to stop him, and the result was a pitched battle between the Metropolitan

Police, fascists and anti-fascists.

At that Whitechapel Gallery evening, everyone there over 80 could vividly

recall the Battle of Cable Street. Most said they had witnessed it at

first-hand, and the scenes of out-of-control street-fighting had clearly burned

themselves in on their memory. Some could describe as if it were yesterday the

fear they felt, as the event descended into near-anarchy. All the same, I had a

sneaking feeling that since they could not have been more than 10 or 12 at the

time, perhaps one or two of them were recalling those chaotic events with help

from Pathe newsreels or the memories of others.

I am not suggesting that any of us does other than tell the utter truth as we

recall it, when we narrate these intensely-remembered moments from our personal

past. Rather, I am admitting that, as someone with a reputation, I hope, for

telling persuasive stories from my own life, I might not always get it

absolutely right, and that while that does not detract from an entertaining

tale, for on-the-record purposes it might not quite match other versions of the

same events.

When we historians try to recover the past, the first person "I" of oral

testimony, the voices of those who were there, are particularly seductive.

Their strength of feeling communicates itself to us as no written record ever

could. It connects us, compels our continuing attention, prevents our ever

forgetting. Where the factual detail is concerned, though, if I'm anything to

go by, I suspect it would be a good idea to cross-check for historical

accuracy.